Abstract
In his still unsurpassed study of English sermons of the later Middle Ages, published in 1933, G.R. Owst noted, “The contribution of English pre-Reformation preaching to this subject of pictures and statuary of the saints is in its way an interesting little contribution to the slender literature of the times dealing with early English Art, hitherto strangely neglected.”1 Seventy years later, the same could still be said, with no less emphasis, of German sermons of the pre-Reformation period. In this essay, I have no intention of attempting a premature overview of so vast a subject, especially when so much of the relevant material remains unpublished.2 Instead, I will consider perhaps the most remarkable instance of a German sermon that takes an identifiable image as its point of departure. The sermon in question was delivered by Johannes Tauler (ca. 1300–1361) to the Dominican nuns of St. Gertrude in Cologne in 1339. At this time, Tauler, along with the rest of his community in Strasbourg, was just beginning a period of four years of exile in Basel as a result of an interdict imposed by Pope John XXII, who wished to punish Strasbourg’s inhabitants for their loyalty to the emperor, Ludwig der Bayer.3 Although the purpose of Tauler’s trip to Cologne is unknown, it surely had something to do with the city’s having been the seat of a Dominican Studium generale. Fully one-third of Tauler’s sermon is devoted to a detailed discussion of an image in the convent’s refectory. Given the paucity of such passages in sermons of any kind, an extended description of a specific image from the hand of a celebrated preacher is in itself of extraordinary interest. Still more remarkable is that the image itself can be associated with a still more celebrated figure, none other than Hildegard of Bingen.4
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Notes
Gerald R. Owst, Literature and the Pulpit in Medieval England: A Neglected Chapter in the History of English Letters & of the English People (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1933), p. 137.
See also Helen Leith Spencer, English Preaching in the Late Middle Ages (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993).
See Jutta Prieur, Das Kölner Dominikanerinnenkloster St. Gertrud am Neumarkt (Cologne: dme-Verlag, 1983)
Ulrike Bergmann, “St. Gertrud,” in Colonia Romanica: Jahrbuch des Fördervereins Romanische Kirchen Köln e.V, 10/1–2 (1995): 1:173–76.
See P. Clemoes, Liturgical Influence on Punctuation in Late Old English and Early Middle English Manuscripts (Binghamton, NY: CEMERS, 1980)
Malcolm B. Parkes, Pause and Effect: An Introduction to the History of Punctuation in the West (Aldershot, Hants: Scolar Press, 1992)
Paul H. Saenger, Space between Words: The Origins of Silent Reading (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1997)
Laura Kendrick, Animating the Letter: The Figurative Embodiment of Writing from Late Antiquity to the Renaissance (Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 1999).
A subject not treated at length in Mary Carruthers, The Book of Memory: A Study of Memory in Medieval Culture (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); or Carruthers, The Craft of Thought: Meditation, Rhetoric, and the Making of Images, 400–1200 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), both of which deal primarily with earlier medieval material.
See Herbert L. Kessler, Studies in Pictorial Narrative (London: Pindar Press, 1994)
Kessler, Old St. Peter’s and Church Decoration in Medieval Italy (Spoleto: Centro italiano di studi sull’alto medioevo, 2002).
See Herbert L. Kessler, “Pictorial Narrative and Church Mission in Sixth-Century Gaul,” in Pictorial Narrative in Antiquity and the Middle Ages, ed. Herbert L. Kessler and Marianne S. Simpson (Washington, DC: National Gallery of Art, 1985), p. 88 [75–91].
See, in general, Staale Sinding-Larsen, Iconography and Ritual: A Study of Analytical Perspectives (Oslo: Universitetsforlaget As, 1984).
See Celia Chazelle, “Pictures, Books, and the Illiterate: Pope Gregory’s Letters to Serenus of Marseilles,” Word & Image 6 (1990): 138–53
Lawrence Duggan, “Was Art Really the ‘Book of the Illiterate’,?” Word & Image 5 (1989): 227–51; and Jean-Claude Schmitt, “Eriture et image: Les avatars médiévaux du modèle grégorien,” in Théories et pratiques de l’écriture au Moyen Age: Actes du Colloque, Palais du Luxembourg-Sénat, 5 et 6 mars 1987, éd. E. Baumgartner and C. Marchello-Nizia (Paris-Nanterre: Centre de Recherches du Département de Français de Paris X, 1988), pp. 119–53.
Karl Bihlmeyer, ed., Heinrich Seuse: Deutsche Schriften (Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1907), p. 168: “Ein gelassener mensch muss entbildet werden von der creatur, gebildet werden mit Cristo, und überbildet in der gotheit.” Translation from Frank J. Tobin, ed. and trans. Henry Suso: The Exemplar, with Two German Sermons (NewYork: Paulist Press, 1989), p. 184.
See Giles Constable, Three Studies in Medieval Religious and Sodai Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 143–48.
Giles Constable, “Nudus nudum Christus sequi and Parallel Formulas in the Twelfth Century: A Supplementary Dossier,” in Continuity and Discontinuity in Church History: Essays Presented to George Hunston Williams on the Occasion of His 65th Birthday, ed.T. Forrester Church and Timothy George (Leiden: Brill, 1979), pp. 83–91.
See, for example, Wolfgang Böhme, ed. Lerne leiden: Leidensbetvältigung in der Mystik (Karlsruhe: Verlagsdruckerei Gebr. Tron KG, 1985).
For the manuscript containing the image reproduced here, see A. Stracke, “Arnulf van Leuven, O. Cist, versus Gelukz. Herman Jozef, O. Praem,” Ons Geestelijk Erf 24 (1950): 27–90.
See Thomas Raff, “Die Ikonographie der mittelalterlichen Windpersonifikationen,” Aachener Kunstblätter 48 (1978–1979): 71–218.
Liselotte Wehrhahn-Stauch, “Aquila-Resurrectio,” Zeitschrift des deutschen Vereins für Kunstwissenschaft 21 (1967): 105–27.
Urs Kamber, Arbor amoris, der Minnebaum: ein Pseudo-Bonaventura-Traktat herausgegeben nach lateinischen und deutschen Handschriften des XIV und XV Jahrhunderts (Berlin: E. Schmidt, 1964), p. 70.
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© 2005 Kathryn Starkey and Horst Wenzel
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Hamburger, J.F. (2005). The “Various Writings of Humanity”: Johannes Tauler on Hildegard of Bingen’s Liber Scivias. In: Starkey, K., Wenzel, H. (eds) Visual Culture and the German Middle Ages. The New Middle Ages. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-05655-9_9
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