Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a complex metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia (higher than normal blood glucose levels) resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. It is one of the commonest long-term conditions and represents a major public health burden both in the UK and globally; it is estimated to affect approximately 3.1 million people in the UK alone and approximately 285 million people worldwide [1]. By 2030, it is projected that this figure will rise to more than 435 million as a result of changing population demographics, such as aging and urbanization, changes in lifestyle, such as diet and exercise, and the associated increase in obesity. Figure 1.1 below provides prevalence figures by country.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas 2009: website: http://www.idf.org/diabetesatlas/ (2009). Accessed 1 Sept 2011.
Barnard K, Lloyd CE. Experiencing depression and diabetes. In: Lloyd CE, Heller TD, editors. Long term conditions; challenges in health and social care. London: Sage Publications; 2011. ISBN 978-0-85702-749-8, 978-0-85702-750-4 (pbk).
Bowes S, Lowes L, Warner J, Gregory JW. Chronic sorrow in parents of children with type 1 diabetes. J Adv Nurs. 2009;65((5)):992–1000. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009.04963.x.
Patterson CC, Dahlquist GG, Gyurus E, Green A, Soltesz G. Incidence trends for childhood type 1 diabetes in Europe during 1989–2003 and predicted new cases 2005–20: a multicentre prospective registration study. Lancet. 2009;373:2027–33.
American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classifications of diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(1):S62–9.
World Health Organisation: Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications: report of a WHO Consultation, Geneva. WHO/NCD/NCS/99.2; 1999.
Graham DJ, Ouellet-Hellstrom R, MaCurdy TE, Ali F, Sholley C, Worrall C, Kelman JA. Risk of acute myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, and death in elderly medicare patients treated with rosiglitazone or pioglitazone. JAMA. 2010;304(4):411–8.
Rubin R. Diabetes and quality of life. Diabetes Spectr. 2000;3:21.
Barnard KD, Speight J, Skinner TC. Quality of life and impact of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion for children and their parents. Practical Diabetes International. 2008;25:278–283.
Department of Health, National service framework for diabetes: standards, crown copyright 2001. http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_4002951 (2001).
Sobieraj M, Williams J, Ryan P. The impact of depression on the physical health of family members. Br J Gen Pract. 1998;48(435):1653–5.
The Social Issues Research Centre ‘Social and cultural aspects of drinking: a report to the Amsterdam Group’. University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh. www.sirc.org.
Glasgow AM, Tynan D, Schwartz R, Hicks JM, Turek J, Driscol C, O’Donnell RM, Getson PR. Alcohol and drug use in teenagers with diabetes mellitus. J Adolesc Health. 1991;12(1):11–4.
Ramchandani N, Cantey-Kiser JM, Alter CA, Brink SJ, Yeager SD, Tamborlane WV, Chipkin SR. Self-reported factors that affect glycemic control in college students with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Educ. 2000;26:656–66.
Lee P, Greenfield JR, Campbell LV. Managing young people with Type 1 diabetes in a ‘rave’ new world: metabolic complications of substance abuse in Type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2009;26(4):328–33.
World Health Organisation: Mental health: depression 2010. Website: http://www.who.int/mental_health/management/depression/definition/en/ (2010).
Ionnidis J. Effectiveness of antidepressants: an evidence myth constructed from a thousand randomised trials? Philos Ethics Humanit Med. 2008;3:14.
Fournier J, et al. Antidepressant drug effects and depression severity. JAMA. 2010;303:47–53.
Anderson RJ, Freedland KE, Klaus RE, Lustman PJ. The prevalence of comorbid depression in adults with diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2001;24(6):1069–78.
Barnard KD, Skinner TC, Peveler R. The prevalence of comorbid depression in adults with Type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2006;23(4):445–8.
Gendelman N, Snell-Bergeon JK, McFann K, Kinney G, Wadwa RP, Bishop F, Rewers M, Maahs DM. Prevalence and correlates of depression in individuals with and without type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(4):575–9.
Lloyd CE, Hermanns N, Nouwen A, Pouwer F, Underwood L, Winkley K. The epidemiology of depression and diabetes. In: Katon W, Maj M, Sartorius N, editors. Depression and diabetes. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell; 2010.
Pouwer F, Geelhoed-Duijveestihn HLM, Tack CJ, Bazelmans E, Beekman A-J, Heine RJ, Snoek FJ. Prevalence of comorbid depression is high in out-patients with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Results from the three out-patient clinics in the Netherlands. Diabet Med. 2010;27:217–24.
Nouwen A, Winkley K, Twisk J, Lloyd CE, Peyrot M, Ismail K, Pouwer F, for the European Depression in Diabetes (EDID) Research Consortium. Type 2 diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for the onset of depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia. 2010;53(12):2480–6.
