Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Introduction to Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy

  • 1517 Accesses

Abstract

Indications for Stereotactic Radiotherapy have expanded in recent years from intracranial treatment to extracranial, leading to the development of a thriving subspecialty within radiation oncology. The evidence base is growing exponentially. However there is still a lack of good quality prospective randomized clinical trial data. This chapter provides an introduction to the subject and a broad review of the major indications, which are then covered in more depth within individual chapters.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Horsley VA, Clarke RH. The structure and functions of the cerebellum examined by a new method. Brain. 1908;31:45–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Spiegel EA, Wycis HT, Marks M, et al. Stereotactic apparatus for operations on the human brain. Science. 1947;106:349–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Leksell L. The stereotactic method and radiosurgery of the brain. Acta Chir Scand. 1951;102:316–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Heck B, Jess-Hempen A, Kreiner HJ, et al. Accuracy and stability of positioning in radiosurgery: long-term results of the gamma knife system. Med Phys. 2007;34(4):1487–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Hamilton AJ, Lulu BA, Fosmire H, et al. Preliminary clinical experience with linear accelerator-based spinal stereotactic radiosurgery. Neurosurgery. 1995;36:311–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Lax I, Blomgren H, Naslund I, et al. Stereotactic radiotherapy of malignancies in the abdomen: methodological aspects. Acta Oncol. 1994;33:677–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Freund L. Elements of general radiotherapy for practitioners. New York: Rebman; 1904.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Fowler JF. The linear quadratic formula and progress in fractionated radiotherapy. Br J Radiol. 1989;62:679–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Withers HR. The four R’s of radiotherapy. Adv Radiat Biol. 1975;5:241–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Tome WA, Fowler JF. Selective boosting of tumor subvolumes. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000;48:593–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Guerrero M, Li XA. Extending the linear-quadratic model for large fraction doses pertinent to stereotactic radiotherapy. Phys Med Biol. 2004;49:4825–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Yu C, Main W, Taylor D, Kuduvalli G, Apuzzo ML, Adler Jr JR. An anthropomorphic phantom study of the accuracy of Cyberknife spinal radiosurgery. Neurosurgery. 2004;55(5):1138–49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Ho AK, Fu D, Cotrutz C, Hancock SL, Chang SD, Gibbs IC, Maurer Jr CR, Adler Jr JR. A study of the accuracy of Cyberknife spinal radiosurgery using skeletal structure tracking. Neurosurgery. 2007;60(2 Suppl 1):147–56.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Onishi H, Shirato H, Nagata Y, et al. Hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (HypoFXSRT) for stage I non-small cell lung cancer: updated results of 257 patients in a Japanese multi-institutional study. J Thorac Oncol. 2007;2(7 Suppl 3):S94–100.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Wulf J, Haedinger U, Oppitz U, et al. Stereotactic radiotherapy for primary lung cancer and pulmonary metastases: a noninvasive treatment approach in medically inoperable patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004;60(1):186–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Baumann P, Nyman J, Lax I, et al. Factors important for efficacy of stereotactic body radiotherapy of medically inoperable stage I lung cancer. A retrospective analysis of patients treated in the Nordic countries. Acta Oncol. 2006;45(7):787–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Zimmerman FB, Geinitz H, Schill S, et al. Stereotactic hypofractionated radiotherapy in stage I (T1–2 N0 M0) non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Acta Oncol. 2006;45(7):796–801.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Hof H, Muenter M, Oetzel D, et al. Stereotactic single-dose radiotherapy (radiosurgery) of early stage nonsmall-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Cancer. 2007;110(1):148–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Baumann P, Nyman J, Hoyer M, et al. Outcome in a prospective phase II trial of medically inoperable stage I non-small-cell lung cancer patients treated with stereotactic body radiotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(20):3290–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Timmerman R, McGarry R, Yiannoutsos C, et al. Excessive toxicity when treating central tumors in a phase II study of stereotactic body radiation therapy for medically inoperable early-stage lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(30):4833–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Chang JY, Balter PA, Dong L, et al. Stereotactic body radiation therapy in centrally and superiorly located stage I or isolated recurrent non-small-cell lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008;72(4):967–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Le QT, Loo BW, Ho A, et al. Results of phase I dose escalation study using single fraction stereotactic radiotherapy for lung tumors. J Thorac Oncol. 2006;1(8):802–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Brown WT, Wu X, Fayad F, et al. Cyberknife radiosurgery for stage I lung cancer: results at 36 months. Clin Lung Cancer. 2007;8(8):488–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Pastorino UB, Buyse M, Friedel G, et al. Long-term results of lung metastasectomy: prognostic analyses based on 5206 cases: the International Registry of Lung Metastases. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1997;113:37–49.