Abstract
After the 1964 coup d’etat the Brazilian military made industrialization a top priority of the regime. This right-wing, nationalist regime pursued industrialization as a crucial means for making Brazil a “middle power” by the late twentieth century.1 To ensure economic expansion, the State extended its control over vital sectors of the economy, and assiduously courted foreign investment. In the 1970s, the so-called “triple alliance” of state, local, and foreign (multinational) capital emerged as a powerful force in the Brazilian economy.2 The convergence of a technocratic regime bent on industrializing the nation and multinational corporations seeking to establish manufacturing subsidiaries in the Third World produced the so-called Brazilian “miracle” of the late sixties and early seventies.
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Wayne A. Selcher, ed., Brazil in the International System: The Rise of a Middle Power (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1981); Thomas E. Skidmore, Politics in Brazil, 1930–1964: An Experiment in Democracy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967).
Peter Evans, Dependent Development: The Alliance of Multinational, State, and Local Capital in Brazil (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1979), esp. 3–13 and 274–326.
From 1970 to 1977 Greater Belo Horizonte received 80 percent of all new industrial investment, mainly directed to the steel and manufacturing sectors. “One-third of all new employment was generated in the metropolitan region” of Belo Horizonte. Frances Hagopian, Traditional Politics and Regime Change in Brazil (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 99–100.
Clélio Campolina Diniz, Estado e capital estrangeiro na industrializaçã mineira (Belo Horizonte: UFMG/PROED, 1981), p. 225; Luis Aureliano Gama de Andrade, “Technocracy and Development: The Case of Minas Gerais,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan, 1980, 292; James Brooke, “Inland Region of Brazil Grows Like Few Others,” New York Times, 11 August 1994, C1; Veja, 26 Abril 1995, 104; “O Desempenho da Economia Brasileira e de Minas,” Vida Industrial (January 1991): 13.
Banco de Desenvolvimento de Minas Gerais, Diagnóstico da economia mineira, 6 v. (Belo Horizonte: BDMG, 1968).
Diagnóstico, v. 1; Luis Aureliano Gama de Andrade, “Technocracy and Development: The Case of Minas Gerais,” Ph.D. diss., University of Michigan, 1980, 111.
SEPLAN, As principais sociedades anónimas de Minas Gerais—1976 (Belo Horizonte: Superintendência de Estatísticas e Informacões, 1978).
Prefeitura Municipal de Belo Horizonte, Secretaria Municipal de Planejamento, Coordenadoria de Informações Técnicas, Perfil de Belo Horizonte (Belo Horizonte: Prefeitura Municipal de Belo Horizonte, 1985), “As Maiores Sociedades Anónimas de Belo Horizonte,” 44–48.
Patricia Duarte, Diogo Bethonico: a trajetória de um empreendedor (Belo Horizonte: Dossiê Agênda de Investigação Histórica, 1993), 48–49; Edmundo de Macedo Soares e Silva, As instituições de indústria e comércio do Brasil (Rio de Janeiro: Crown, 1972), 375.
Ibid., 70–71.
Ibid., 79; A economia mineira: perfil das empresas do Estado 1991/1992 (Belo Horizonte: Fundação João Pinheiro, 1994), 70–71.
Anuário Estatístico de Minas Gerais 1987 (Belo Horizonte: SEPLAN, 1987), 474. Furnas was created in 1957 with capital from the federal government, the states of Minas Gerais and São Paulo, and two foreign-owned companies, Light (Canadian) serving Rio and São Paulo, and the Companhia Paulista de Força e Luz (U.S. owned). The state of Minas Gerais controlled half of all electricity produced at Furnas. Francisco de Assis Magalhães Gomes, A electrificação no Brasil (São Paulo: Eletropaulo, 1986), 44. See also Judith Tendier, Electric Power in Brazil: Entrepreneurship in the Public Sector (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1968), 37–38.
Anuário Estatistico … 1987, 475, and Centro da Memória da Eletricidade no Brasil, Panorama do setor de energia elétrica no Brasil (Rio de Janeiro: CEMB, 1988), 263.
Ibid., 478, and Mayer, “A CEMIG e a industrialização em Minas Gerais,” 37. In the early 1970s, 6 large consumers (CVRD, Aluminas, Alcominas, Usiminas, Mannesmann, and the Companhia Brasileira de Carbureto de Cálcio) consumed 2 million kWh or one-quarter of all the energy CEMIG produced. Less than 10 percent of power generated went to residential and commercial consumers. Of the energy consumed by industries, nearly 12,000 industrial firms used 15 percent of the power generated, and 11 companies consumed the rest! A CEMIG e o desenvolvimento econômico de Minas Gerais, 1952–1975 (Belo Horizonte: CEMIG, 1971).
Bernhard Fischer, Juan-Carlos Herken-Krauer, Matthias Lücke, and Peter Nunnenkamp, Capital-Intensive Industries in Newly Industrializing Countries: The Case of the Brazilian Automobile and Steel Industries (Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr, 1988), 170–1.
Gil Guatimosim Júnior, “No Cinqüentenário da Belgo-Mineira,” Usiminas—Revista 2:4 (1971): 13–15; Paulo Gontijo interview.
Acesita, uma história de aço (Belo Horizonte: Editora Anchieta, 1989); Edmundo de Macedo Soares e Silva, As instituições de indústria e comércio do Brasil (Rio de Janeiro: Crown, 1972), 382–3.
Sérgio de Oliveira Birchal, “O empresariado mineiro: cinco casos de successo,” M.A. thesis, Faculdade de Ciências Econômicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 1989, 110–28.
Geraldo Corrêa, Pequena história de um grande industrial (Belo Horizonte: n.p., 1968); Interview, Vitória Dias, Belo Horizonte, 5 August 1999; Balanço anual—Minas Gerais 5:5 (October 1998): 82.
Brian Loveman and Thomas M. Davies, Jr., eds., The Politics of Antipolitics: The Military in Latin America (Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources, 1997).
The classic statement on bureaucratic-authoritarianism is Guillermo O’-Donnell, Modernization and Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism: Studies in South American Politics (Berkeley, Calif.: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1973). See also, David Collier, ed., The New Authoritarianism in Latin America (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1979); Luciano Martins, Estado capitalista e burocracia no Brasil pós-64 (Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1985).
Clélio Campolina Diniz, Estado e capital estrangeiro na industrialização mineira (Belo Horizonte: UFMG/PROED, 1981).
Luís Aureliano Gama de Andrade, “Technocracy and Development: The Case of Minas Gerais,” Ph.D. diss., University of Michigan, 1980, 300.
For an interesting study of this phenomenon at the national level, see Angela de Castro Gomes, coord., Engenheiros e economistas: novas elites burocrdticas (Rio de Janeiro: Editora Fundação Getúlio Vargas, 1994).
Warren Dean, The Industrialization of São Paulo, 1889–1940 (Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press, 1969); Wilson Cano, Raízes da concentração industrial em São Paulo (São Paulo: Difel, 1977).
João Heraldo Lima, Café e indústria em Minas Gerais, 1870–1920 (Petrópolis: Vozes, 1981).
Unless otherwise noted, the information in the following section comes from Claudio Bastos, Instituições financeiras de Minas (1819–1995) (Belo Horizonte: Embalart Editora, 1997), 20–42.
Roberto Pompeu de Toledo, ed., História do Unibanco (São Paulo: Instituto Moreira Salles, 1994).
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© 2001 Marshall C. Eakin
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Eakin, M.C. (2001). The “Quadruple Alliance,” 1960s–1990s. In: Tropical Capitalism. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-08722-5_6
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