Abstract
The cause of rheumatoid arthritis has been investigated by the methods of Sir Karl Popper who claimed that a theory could not be proved by induction or any other methods but could be disproved.
A fact which was incompatible with a theory would thereby disprove it and this approach has provided a powerful new method to investigate scientific problems.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Avakian H, Welsh J, Ebringer A, Entwistle CC. Ankylosing spondylitis, HLA-B27 and Klebsiella. II. Cross-reactivity studies with human tissue typing sera. Br J Exp Pathol. 1980;61:92–6.
Avorn J, Monane M, Gurwitz JH, Glynn RJ, Chodnovskiy I, Lipsitz LA. Reduction of bacteriuria and pyuria after ingestion of cranberry juice. JAMA. 1994;271:751–4.
Avouac J, Gossec L, Dougados M. Diagnostic and predictive value of anti-cyclic citrullinated protein antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic, literature review. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006;65:845–51.
Blankenberg-Sprenkels SHD, Fielder M, Feldkamp TEW, Tiwana H, Wilson C, Ebringer A. Antibodies to Klebsiella pneumoniae in Dutch patients with ankylosing spondylitis and acute anterior uveitis and to Proteus mirabilis in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 1998;25:743–7.
Deighton CM, Gray SW, Biant AJ, Walker DJ. Specificity of the Proteus antibody response in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1992;51:1206–7.
Ebringer A, Ptaszynska T, Corbett M, Wilson C, Macafee Y, Avakian H, et al. Antibodies to Proteus in rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet. 1985;2:305–7.
Ebringer A, Cox NL, Abuljadayel I, Ghuloom M, Khalafpour S, Ptaszynska T, et al. Klebsiella antibodies in ankylosing spondylitis and Proteus antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Rheumatol. 1988;27(Suppl II):72–85.
Ebringer A, Rashid T, Wilson C. Rheumatoid arthritis: proposal for the early use of anti-bacterial therapy. Scand J Rheumatol. 2003;32:2–11.
Ebringer A, Rashid T, Wilson C. Rheumatoid arthritis, Proteus, anti-CCP antibodies and Karl Popper. Autoimmun Rev. 2010;9:216–23.
Fielder M, Tiwana H, Youinou P, Le Goff P, Deonarian R, Wilson C, et al. The specificity of the anti-Proteus antibody response in tissue-typed rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients from Brest. Rheumatol Int. 1995;15:79–82.
Khalafpour S, Ebringer A, Abuljadayel I, Corbett M. Antibodies to Klebsiella and Proteus microrganisms in ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis patients measured by ELISA. Br J Rheumatol. 1988;27(Suppl II):86–9.
Newkirk MM, Goldbach-Mansky R, Senior BW, Klippel J, Schumacher Jr HR, El-Gabalawy HS. Elevated levels of IgM and IgA antibodies to Proteus mirabilis and IgM antibodies to Escherichia coli are associated with early rheumatoid factor (RF)-positive rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology. 2005;44:1433–41.
Nymand G. Maternal smoking and immunity. Lancet. 1974;2:1379–80.
O’Dell JR, Paulsen G, Haire CE, Blakely K, Palmer W, Wees S, et al. Treatment of early seropositive rheumatoid arthritis with minocycline. Arthritis Rheum. 1999;42:1691–5.
Rashid T, Ebringer A. Rheumatoid arthritis is linked to Proteus – the evidence. Clin Rheumatol. 2007a;26:1036–43.
Rashid T, Jayakumar KS, Binder A, Ellis S, Cunningham P, Ebringer A. Rheumatoid arthritis patients have elevated antibodies to cross-reactive and non-cross reactive antigens from Proteus microbes. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2007b;25:259–67.
Rashid T, Leirisalo-Repo M, Tani Y, Hukuda S, Kobayashi S, Wilson C, et al. Antibacterial and antipeptide antibodies in Japanese and Finnish patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol. 2004;23:134–41.
Schellekens GA, de Jong BA, Van den Hoogen FH, Van de Putte LB, van Venrooij WJ. Citrulline is an essential constituent of antigenic determinants recognized by rheumatoid arthritis specific auto-antibodies. J Clin Invest. 1998;101:273–81.
Subair H, Tiwana H, Fielder M, Binder A, Cunningham K, Ebringer A, et al. Elevation in anti-Proteus antibodies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis from Bermuda and England. J Rheumatol. 1995;22:1825–8.
Tani Y, Tiwana H, Hukuda S, Nishioka J, Fielder M, Wilson C, et al. Antibodies to Klebsiella, Proteus and HLA-B27 peptides in Japanese patients with ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 1997;24:109–14.
Tiwana H, Wilson C, Cunningham P, Binder A, Ebringer A. Antibodies to four gram-negative bacteria in rheumatoid arthritis which share sequences with the rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility motif. Br J Rheumatol. 1996;35:592–4.
Tiwana H, Wilson C, Walmsley RS, Wakefield AJ, Smith MSN, Cox NL, et al. Antibody responses to gut bacteria in ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Rheumatol Int. 1997;17:11–6.
Vital EM, Emery P. The development of targeted therapies in rheumatoid arthritis. J Autoimmun. 2008;31:219–27.
Wanchu A, Deodhar SD, Sharma M, Gupta V, Bambery P, Sud A. Elevated levels of anti-Proteus antibodies in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Indian J Med Res. 1997;105:39–42.
Wolfe F, Michaud K. Biologic treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and the risk of malignancy. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56:2886–95.
Zintzaras E, Dahabreh LJ, Giannouli S, Voulgarelis M, Moutsopoulos HM. Infliximab and methotrexate in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of dosage regimens. Clin Ther. 2008;30:1939–55.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer-Verlag London Limited
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ebringer, A. (2011). Rheumatoid Arthritis and ‘Popper Sequences’. In: Rheumatoid Arthritis and Proteus. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-950-5_19
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-950-5_19
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, London
Print ISBN: 978-0-85729-949-9
Online ISBN: 978-0-85729-950-5
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)