Abstract
Militarized conflict is one of the risks that have a significant impact on society. Militarized interstate dispute is defined as an outcome of interstate interactions, which result either in peace or conflict. The effective prediction of the possibility of conflict between states is an important decision support tool for policy makers. In previous chapters, neural networks were implemented to predict militarized interstate disputes. Support vector machines have proved to be excellent predictors and hence are introduced in this chapter for the prediction of militarized interstate disputes and then compared with the hybrid Monte Carlo trained multi-layer perceptron neural networks. The results demonstrated that support vector machines predict militarized interstate dispute better than neural networks, while neural networks give a more consistent and easy to interpret sensitivity analysis than do support vector machines.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Aizerman, M., Braverman, E., Rozonoer, L.: Theoretical foundations of the potential function method in pattern recognition learning. Autom. Rem. Contr. 25, 821–837 (1964)
Alenezi, A., Moses, S.A., Trafalis, T.B.: Real-time prediction of order flowtimes using support vector regression. Comp. Oper. Res. 35, 3489–3503 (2007)
Beck, N., King, G., Zeng, L.: Improving quantitative studies of international conflict: a conjecture. Am. Politic Sci. Rev. 94, 21–33 (2000)
Bishop, C.: Neural Networks for Pattern Recognition. Oxford University Press, Oxford (1995)
Boser, B.E., Guyon, I.M., Vapnik, V.N.: A training algorithm for optimal margin classifiers. In: Haussler, D. (ed.) Proceedings of the 5th Annual ACM Workshop on COLT, pp. 144–152. ACM Press, Pittsburgh (1992)
Burges, C.: A tutorial on support vector machines for pattern recognition. Data Min. Knowl. Disc. 2, 121–167 (1998)
Chang, B.R., Tsai, H.F., Young, C.-P.: Diversity of quantum optimizations for training adaptive support vector regression and its prediction applications. Expert Syst. Appl. 34, 2612–2621 (2007)
Chen, D., Odobez, J.: Comparison of support vector machine and neural network for text texture verification. Technical report IDIAP-RR-02 19. Martigny, IDIAP Research Institute (2002)
Chen, J.L., Liu, H.B., Wu, W., Xie, D.T.: Estimation of monthly solar radiation from measured temperatures using support vector machines – a case study. Renew. Eng. 36, 413–420 (2011)
Chuang, C.-C.: Extended support vector interval regression networks for interval input–output data. Info. Sci. 178, 871–891 (2008)
Cortes, C., Vapnik, V.: Support-vector networks. Mach. Learn. 20, 273–297 (1995)
Gidudu, A., Hulley, G., Marwala, T.: Image classification using SVMs: one-against-one vs one-against-all. In: Proceedings of the 28th Asian Conference on Remote Sensing. CD-Rom (2007)
Gochman, C., Maoz, Z.: Militarized interstate disputes 1816–1976. J. Confl. Res. 28, 585–615 (1984)
Gunn, S.R.: Support vector machines for classification and regression. ISIS technical report. University of Southampton (1997)
Guo, G., Zhang, J.S.: Reducing examples to accelerate support vector regression. Pattern Recognit. Letts. 28, 2173–2183 (2007)
Habtemariam, E.: Artificial intelligence for conflict management. Master thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (2006)
Habtemariam, E., Marwala, T., Lagazio, M.: Artificial intelligence for conflict management. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, pp. 2583–2588. IEEE, Montreal (2005)
Haykin, S.: Neural Networks: A Comprehensive Foundation. Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River (1999)
Jayadeva, R.K., Chandra, S.: Regularized least squares fuzzy support vector regression for financial time series forecasting. Expert Syst. Appl. 178, 3402–3414 (2007)
Karush, W.: Minima of functions of several variables with inequalities as side constraints. MSc thesis, University of Chicago (1939)
Kim, D., Lee, H., Cho, S.: Response modeling with support vector regression. Expert Syst. Appl. 34, 1102–1108 (2008)
Kuhn, H.W., Tucker, A.W.: Nonlinear programming. In: Proceedings of 2nd Berkeley symposium, pp. 481–492 (1951)
Lagazio, M., Russett, B.: A Neural Network Analysis of Militarized Disputes, 1885–1992: Temporal Stability and Causal Complexity. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor (2003)
Lau, K.W., Wu, Q.H.: Local prediction of non-linear time series using support vector regression. Pattern Recognit. 41, 1539–1547 (2007)
Lin, F., Yeh, C.C., Lee, M.Y.: The use of hybrid manifold learning and support vector machines in the prediction of business failure. Knowledge-Based Syst. 24, 95–101 (2011)
Li-Xia, L., Yi-Qi, Z., Liu, X.Y.: Tax forecasting theory and model based on SVM optimized by PSO. Expert Syst. Appl. 38, 116–120 (2011)
MacKay, D.J.C.: Bayesian methods for adaptive models. Ph.D. thesis. California Institute of Technology (1991)
MacKay, D.J.C.: A practical Bayesian framework for backpropagation networks. Neural Comput. 4, 448–472 (1992)
Marwala, T., Lagazio, M.: Modelling and controlling interstate conflict. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, pp. 1233–1238. IEEE, Budapest (2004)