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Fong Y, Fortner J, Sun RL, et al. Clinical score for predicting recurrence after hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal cancer: analysis of 1001 consecutive cases. Ann Surg. 1999;230:309–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Guckenberger M, Heilman K, Wulf J, et al. Pulmonary injury and tumor response after stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT): results of a serial follow-up CT study. Radiother Oncol. 2007;85(3):435–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Lee SW, Choi EK, Park HJ, et al. Stereotactic body frame based fractionated radiosurgery on consecutive days for primary or metastatic tumours in the lung. Lung Cancer. 2003;40(3):309–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Fritz P, Kraus HJ, Muhlnickel W, et al. Stereotactic, singledose irradiation of stage I non-small cell lung cancer and lung metastases. Radiat Oncol. 2006;1:30.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Norihisa Y, Nagata Y, Takayama K, et al. Stereotactic body radiotherapy for oligometastatic lung tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008;72(2):398–403.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Rusthoven KE, Kavanagh BD, Cardenes H, et al. Multi-institutional phase I/II trial of stereotactic body radiation therapy for lung metastases. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:1572–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Brown WT, Wu X, Fowler JF, et al. Lung metastases treated by Cyberknife image-guided robotic stereotactic radiosurgery at 41 months. South Med J. 2008;101(4):376–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Mulier S, Ruers T, Jamart J, et al. Radiofrequency ablation versus resection for resectable colorectal liver metastases: time for a randomized trial? An update. Dig Surg. 2008;25(6):445–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Leibel SA, Pajak TF, Massullo V, et al. A comparison of misonidazole sensitized radiation therapy to radiation therapy alone for the palliation of hepatic metastases: results of a Radiation Therapy Oncology Group randomized prospective trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1987;13:1057–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Blomgren H, Lax I, Naslund I, et al. Stereotactic high dose fraction radiation therapy of extracranial tumors using an accelerator. Clinical experience of the first thirty-one patients. Acta Oncol. 1995;34(6):861–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Herfarth KK, Debus J, Lohr F, et al. Stereotactic single-dose radiation therapy of liver tumors: results of a phase I/II trial. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19:164–70.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Anderson EM, Koong A, Yang G, et al. Phase I dose escalation study of stereotactic radiosurgery for liver malignancies (poster presentation). In: Proceedings of the ASCO 2007 gastrointestinal cancers symposium, Orlando, 19–21 Jan 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Katz AW, Carey-Sampson M, Muhs AG, et al. Hypofractionated stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for limited hepatic metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007;67:793–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Lee MT, Kim JJ, Dinniwell R, et al. Phase I study of individualized stereotactic body radiotherapy for liver metastases. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:1585–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Tse RV, Hawkins M, Lockwood G, et al. Phase I study of individualized stereotactic body radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(4):657–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Choi BO, Jang HS, Kang KM, et al. Fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy in patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2006;36:154–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Louis C, Dewas S, Mirabel X, Lartigau E, et al. Stereotactic radiotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma: preliminary results. Technol Cancer Res Treat. 2010;9(5):479–87.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Takeda A, Takahashi M, Kunieda E, et al. Hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy with and without transarterial chemoembolization for small hepatocellular carcinoma not eligible for other ablation therapies: preliminary results for efficacy and toxicity. Hepatol Res. 2008;38(1):60–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Choi BO, Choi IB, Jang HS, et al. Stereotactic body radiation therapy with or without transarterial chemoembolization for patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma: preliminary analysis. BMC Cancer. 2008;8:351.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Moertel CG, Childs DS, Reitmeier RJ, et al. Combined 5-fluorouracil and supervoltage radiation therapy of locally unresectable gastrointestinal cancer. Lancet. 1969;2:865–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Moertel C, Frytak S, Hahn R, et al. Therapy of locally unresectable pancreatic carcinoma: a randomized comparison of high dose (6000 rads) radiation alone, moderate dose radiation (4000 rads 5-fluorouracil), and high dose radiation 5-fluorouracil: the Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group. Cancer. 1981;48:1705–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group. Treatment of locally unresectable carcinoma of the pancreas: comparison of combined-modality therapy (chemotherapy plus radiotherapy) to chemotherapy alone. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1988;80:751–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Klaassen DJ, MacIntyre JM, Catton GE, et al. Treatment of locally unresectable cancer of the stomach and pancreas: a randomized comparison of 5-fluorouracil alone with radiation plus concurrent and maintenance 5-fluorouracil—an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol. 1985;3:373–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Chauffert B, Mornex F, Bonnetain F, et al. Phase III trial comparing initial chemoradiotherapy (intermittent cisplatin and infusional 5-FU) followed by gemcitabine vs. gemcitabine alone in patients with locally advanced non metastatic pancreatic cancer: a FFCD-SFRO study. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(18S, Part I):4008.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Loehrer PJ, Powell ME, Cardenes HR, et al. A randomized phase III study of gemcitabine in combination with radiation therapy versus gemcitabine alone in patients with localized, unresectable pancreatic cancer: E4201. abstract 4506. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(Suppl):214s.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Ceha HM, van Tienhoven G, Gouma DJ, et al. Feasibility and efficacy of high dose conformal radiotherapy for patients with locally advanced pancreatic carcinoma. Cancer. 2000;89:2222–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Hoyer M, Roed H, Sengelov L, et al. Phase-II study on stereotactic radiotherapy of locally advanced pancreatic carcinoma. Radiother Oncol. 2005;76:48–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Koong AC, Christofferson E, Le QT, et al. Phase II study to assess the efficacy of conventionally fractionated radiotherapy followed by a stereotactic radiosurgery boost in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;63:320–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Sheehan JP, Sun MH, Kondziolka D, et al. Radiosurgery in patients with renal cell carcinoma metastasis to the brain: long-term outcomes and prognostic factors influencing survival and local tumor control. J Neurosurg. 2003;98(2):342–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Muacevic A, Kreth FW, Mack A, et al. Stereotactic radiosurgery without radiation therapy providing high local tumor control of multiple brain metastases from renal cell carcinoma. Minim Invasive Neurosurg. 2004;47(4):203–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Beitler JJ, Makara D, Silverman P, et al. Definitive, high dose per fraction, conformal, stereotactic external radiation for renal cell carcinoma. Am J Clin Oncol. 2004;27:646–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Svedman C, Karlsson K, Rutlowska E, et al. Stereotactic body radiotherapy of primary and metastatic renal lesions for patients with only one functioning kidney. Acta Oncol. 2008;47(8):1578–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Wersall PJ, Blomgren H, Lax I, et al. Extracranial stereotactic radiotherapy for primary and metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Radiother Oncol. 2005;77(1):88–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Svedman C, Sandstrom P, Pisa P, et al. A prospective phase II trial of using extracranial stereotactic radiotherapy in primary and metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Acta Oncol. 2006;45(7):870–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Dearnaley DP, Sydes MR, Graham JD, et al. Escalated-dose versus standard-dose conformal radiotherapy in prostate cancer: first results from the MRC RT01 randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2007;8:475–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Pollack A, Zagars GK, Starkschall G, et al. Prostate cancer radiation dose response: results of the MD Anderson phase III randomized trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002;53:1097–105.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Dasu A. Is the alpha/beta value for prostate tumours low enough to be safely used in clinical trials? Clin Oncol. 2007;19:289–301.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Brenner DJ, Martinez AA, Edmundson GK, et al. Direct evidence that prostate tumors show high sensitivity to fractionation (low alpha/beta ratio), similar to late responding normal tissue. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002;52:6–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Madsen BL, Pham HT, Hsi RA, et al. Comparison of rectal dose volume histograms for definitive prostate radiotherapy among stereotactic radiotherapy, IMRT, and 3D-CRT techniques [abstract]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004;60:S633.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Madsen BL, Hsi RA, Pham HT, et al. Stereotactic hypofractionated accurate radiotherapy of the prostate (SHARP), 33.5 Gy in five fractions for localized disease: first clinical trial results. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007;67(4):1099–105.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. King CR, Brooks JD, Gill H, et al. Stereotactic body radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer: interim results of a prospective phase II clinical trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009;73(4):1043–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Grills IS, Martinez AA, Hollander M, et al. High dose rate brachytherapy as prostate cancer monotherapy reduces toxicity compared to low dose rate palladium seeds. J Urol. 2004;171:1098–104.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Demanes DJ, Rodriguez RR, Schour L, et al. High-dose-rate intensity-modulated brachytherapy with external beam radiotherapy for prostate cancer: California endocurietherapy’s 10-year results. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;61:1306–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Fuller DB, Naitoh J, Lee C, et al. Virtual HDRSM CyberKnife treatment for localized prostatic carcinoma: dosimetry comparison with HDR brachytherapy and preliminary clinical observations. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008;70(5):1588–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Chang EL, Shiu AS, Mendel E, et al. Phase I/II study of stereotactic body radiotherapy for spinal metastasis and its pattern of failure. J Neurosurg Spine. 