Holt RIG, Phillips W, Jameson KA, Cooper C, Dennison EM, Peveler RC. The Hertfordshire Cohort Study Group. Education and psychological aspects: the relationship between depression and diabetes mellitus: findings from the Hertfordshire Cohort Study. Diabet Med. 2009;26:641–8.
Pouwer F, Beekman TF, Nijpels G, Dekker JM, Snoek PJ, Kostense RJ, Heine DJ, Deeg DJH. Rates and risks for comorbid depression in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus: results from a community-based study. Diabetologia. 2003;46:892–8.
Lustman PJ, Anderson RJ, Freedland KE, de Groot M, Carney RM, Clouse RE. Depression and poor glycemic control: a meta-analytic review of the literature. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(7):934–42.
Kovacs M, Obrosky DS. Major depressive disorder in youths with IDDM. A controlled prospective study of course and outcome. Diabetes Care. 1997;20(1):45–51.
Katon WJ, Rutter C, Simon G, Lin E, Ludman E, Ciechanowski P, Kinder L, Young B, von Korff M. The association of comorbid depression with mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(11):2668–72.
Schram MT, Baan CA, Pouwer F. Depression and quality of life in patients with diabetes: a systematic review from the European depression in diabetes (EDID) research consortium. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2009;5(2):112–9.
Gary TL, Crum RM, Cooper-Patrick L, Ford D, Brancati FL. Depressive symptoms and metabolic control in African-Americans with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(1):23–9.
Hermanns N, Kulzer B, Krichbaum M, et al. Diabet Med. 2005;22(3):293–300.
Pouwer F, Hermanns N. Insulin therapy and quality of life. A review. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2009;25 Suppl 1:S4–10.
Polonsky W, Anderson B, Lohrer P, Welch G, Jacobson A, Aponte J. Assessment of diabetes related distress. Diabetes Care. 1995;18:754–60.
Department of Health: Turning the corner improving diabetes care. 2006. www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_4136141 (2006).
NHS Confederation. Key statistics on the NHS. London: NHS Confederation; 2007.
Gunnell D, Ashby D. Antidepressants and suicide: what is the balance of benefit and risk? Br Med J. 2004;329:34–8.
Hollinghurst S, Kesseler D, Peters TJ, Gunnell D. Opportunity cost of antidepressant prescribing in England: analysis of routine data. Br Med J. 2005;330:999. doi:10.1136/bmj.38377.715799.F7 accessed 15.10.2010.
Rosenthal GE, Shah A, et al. Variations in standardized hospital mortality rates for six common medical diagnoses: implications for profiling hospital quality. Med Care. 1998;36(7):955–64.
Ciechanowski PS, Katon WJ, Russo JE. Depression and diabetes: impact of depressive symptoms on adherence, function, and costs. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160(21):3278–85.
NDST: National diabetes support team fact sheet: no 10: working together to reduce length of stay for people with diabetes. http://www.diabetologists-abcd.org.uk/Shared_Documents/notice_board/Factsheet_Payment_By_Results.pdf (2005).
NICE: Depression in adults with a chronic physical health problem. http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/12327/45865/45865.pdf (2009). Accessed 15 Oct 2010.
Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2007;67(6):361–70. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.
Peyrot M, Rubin RR. Diabetes Care. 1997;20(4):585–90.
Hermanns N, Kulzer B, Krichbaum M, Kubiak T, Haak T. How to screen for depression and emotional problems in patients with diabetes: comparison of screening characteristics of depression questionnaires, measurement of diabetes-specific emotional problems and standard clinical assessment. Diabetologia. 2006;49(3):469–77.
National Screening Committee: The UK’s National Screening Committee’s criteria for appraising the viability, effectiveness and appropriateness of a screening programme. Available at: www.nsc.nhs.uk/pdfs/criteria.pdf (2007).
Hermanns N, Kulzer B. Diabetes and depression – a burdensome co-morbidity. Eur Endocrinol. 2008;4(2):19–22.
ADA. Standards of medical care in diabetes – 2007. Diabetes Care. 2007;30 Suppl 1:S4–41.
IDF Clinical Guidelines Task Force. Global guidelines for type 2 diabetes. Brussels: International Diabetes Federation; 2005.
Canadian Diabetes Association Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee. Canadian Diabetes Association 2003 clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and management of diabetes in Canada. Can J Diab. 2003;27 Suppl 2:1–152.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer-Verlag London Limited
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Barnard, K.D., Lloyd, C.E., Holt, R.I.G. (2012). Psychological Burden of Diabetes and What It Means to People with Diabetes. In: Barnard, K., Lloyd, C. (eds) Psychology and Diabetes Care. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-573-6_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-573-6_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, London
Print ISBN: 978-0-85729-572-9
Online ISBN: 978-0-85729-573-6
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)