Abstract
The specter of fascism has survived the collapse of communism in Europe. Recurring incidents of racist violence, sporadic electoral triumphs of radical-right parties in local elections, and their double-digit percentages among national elections conjure up visions of a return of Nazi and fascist dictatorships. In fact, many political analyses still identify the xenophobic outbursts that have taken place in post–Cold War Europe with fascist movements spawned between the world wars, during an era of dictatorships, totalitarian war, and mass murder.
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For example: Herbert Kitschelt, The Radical Right in Western Europe: A Comparative Analysis (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1995)
Roger Eatwell, Fascism: A History (London: Penguin, 1996), esp. pp. 348–58
Peter Merkl/Leonard Weinberg, The Revival of Right-Wing Extremism in the Nineties (London: F. Cass, 1997)
Edward G. DeClair, Politics on the Fringe: The People, Politics and Organization of the French National Front (Durham & London: Duke University Press, 1999)
Diethelm Prowe, “ ‘Classic’ Fascism and the New Radical Right in Western Europe: Comparisons and Contrasts,” Contemporary European History 3, 3 (November 1994): 289–313.
Arno J. Mayer, Why Did the Heavens Not Darken? The “Final Solution”in History (New York: Pantheon Books, 1988), p. 3. Mayer compares “Europe’s age of catastrophe” (pp. 19–35) with the much discussed General Crisis of the Seventeenth Century: The Thirty Years’ War, Ivan Roots and D.H. Pennington (London: Audio Learning, 1970–1979).
Ernst Nolte, Three Faces of Fascism (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1966), p. 5. The German original was published in 1963.
Lynn Hunt, Politics, Culture, and Class in the French Revolution (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), esp. pp. 10–16, 213–36.
Gerhard Masur, Prophets of Yesterday: Studies in European Culture, 1890–1914 (New York: Harper & Row, 1961).
Ernst Jünger, Der Kampf als inneres Erlebnis (Berlin: E.S. Mittler & Sohn, 1925), p. 2.
George L. Mosse, Fallen Soldiers: Reshaping the Memory of the World War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990).
George L. Mosse, Nazi Culture (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1966)
Jay S. Baird, To Die for Germany: Heroes in the Nazi Pantheon (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990).
For example, Robert J. Soucy, “French Fascism and the Croix de Feu: A Dissenting Interpretation,” Journal of Contemporary History 26 (1991): 165.
Richard Bessel, “Political Violence and the Nazi Seizure of Power,” in ed. Life Richard Bessel, in the Third Reich (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987), pp. 8–14.
Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996).
Claus Leggewie, Die Republikaner: Phantombild der neuen Rechten (Berlin: Rotbuch Verlag, 1989), pp. 17–18, 79–86.
Luciano Cheles, “ ‘Nostalgia dell’Avvenire.’ The New Propaganda of the MSI Between Tradition and Innovation,” in Neo-Fascism in Europe, ed. Luciano Cheles, Ronnie Ferguson, and Michalina Vaughan (London and New York: Longman, 1991), pp. 43–44.
Herbert Marcuse, An Essay on Liberation (Boston: Beacon Press, 1969), pp. 81–82.
Richard Stöss, Politics Against Democracy: Right-Wing Extremism in West Germany (New York: Berg, 1991), pp. 142–58.
Richard Thurlow, Fascism in Britain: A History, 1918–1985 (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987), p. 283.
Zeev Sternhell, Neither Right Nor Left: Fascist Ideology in France (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1986).
Françoise Gaspard, A Small City in France (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995), esp. ix, pp. 47–59.
Peter Fysh/Jim Wolfreys. The Politics of Racism in France (New York: St. Martin’s, 1998), esp. pp. 143–45; generally: Prowe, “National Identity,” pp. 5–10.
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© 2004 Angelica Fenner and Eric D. Weitz
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Prowe, D. (2004). The Fascist Phantom and Anti-Immigrant Violence: The Power of (False) Equation. In: Fenner, A., Weitz, E.D. (eds) Fascism and Neofascism. Studies in European Culture and History. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-04122-7_7
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