2007;7(2):151–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Nelson JW, Yoo DS, Sampson JH, et al. Stereotactic body radiotherapy for lesions of the spine and paraspinal regions. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009;73(5):1369–75.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. De Salles AA, Pedroso AG, Medin P, et al. Spinal lesions treated with Novalis shaped beam intensity-modulated radiosurgery and stereotactic radiotherapy. J Neurosurg. 2004;101 Suppl 3:435–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Ryu S, Jian-Yue J, Jin R, et al. Partial volume tolerance of the spinal cord and complications of single-dose radiosurgery. Cancer. 2007;109(3):628–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Kim B, Soisson ET, Duma C, et al. Image-guided helical tomotherapy for treatment of spine tumors. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2008;110(4):357–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Gerszten PC, Burton SA, Ozhasoglu C, et al. Radiosurgery for spinal metastases: clinical experience in 500 cases from a single institution. Spine. 2007;32(2):193–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Gerszten PC, Burton SA, Quinn AE, et al. Radiosurgery for the treatment of spinal melanoma metastases. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2005;83(5–6):213–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Gerszten PC, Burton SA, Welch WC, et al. Single-fraction radiosurgery for the treatment of spinal breast metastases. Cancer. 2005;104(10):2244–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Gerszten PC, Burton SA, Belani CP, et al. Radiosurgery for the treatment of spinal lung metastases. Cancer. 2006;107(11):2653–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Gerszten PC, Burton SA, Ozhasoglu C, et al. Stereotactic radiosurgery for spinal metastases from renal cell carcinoma. J Neurosurg Spine. 2005;3(4):288–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Wowra B, Zausinger S, Drexler C, et al. CyberKnife radiosurgery for malignant spinal tumors: characterization of well-suited patients. Spine. 2008;33(26):2929–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Parsa A, Lee J, Parney I, et al. Spinal cord and intradural extraparenchymal spinal tumors: current best care practices and strategies. J Neurooncol. 2004;69:291–318.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Dodd RL, Ryu MR, Kammerdsupaphon P, et al. CyberKnife radiosurgery for benign intradural extramedullary spinal tumors. Neurosurgery. 2006;58:674–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Gerszten PC, Burton SA, Ozhasoglu C, et al. Radiosurgery for benign intradural spinal tumors. Neurosurgery. 2008;62(4):887–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Bhatnagar AK, Gerszten PC, Ozhasaglu C, et al. CyberKnife frameless radiosurgery for the treatment of extracranial benign tumors. Technol Cancer Res Treat. 2005;4(5):571–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Sahgal A, Chou D, Ames C, et al. Image-guided robotic stereotactic body radiotherapy for benign spinal tumors: the University of California San Francisco preliminary experience. Technol Cancer Res Treat. 2007;6(6):595–603.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Murovic JA, Gibbs IC, Chang SD, et al. Foraminal nerve sheath tumors: intermediate follow up after cyberknife radiosurgery. Neurosurgery. 2009;64(2 Suppl):A33–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Henderson FC, McCool K, Seigle J, et al. Treatment of chordomas with CyberKnife: Georgetown University experience and treatment recommendations. Neurosurgery. 2009;64(2 Suppl):A44–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Levine AM, Coleman C, Horasek S, et al. Stereotactic radiosurgery for the treatment of primary sarcomas and sarcoma metastases of the spine. Neurosurgery. 2009;64(2 Suppl):A54–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Sinclair J, Chang SD, Gibbs IC, et al. Multisession CyberKnife radiosurgery for intramedullary spinal cord arteriovenous malformations. Neurosurgery. 2006;58(6):1081–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Gibbs IC, Patil C, Gerszten PC, et al. Delayed radiation induced myelopathy after spinal radiosurgery. Neurosurgery. 2009;64(2 Suppl):A67–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Klimo P, Kestle JR, Schmidt MH. Treatment of metastatic spinal epidural disease: a review of the literature. Neurosurg Focus. 2003;15(5):E1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Patchell RA, Tibbs PA, Regine WF, et al. Direct decompressive surgical resection in the treatment of spinal cord compression caused by metastatic cancer: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2005;366:643–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Clinical Oncology, Guy’s Hospital, Guy’s & St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

    Andrew M. Gaya MD, MRCP, FRCR

  2. Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Anand Mahadevan MD, FRCS, FRCR

Authors
  1. Andrew M. Gaya MD, MRCP, FRCR
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Anand Mahadevan MD, FRCS, FRCR
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Andrew M. Gaya MD, MRCP, FRCR .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom

    Andrew Gaya

  2. Dept. Radiation Oncology, Harvard Medical School Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Anand Mahadevan

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer-Verlag London

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Gaya, A.M., Mahadevan, A. (2015). Introduction to Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy. In: Gaya, A., Mahadevan, A. (eds) Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-597-2_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-597-2_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-85729-596-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-85729-597-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation