Abstract
In principle, work for Fromm is a key expression of our humanity. He argues that in productive activity we transform the world and realize our own nature as rational, creative beings. In his discussion of what constitutes an authentic “self” in Escape From Freedom, he extols the virtues of spontaneous activity and specifies our capacity to love and work as the two foremost components of this spontaneity. He refers to work as an act of creation, which binds us close to nature in distinction from work either as compulsive activity to escape from loneliness, which he characterizes as “busyness,” or as a drive to dominate nature, which ends up enslaving us to technology.1 Later, in The Sane Society, he comments that humans go beyond the animal realm when they work, and in the process they create themselves as social and independent beings. We separate ourselves from nature by molding it in our creations, but we reunite with nature, as “master and builder.”2 The ideal here is the work of the craftsman, the faber of homo faber, exemplified by the great Gothic constructions of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, in which there is no split between work and culture, and expression through work is truly self-expression. “Mastery” is used by Fromm to denote accomplishment rather than to imply “domination,” as in mastering a difficult skill, although he is fully aware that since the development of capitalism there are few opportunities for people to experience the deep pleasure of practising such skills.3
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Notes
Erich Fromm, Escape From Freedom (New York: Henry Holt, 1994), pp. 259–260.
Erich Fromm, The Sane Society (New York: Henry Holt, 1990), pp. 177–178.
Erich Fromm, The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness (London: Pimlico, 1997), p. 187n.
Fromm, The Sane Society, pp. 289–290.
Erich Fromm, The Revolution of Hope: Toward a Humanised Technology (New York and London: Harper and Row, 1968), p. 127.
Erich Fromm, To Have or To Be? (New York: Continuum, 2002), pp. 100–101.
Hugh Willmot and David Knights, “The Problem of Freedom: Fromm’s Contribution to a Critical Theory of Work Organisation” in Praxis International (2), 1982, pp. 220–222.
André Gorz, Reclaiming Work: Beyond the Wage-Based Society (Cambridge: Polity, 1999).
Fromm, Man For Himself: An Inquiry Into The Psychology of Ethics (New York: Henry Holt, 1990), pp. 67–78.
Fromm, “Let Man Prevail” (originally 1960) in On Disobedience And Other Essays (New York: Seabury Press, 1981), p. 62.
Ibid., pp. 150–151. The study was later published as Michael Maccoby, The Gamesmen: The New Corporate Leaders (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1976).
In Erich Fromm, The Crisis of Psychoanalysis (New York, Chicago, San Francisco: Holt, Rinehart, Winston, 1970), p. 67.
Erich Fromm, Psychoanalysis and Religion (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1978), p. 1.
Lawrence Wilde, Modern European Socialism (Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1994), chapter 4.
Kenneth Morgan, Labour in Power, 1945–1951 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985), pp. 366–368.
For the most coherent statement of this strategy see Stuart Holland, The Socialist Challenge (London: Quartet Books, 1975).
Philippe Van Parijs (ed.), Introduction to Parijs, Arguing for Basic Income (London: Verso, 1992), pp. 11–12.
Fromm, “The Psychological Aspects of the Guaranteed Income” in Fromm, On Disobedience and Other Essays, pp. 98–99.
See, for example, Ulrich Beck, The Brave New World of Work (Cambridge and Malden, MA: Polity and Blackwell, 2000), particularly the final two chapters.
See Daniel Moynihan, The Politics of a Guaranteed Income: The Nixon Administration and the Family Assistance Plan (New York: Random House, 1973).
Brian Barry, “Equality Yes, Basic Income No” in Van Parijs (ed.), Arguing for Basic Income, pp. 139–140.
Elton Mayo, The Human Problem of an Industrial Civilisation (New York: Macmillan, 1946).
See Lawrence Wilde, “Swedish Social Democracy and the World Market” in Ronen Palan and Barry Gills (eds.), Transcending the State-Global Divide (Boulder and London: Lynne Reinner, 1994).
Jo-Ann Mort (ed.), Not Your Father’s Union Movement: Inside the AFL-CIO (London: Verso, 1998).
Alexander Cockburn and Jeffrey St. Clair, Five Days That Shook the World: The Battle for Seattle and Beyond (London: Verso, 2000).
Ronaldo Munck, Globalisation and Labour: The New Great Transformation (London and New York: Zed Books, 2002).
André Gorz, Capitalism, Socialism, Ecology (London: Verso, 1994), p. 53.
André Gorz, Farewell to the Working Class (London: Pluto Press, 1982), pp. 5–6.
Gorz, Farewell to the Working Class (London: Pluto Press, 1982), p. 2.
The case of nurses in the British National Health Service offers a good example. See Isobel Allen, Stress Among Ward Sisters and Charge Nurses (London: Policy Studies Institute, June 2001).
Gorz, Critique of Economic Reason (New York and London: Verso, 1989), pp. 206–208.
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© 2004 Lawrence Wilde
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Wilde, L. (2004). Work. In: Erich Fromm and the Quest for Solidarity. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-07511-6_5
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