Abstract
In the past few decades, with the expansion of new forms of print and visual media, with globalization, and with the erosion of the nation-state, societies, social groups, and individuals have suffered a “crisis of identity.” This crisis of identity is correlated with the expansion of a global culture and the forces opposing it in the aftermath of decolonization (Hall, 1992). The outcome has been a war of representation and position between dominant and dominated ethnicities as well as hegemonic masculinities and emphasized femininities.1 These crises have generated a series of questions of varying range and scale concerning group identifications and individual selves, from globalism to nativism, from center to periphery, and conversely. Typical questions might be: Who are we?2What is our relationship with others? How do we relate to our own selves? What is particular about us? Has anyone the authority to control us? If so, in the name of what and for whom?
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Works Cited
Abrahamian, Ervand. 1991. “Khomeini’s Populism.” New Left Review 186 (March–April): 102–19.
Abu-Lughod, Lila. 1986. Veiled Sentiments: Honor and Poetry in a Bedouin Society. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Adelkhah, Fariba. 1991. La revolution sous le voile: Femmes islamiques d’Iran. Paris: Karthala.
Afshar, Haleh. 1987. Women, State, and Ideology: Studies from Africa and Asia. Albany: SUNY Press.
Afshar, Haleh.. 1994. “Women and the Politics of Fundamentalism in Iran.” Women Against Fundamentalism 5, no. 1: 15–20.
Ahmed, Leila. 1986. “Women and the Advent of Islam.” Signs 11, no. 4: 665–91.
Ahmed, Leila.. 1992. Women and Gender in Islam. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Alarcón, Norma. 1996. “Conjugating Subjects in the Age of Multiculturalism.” In Mapping Multiculturalism, ed. Avery Gordon and Chris Newfield, 127–48. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Anzaldua, Gloria. 1987. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza. San Francisco: Spinsters/Aunt Lute.
Anzaldua, Gloria., ed. 1990. Making Face, Making Soul/Haciendo Caras. San Francisco: Spinsters/Aunt Lute.
Ayubi, Nazih N. M. 1991. Political Islam: Religion and Politics in the Arab World. London: Routledge.
Azari, Farah, ed. 1983. Women of Iran: The Conflict with Fundamentalist Islam. London: Ithaca Press.
Barthes, Roland. [1957] 1972. Mythologies. New York: Noonday Press.
Bartky Sandra Lee. 1990. Femininity and Domination. New York: Routledge.
Bhabha, Homi. 1994. The Location of Culture. New York: Routledge.
Bronfen, Elizabeth. 1992. Over Her Dead Body: Death, Femininity and the Aesthetic. New York: Routledge.
Castelli, Elizabeth A. 1991. “ ‘I Will Make Mary Male’: Pieties of the Body and Gender Transformation of Christian Women in Late Antiquity.” In Body Guards: The Cultural Politics of Gender Ambiguity, ed. Julia Epstein and Kristina Straub, 29–49. London: Routledge.
Christ, Carol. 1980. Diving Deep and Surfacing: Women Writers on Spiritual Quest. Boston: Beacon Press.
Christ, Carol, and Judith Plaskow, eds. 1979. Womanspirit Rising: A Feminist Reader in Religion. San Francisco: Harper & Row.
Cole, R. I.Juan, and Nikkie Keddie, eds. 1986. Shi’ism and Social Protest. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Connell, R. W. 1987. Gender and Power. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Delphy Christine. 1983. “Agriculture et travail domestique: La réponse de la bergère à Engels.” Nouvelles questions féministes 5 (Spring): 3–17.
Derrida, Jacques. 1995. The Gift of Death, trans. David Wills. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Diamond, Sarah. 1995. Roads to Dominion: Right-Wing Movements and Political Power in the United States. New York: Guilford Press.
El Saadawi, Nawal. 1988. The Fall of the Imama. London: Minerva.
Enloe, Cynthia. 1989. Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Enloe, Cynthia.. 1993. The Morning After: Sexual Politics at the End of the Cold War. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Esposito, John L. 1993. The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality? New York: Oxford University Press.
Fanon, Frantz. 1967. A Dying Colonialism. New York: Grove Press, 1967.
Fischer, Michael M. J., and Mehdi Abedi. 1990. Debating Muslims: Cultural Dialogues in Postmodernity and Tradition. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Foucault, Michel. 1978. The History of Sexuality. Vol. I. New York: Pantheon Books.
Foucault, Michel.. 1979. Discipline and Punish. New York: Vintage Books.