Marwala, T., Chakraverty, S., Mahola, U.: Fault classification using multi-layer perceptrons and support vector machines. Int. J. Eng. Simul. 7, 29–35 (2006)
Marwala, T., Lagazio, M., Tettey, T.: An integrated human-computer system for controlling interstate disputes. Int. J. Comput. Appl. 31, 239–246 (2009)
Msiza, I.S., Nelwamondo, F.V., Marwala, T.: Artificial neural networks and support vector machines for water demand time series forecasting. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, pp. 638–643. IEEE, Montreal (2007)
Müller, K.R., Mika, S., Ratsch, G., Tsuda, K., Scholkopf, B.: An introduction to Kernel-based learning algorithms. IEEE Trans. Neural Nets. 12, 181–201 (2001)
Neal, R.M.: Probabilistic inference using Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods. University of Toronto technical teport CRG-TR-93-1. Toronto (1993)
Oliveira, A.L.I.: Estimation of software project effort with support vector regression. Neurocomput. 69, 1749–1753 (2006)
Oneal, J., Russett, B.: The Kantian peace: the Pacific benefits of democracy, interdependence, and international organization. World Politics 1, 1–37 (1999)
Oneal, J., Russett, B.: Clear and clean: the fixed effects of liberal peace. Int. Org. 52, 469–485 (2001)
Ortiz-García, E.G., Salcedo-Sanz, S., Pérez-Bellido, Á.M., Portilla-Figueras, J.A., Prieto, L.: Prediction of hourly O3 concentrations using support vector regression algorithms. Atmos. Environ. 44, 4481–4488 (2010)
Palanivel, S., Yegnanarayana, B.: Multimodal person authentication using speech, face and visual speech [modalities]. Comp. Vis. Image Underst. 109, 44–55 (2008)
Pires, M., Marwala, T.: Option pricing using neural networks and support vector machines. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, pp. 1279–1285. IEEE, The Hague (2004)
Russett, B., Oneal, J.: Triangulating Peace: Democracy, Interdependence, and International Organizations. W.W. Norton, New York (2001)
Schölkopf, B., Smola, A.J.: A short introduction to learning with Kernels. In: Mendelson, S., Smola, A.J. (eds.) Proceedings of the Machine Learning Summer School, pp. 41–64. Springer, Berlin (2003)
Shen, R., Fu, Y., Lu, H.: A novel image watermarking scheme based on support vector regression. J. Syst. Softw. 78, 1–8 (2005)
Tao, X., Tao, W.: Cutting tool wear identification based on wavelet package and SVM. In: Proceedings of the World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation, pp. 5953–5957 (2010)
Tellaeche, A., Pajares, G., Burgos-Artizzu, X.P., Ribeiro, A.: A computer vision approach for weeds identification through support vector machines. Appl. Soft Comput. J. 11, 908–915 (2009)
Thissen, U., Pepers, M., Üstün, B., Melssen, W.J., Buydens, L.M.C.: Comparing support vector machines to PLS for spectral regression applications. Chemomet. Intell. Lab. Syst. 73, 169–179 (2004)
Üstün, B., Melssen, W.J., Buydens, L.M.C.: Facilitating the application of support vector regression by using a universal pearson VII function based Kernel. Chemomet. Intell. Lab. Syst. 81, 29–40 (2006)
Üstün, B., Melssen, W.J., Buydens, L.M.C.: Visualisation and interpretation of support vector regression models. Anal. Chim. Acta. 595, 299–309 (2007)
Vapnik, V.: The Nature of Statistical Learning Theory. Springer Verlag, New York (1995)
Vapnik, V.: Statistical Learning Theory. Wiley-Interscience, New York (1998)
Vapnik, V., Lerner, A.: Pattern recognition using generalized portrait method. Automat. Rem. Contr. 24, 774–780 (1963)
Wang, C.-H., Zhong, Z.-P., Li, R., J-Q, E.: Prediction of jet penetration depth based on least square support vector machine. Powder Technol. 203, 404–411 (2010)
Xi, X.-C., Poo, A.-N., Chou, S.-K.: Support vector regression model predictive control on a HVAC plant. Contr. Eng. Prac. 15, 897–908 (2007)
Yeh, C.Y., Su, W.P., Lee, S.J.: Employing multiple-kernel support vector machines for counterfeit Banknote recognition. Appl. Soft Comput. J. 11, 1439–1447 (2011)
Zeng, L.: Prediction and classification with neural network models. Soc. Method. Res. 27, 499–524 (1999)
Zhang, J., Sato, T., Iai, S.: Support vector regression for on-line health monitoring of large-scale structures. Struct. Saf. 28, 392–406 (2006)
Zhou, Y.-P., Jiang, J.-H., Lin, W.-Q., Zou, H.-Y., Wu, H.-L., Shen, G.-L., Yu, R.-Q.: Boosting support vector regression in QSAR studies of bioactivities of chemical compounds. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 28, 344–353 (2006)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer-Verlag London Limited
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Marwala, T., Lagazio, M. (2011). Support Vector Machines for Modeling Interstate Conflict. In: Militarized Conflict Modeling Using Computational Intelligence. Advanced Information and Knowledge Processing. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-790-7_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-790-7_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, London
Print ISBN: 978-0-85729-789-1
Online ISBN: 978-0-85729-790-7
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)