Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Type 2 Diabetes and Dementia

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Diabetes Care for the Older Patient

  • 1186 Accesses

Abstract

Dementia is a devastating illness. Not only does it rob an individual of his or her memory, but it also takes away that individual’s independence and can have dramatic effects on family and friends. Eighteen percent of deaths in men and 23% of deaths in women aged 85–89 years are directly attributable to dementia. Over the age of 65 years, the prevalence of dementia doubles every 5 years so that, for example, 5.9% of people aged 75–79 years and 12.2% of people aged 80–84 years are affected.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Personal Social Services Research Unit. Dementia UK. 2007. Available at: www.alzheimers.org.uk/News_and_Campaigns/Campaigning/PDF/Dementia_UK_Full_Report.pdf, accessed 14.02.11

  2. Mariani E, Monastero R and Mecocci P. Mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review. J Alzheimers Dis 2007; 12:23–35.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Zhao WQ, De Felice FG, Fernandez S et al. Amyloid beta oligomers induce impairment of neuronal insulin receptors. FASEB J 2008; 22: 246–260.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Waring SC, Rosenberg RN. Genome-wide association studies in Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurology 2008;65:329–334.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Patterson C, Feightner JW, Garcia A, Robin Hsiung G-Y, MacKnight C, Dessa Sadovnick A. Diagnosis and treatment of dementia. 1. Risk assessment and primary prevention of Alzheimer disease. CMAJ 2008; 178: 548–556.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Román GC, Erkinjuntti T, Wallin A, Pantoni L, Chui HC. Subcortical ischaemic vascular dementia. Lancet Neurology 2002; 1: 426–436.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Chui H. Subcortical ischemic vascular dementia (SIVD). Neurology Clin 2007; 25: 717–740.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Fernando MS, Ince PG for the MRC Cognitive Function and Ageing Neuropathology Study Group. Vascular pathologies and cognition in a population-based cohort of elderly people. J Neurol Sci 2004; 226: 13–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Ritchie K, Carrière I, Ritchie CW, Berr C, Artero S, Ancelin M-L. Designing prevention programmes to reduce incidence of dementia: prospective cohort study of modifiable risk factors. BMJ 2010; 341:c3885.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King, H. Global prevalence of diabetes. Estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 1047–1053.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. McGuiness B, Craig D, Bullock R and Passmore P. Statins for prevention of dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; (2): CD003160 (2009).