Gafari, Hadi. 1979. Hamd Mi Amouzad. Tehran: Bessat.
Gordon, Avery. 1997. Ghostly Matters: Haunting and the Sociological Imagination. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Grewal, Inderpal. 1996. Home and Harem: Nationalism, Imperialism, and the Culture of Travel. Durham: Duke University Press.
Grewal, Inderpal. and Caren Kaplan, eds. 1994. Scattered Hegemonies: Postmodernity and Transnational Feminist Practices. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Guillaumin, Colette. 1978a. “Pratique du pouvoir et idée de Nature (I): L’appropriation des femmes.” Questions féministes 2: 5–30.
Guillaumin, Colette.. 1978b. “The Practice of Power and Belief in Nature, Part I: The Appropriation of Women.” Feminist Issues, 1, no. 2: 3–28.
Guillaumin, Colette.. 1985. “Avec ou sans race.” Le genre Humain 11:215–22.
Hall, Stuart. 1992. “New Ethnicities.” In “Race,” Culture, and Difference, ed. James Donald and Ali Rattansi, 49–61. London: Sage Publications/Open University.
Hartmann, Heidi. 1979a. “The Unhappy Marriage of Marxism and Feminism: Toward a More Progressive Union.” Capital and Class 8 (Summer): 1–33.
Hartmann, Heidi.. 1979b. “Capitalism, Patriarchy and Job Segregation by Sex.” In Capitalist Patriarchy and the Case for Socialist Feminism, ed. Zillah Eisenstein, 206–47. New York: Monthly Review Press.
Hawley John Stratton, ed. 1994. Fundamentalism and Gender. New York: Oxford University Press.
Hegel, G. W. F. 1977. The Phenomenology of Spirit, trans. A. V Miller. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hochschild, Arlie. 1989. The Second Shift: Working Parents and the Revolution at Home. New York: Viking-Penguin.
Honig-Parnass, Tikva. 1994. “Jewish Fundamentalism and Oppression of Women as Inherent in the Jewish-Zionist State.” Women Against Fundamentalism 1, no. 5: 21–24.
Hoodfar, Homa. 1991. “Return to Veil: Personal Strategy and Public Participation in Egypt.” In Working Women: International Perspectives on Labour and Gender Ideology, ed. Nanneke Redclift and M. Thea Sinclar, 104–24. London: Routledge.
hooks, bell. 1984. Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center. Boston: South End Press.
Huntington, S. P. 1993. “The Clash of Civilizations?” Foreign Affairs 72, no. 3 (Summer): 22–49.
Jansen, Godfrey H. 1980. Militant Islam. New York: Harper & Row.
Juteau, Danielle, and Nicole Laurin. 1989. “From Nuns to Surrogate Mothers: Evolutions of the Forms of the Appropriation of Women.” Feminist Issues 9, no. 1: 13–40.
Kadi, Joanna, ed. 1994. Food for Our Grandmothers : Writings by Arab American and Arab Canadian Feminists. Boston: South End Press.
Kaplan, Caren. 1995. “ ‘A World Without Boundaries’: The Body Shop’s Trans/National Geographies.” Social Text 43 (Fall): 45–66.
Kaufman, Debra R. 1991. Rachel’s Daughters: Newly Orthodox Jewish Women. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
Khomeini, Sayyid Ruhullah Musavi. 1980. Selected Messages and Speeches of Imam Khomeini. Tehran: Ministry of National Guidance.
Klatch, Rebecca E. 1987. Women of the New Right. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Koven, Seth, and Sonya Michel. 1993. Mothers of a New World: Maternalist Politics and the Origin of Welfare States. New York: Routledge.
Kristeva, Julia. 1982. Pouvoirs de l’horreur. Paris: Editions du Seuil.
Layoun, Mary. 1992. “Telling Spaces: Palestinian Women and the Engendering of National Narratives.” In Nationalisms and Sexualities, ed. Andrew Parker et al., 407–23. New York: Routledge.
Lazreg, Marnia. 1994. The Eloquence of Silence: Algerian Women in Question. New York: Routledge.
Le Doeuff, Michele. 1977. “Women and Philosophy.” Radical Philosophy 17 (Summer): 2–11.
Mazumdar, Sucheta. 1992. “Women, Culture, and Politics: Engendering the Hindu Nation.” South Asia Bulletin 12, no. 2 (Fall): 1–24.
Mernissi, Fatima. 1992. Islam and Democracy: Fear of the Modern World, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Milani, Farzaneh. 1992. Veils and Words: The Emerging Voices of Iranian Women Writers. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.
Moallem, Minoo. 1992. “The Ethnicity of Islam: The Case of Iran.” South Asia Bulletin 12, no. 2 (Fall): 25–34.
Moghadam, Valentine M., ed. 1994. Identity Politics and Women: Cultural Reassertions and Feminisms in International Perspective. Boulder: Westview Press.
Mohanty Chandra Talpade. 1991. “Cartographies of Struggle: Third World Women and the Politics of Feminism.” In Third World Women and the Politics of Feminism, ed. Chandra Talpade Mohanty, Ann Russo, and Lourdes Torres, 1–47. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Najmabadi, Afsaneh. 1991. “Hazards of Modernity and Morality: Women, State and Ideology in Contemporary Iran.” In Women, Islam, and the State, ed. Deniz Kandiyoti, 48–76. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Pieterse, Jan Nederveen. 1994. “Fundamentalism Discourses: Enemy Images.” Women Against Fundamentalism 1, no. 5: 2–4.
Probyn, Elspeth. 1994. Sexing the Self: Gendered Positions in Cultural Studies. London: Routledge.
Rahnavard, Zahra. 1990. The Message of Hijab. London: Al Hoda.
Rushdie, Salman. 1991. Imaginary Homelands. London: Granta Books.
Sabbah, Fatna Ait. 1984. Women in the Muslim Unconscious. New York: Pergamon Press.
Sahgal, Gita, and Nira Yuval-Davis, eds. 1992. Refusing Holy Orders: Women and Fundamentalism in Britain. London: Virago Press.
Salecl, Renate. 1992. “Nationalism, Anti-Semitism, and Anti-Feminism in Eastern Europe.” New German Critique 57 (Fall): 51–65.
Said, Edward. 1978. Orientalism. New York: Pantheon.
Sandoval, Chela. 1990. “Feminism and Racism: A Report on the 1981 National Women’s Studies Association Conference.” In Making Face, Making Soul/Haciendo Caras, ed. Gloria Anzaldua, 55–71. San Francisco: Aunt Lute.
Shayegan, Daryush. 1989. Le regard mutilé: Schizophrenie culturelle, pays traditioneis face à la modernité. Paris: Albin Michel.
Shohat, Ella, and Robert Stam. 1994. Unthinking Eurocentrism: Multiculturalism and the Media. New York: Routledge.
Smith, Pam. 1992. The Emotional Labour of Nursing. London: Macmillan.
Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty. 1987. In Other Worlds: Essays in Cultural Politics. New York: Methuen.
Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty. 1990. The Post-Colonial Critic: Interviews, Strategies, Dialogues, ed. Sarah Harasym. New York: Routledge.
Starhawk. 1979. The Spiral Dance: A Rebirth of the Ancient Religion of the Great Goddess. San Francisco: Harper & Row.
Sumic-Riha, Jeliça. 1996. “Post-Modern Democracy Politics, and Collective Identities.” Paper presented at Etat, Nation, Multiculturalisme et Citoyenté, Conference, CEETUM, Montreal, May 30-June 2.
Tabari, Azar, and Hahid Yeganeh, eds. 1982. In the Shadow of Islam: The Women’s Movement in Iran. London: Zed.
Tohidi, Nayereh. 1990. “ ‘Masaleh-e Zan’ va roshanfekran te-ye tahavolat-e akhir.” Nimeye Digar 10 (Winter): 51–95.
Tohidi, Nayereh.. 1991. “Gender and Islamic Fundamentalism: Feminist Politics in Iran.” In Third World Women and the Politics of Feminism, ed. Chandra Talpade Mohanty Mary Russo, and Lourdes Torres, 251–65. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Trinh T. Minh-ha. 1989. Woman/Native/Other. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Walby, Sylvia. 1986. Patriarchy at Work: Patriarchal and Capitalist Relations in Employment. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Wilson, Elizabeth. 1993. “Feminist Fundamentalism: The Shifting Politics of Sex and Censorship.” In Sex Exposed: Sexuality and the Pornography Debate, ed. Lynne Segal and Mary McIntosh, 15–28. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
Editor information
Copyright information
© 2001 Elizabeth A. Castelli
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Moallem, M. (2001). Transnationalism, Feminism, and Fundamentalism. In: Castelli, E.A. (eds) Women, Gender, Religion: A Reader. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-04830-1_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-04830-1_9
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, New York
Print ISBN: 978-0-312-24030-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-04830-1
eBook Packages: Palgrave Social & Cultural Studies CollectionSocial Sciences (R0)