    Google Scholar 

  12. Kang JH, Cook N, Manson J, Buring JE and Grodstein F. Low dose aspirin and cognitive function in the women’s health study cognitive cohort. BMJ 2007; 334: 987.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Price JF, Stewart MC, Deary IJ, Murray GD, Sandercock P, Butcher I, Fowkes FG and AAA Trialists. Low dose aspirin and cognitive function in middle aged to elderly adults: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2008; 337: a1198.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. McGuiness B, Todd S, Passmore P and Bullock R. Blood pressure lowering in patients without prior cerebrovascular disease for prevention of cognitive impairment and dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; (4): CD004034.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Tzourio C, Anderson C, Chapman N, Woodward M, Neal B, MacMahon S, Chalmers J. Effects of blood pressure lowering with perindopril and indapamide therapy on dementia and cognitive decline in patients with cerebrovascular disease. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163: 1069–1075.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Strachan MWJ, Deary IJ, Ewing FME, Frier BM. Is type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus associated with a decline in cognitive function? A critical review of published studies. Diabetes Care 1997; 20: 438–445.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Strachan MWJ, Reynolds RM, Marioni RE, Price JF. Cognitive function, dementia and diabetes in the elderly. Nature Reviews Endocrinology 2011; 7: 108–114.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Strachan MWJ. The Brain as a target organ in Type 2 Diabetes: exploring the links with cognitive impairment and dementia. Diabetic Medicine 2011; 28(2): 141–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Dore GA, Elias MF, Robbins MA, Elias PK, Nagy Z. Presence of the APOE ε4 allele modifies the relationship between type 2 diabetes and cognitive performance: the Maine–Syracuse Study. Diabetologia 2009; 52: 2551–2560.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Sommerfield AJ, Deary IJ, Frier BM. Acute hyperglycemia alters mood state and impairs cognitive performance in people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 2335–2340.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Ryan CM, Fried MI, Rood JA, Cobitz AR, Waterhouse BR, Strachan MWJ. Improving metabolic control leads to better working memory in adults with Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 345–351.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Abbatecola AM, Rizzo MR, Barbieri M, et al. Postprandial plasma glucose excursions and cognitive functioning in aged type 2 diabetics. Neurology 2006; 67: 235–240.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. de Galan BE, Zoungas S, Chalmers J, Anderson C, Dufouil C, Pillai A, Cooper M, Grobbee DE, Hackett M, Hamet P, Heller SR, Lisheng L, Macmahon S, Mancia G, Neal B, Pan CY, Patel A, Poulter N, Travert F, Woodward M; ADVANCE Collaborative Group. Cognitive function and risks of cardiovascular disease and hypoglycaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes: the Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron Modified Release Controlled Evaluation (ADVANCE) trial. Diabetologia 2009; 52: 2328–2336.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Cukierman-Yaffe T, Gerstein HC, Williamson JD, Lazar RM, Lovato L, Miller ME, Coker LH, Murray A, Sullivan MD, Marcovina SM, Launer LJ; Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes-Memory in Diabetes (ACCORD-MIND) Investigators. Relationship between baseline glycemic control and cognitive function in individuals with type 2 diabetes and other cardiovascular risk factors: the action to control cardiovascular risk in diabetes-memory in diabetes (ACCORD-MIND) trial. Diabetes Care 2009; 32; 221–226.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. NEJM 2008; 358: 2545–2559.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Patton N, Aslam T, MacGillivray T, Pattie A, Deary IJ, Dhillon B. Retinal vascular image analysis as a potential screening tool for cerebrovascular disease : a rationale based on homology between cerebral and retinal microvasculatures. J Anat 2005; 206: 319–348.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Kwa VI, van der Sande JJ, Stam J, Tijmes N, Vrooland JL. Retinal arterial changes correlate with cerebral small-vessel disease. Neurology 2002; 59: 1536–1540.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Liew G, Mitchell P, Wong TY et al. Retinal microvascular signs and cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc 2009; 57: 1892–1896.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Baker ML, Marino Larsen EK, Kuller LH et al. Retinal microvascular signs, cognitive function, and dementia in older persons. Stroke 2007; 38: 2041–2047.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Lesage SR, Mosley TH, Wong TY et al. Retinal microvascular abnormalities and cognitive decline The ARIC 14-year follow-up study. Neurology 2009; 73: 862–868.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Ding J, Strachan MWJ, Reynolds RM et al. Diabetic retinopathy and cognitive decline in older people with type 2 diabetes: the Edinburgh Type 2 Diabetes Study. Diabetes 2010; 59: 2883–2889.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Deary IJ, Frier BM. Severe hypoglycaemia and cognitive impairment in diabetes. Link not proven. Br Med J 1996; 313: 767–768.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) Study Research Group. Long-term effect of diabetes and its treatment on cognitive function. New Engl J Med 2007; 356: 1842–1852.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Whitmer RA, Karter AJ, Yaffe K, Quesenberry CP Jr, Selby JV. Hypoglycemic episodes and risk of dementia in older patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA 2009; 301; 1565–1572.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Bruce DG, Davis WA, Casey GP et al. Severe hypoglycaemia and cognitive impairment in older patients with diabetes: the Fremantle Diabetes Study. Diabetologia 2009: 52: 1808–1815.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Pirraglia PA, Gupta S. The interaction of depression and diabetes: a review. Curr Diabetes Rev 2007; 3: 249–251.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Labad J, Price JF, Strachan MW, Fowkes FG, Ding J, Deary IJ, Lee AJ, Frier BM, Seckl JR, Walker BR, Reynolds RM Symptoms of depression but not anxiety are associated with central obesity and cardiovascular disease in people with type 2 diabetes: the Edinburgh Type 2 Diabetes Study. Diabetologia 2010; 53: 467–471.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Zunszain PA, Anacker C, Cattaneo A, Carvalho LA, Pariante CM Glucocorticoids, cytokines and brain abnormalities in depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011; 35:722–729.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Lee ZS, Chan JC, Yeung VT, Chow CC, Lau MS, Ko GT, Li JK, Cockram CS, Critchley JA Plasma insulin, growth hormone, cortisol, and central obesity among young Chinese type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 1999; 22:1450–1457.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Reynolds RM, Walker BR, Phillips DIW, Sydall HE, Andrew R, Wood PJ, Whorwood CB Altered control of cortisol secretion in adult men with low birthweight and cardiovascular risk factors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86:245–250.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Liu H, Bravata DM, Cabaccan J, Raff H, Ryzen E Elevated late-night salivary cortisol levels in elderly male type 2 diabetic veterans. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2005; 63:642–649.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Cameron OG, Thomas B, Tiongco D, Hariharan M, Greden JF Hypercortisolism in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 1987; 10:663.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Cameron OG, Kronfol Z, Greden JF, Carroll BJ Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical activity in patients with diabetes mellitus. Arch Gen Psych 1984; 41:1090–1095.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Hudson JI, Hudson MS, Rothschild AJ, Vignati L, Scatzberg AF, Melby JC Abnormal results of dexamethasone suppression tests in nondepressed patients with diabetes mellitus. Arch Gen Psych 1984; 41:1087–1089.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Reynolds RM, Sydall HE, Wood PJ, Phillips DIW, Walker BR Elevated plasma cortisol in glucose intolerant men: different responses to glucose and habituation to venepuncture. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86:1149–1153.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Boyle SH, Surwit RS, Georgiades A, Brummett BH, Helms MJ, Williams RB, Barefoot JC Depressive symptoms, race, and glucose concentrations: the role of cortisol as mediator. Diabetes Care 2007; 30:2484–2488.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Metabolic Unit, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK

    Mark W. J. Strachan B.Sc. (Hons), MBChB (Hons), M.D., FRCP (Edin)

Authors
  1. Mark W. J. Strachan B.Sc. (Hons), MBChB (Hons), M.D., FRCP (Edin)
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Newcastle Diabetes Centre, Newcastle, United Kingdom

    Gillian Hawthorne

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer-Verlag London Limited

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Strachan, M.W.J. (2011). Type 2 Diabetes and Dementia. In: Hawthorne, G. (eds) Diabetes Care for the Older Patient. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-461-6_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-461-6_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-85729-460-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-85729-461-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation