Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to review some recent developments in the characterisation and modelling of the fire behaviour of organic matrix composites, relating especially their behaviour under load. The development and modelling of small-scale fire tests under load will be discussed. These tests are aimed at providing more cost-effective methods of characterising load-bearing behaviour of composites in fire than were available hitherto, and to provide a framework within which materials development could take place. The application of these tests to particular composite systems will be described, and it will be shown that results obtained on a small scale under controlled conditions with composites can be readily applied to modelling the fire performance of larger composite structures.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Mouritz AP, Feih S, Kandare E, Mathys Z, Gibson AG, DesJardin PE, Case SW, Lattimer BY (2009) Review of fire structural modelling of polymer composites. Composites 40A(12):1800–1814
Gutierrez J, Parneix P, Bollero A, Hoyning B, McGeorge D, Gibson AG, Wright PNR (2005) Fire and materials conference. San Francisco, USA, 31 Jan–1 Feb:425–438
Gutierrez J, Breuillard A, Corrignan P, Marquis D, Chivas C, Guillaume E, Pavageau M (2008) Use of fire safety engineering for the design of marine structures. Composites in Fire-5, Newcastle, 10–11 July
Greene E (1993) Fire performance of composite materials for naval applications. US Navy Contract N61533-91-C-0017, Structural Composites Inc., Melbourne FL USA. www.marinecomposites.com
Murrell J, Briggs P (2008) Developments in the fire testing and certification of composites used in railway and marine applications. Composites in Fire-5, Newcastle, 10–11 July
CEN/TS 45545—Fire protection on railway vehicles—Part 2: Requirements for fire behaviour of materials and components
Mouritz AP (2008) Review of smoke toxicity of aerospace composites. Composites in Fire-5, Newcastle, 10–11 July
Dodd DC, Hall CTM, Pollard J, Snell MA (1994) Burnthrough resistance of fuselages: initial findings. CAA Paper 94002, Civil Aviation Authority, London
Marker TR (1999) Full-scale test evaluation of aircraft fuel fire burnthrough resistance improvements. DOT/FAA/AR-98/52, Office of Aviation Research, Washington, DC 20591
Babrauskas V (1982) Development of the cone calorimeter: a bench scale heat release rate apparatus based on oxygen consumption (NBSIR 82-2611), USA, National Bureau of Standards
Babrauskas V, Peacock RD (1992) Heat release rate: the single most important variable in fire hazard. Fire Saf J 18:255–272
Huggett C (1980) Estimation of rate of heat release by means of oxygen consumption measurements. Fire Mater 4:61–65
ISO 5660-1: 2002 Reaction to fire—heat release, smoke production and mass loss rate (cone calorimeter method)
Gibson AG, Hume J (1995) Fire performance of composite panels for large marine structures. Plast Rub Compos 23:175–183
Bamford CH, Crank J, Malan DH (1946) Proc Camb Phil Soc 42:166–182
Kung H-C (1972) Combust Flame 18:185–195
Kansa EJ, Perlee HE, Chaiken RF (1977) Combust Flame 29:311–324
Henderson JB, Weibelt JA, Tant MR (1985) J Compos Mater 19:579–595
Henderson JB, Wiecek TE (1987) J Compos Mater 21:373–393
Griffiths CA, Nemes JA, Stonesifer FR, Chang CI (1986) J Compos Mater 20:216–235
Milke JA, Vizzini AJ (1991) J Compos Technol Res 13:141–151
Sorathia U, Beck C, Dapp T (1993) J Fire Sci 11:255–270
Gibson AG, Wu Y-S, Chandler HW, Wilcox JAD, Bettess P (1995) Rev l’Inst Franc Petrol 50(1):69–74
Sorathia U, Lyon R, Gann R, Gritzo L (1996) SAMPE J 32:8–15
Looyeh MRE, Bettess P, Gibson AG (1997) Int J Numer Methods Heat Fluid Flow 7(6):609–625
Dodds N, Gibson AG, Dewhurst D, Davies JM (2000) Composites 31A:689–702
Pering GA, Farrell PV, Springer GS (1981) Degradation of tensile and shear properties of composites exposed to fire or high temperature. In: Springer GS (ed) Environmental Effects on Composite Materials. Technomic Publishing, New York
Massot JJ (1994) Glass reinforced plastics heavy load flooring for offshore platforms. In Composite Materials in the Offshore Industry, Rueil-Malmaison, France, 3–4 November, Institut Français du Pétrole. 9
Dao M, Asaro RJ (1999) A study on failure prediction and design criteria for fiber composites under fire degradation. Composites 30A:123–131
Mouritz AP, Mathys Z (1999) Post-fire mechanical properties of marine polymer composites. Compos Struct 47:643–653
Mouritz AP, Mathys Z (2001) Post-fire mechanical properties of glass-reinforced polyester composites. Compos Sci Technol 61:475–490
Gardiner CP, Mouritz AP, Mathys Z, Townsend CR (2002) Tensile and compressive properties of GRP composites with local heat damage. Appl Compos Mater 9(6):353–367
Gibson AG, Wright PNH, Wu Y-S, Mouritz AP, Mathys Z, Gardiner CP (2003) Modelling residual mechanical properties of polymer composites after fire. Plast Rub Compos 32(2):81–90
Lua J, O’Brien JO (2003) Fire simulation for woven fabric composites with temperature and mass dependent thermal-mechanical properties. Composites in Fire-3, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 9–10 Sept
Seggewiss PGB (2003) Properties of fire-damaged polymer matrix composites. Composites in Fire-3, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 9–10 Sept
Gibson AG, Wu Y-S, Evans JT, Mouritz AP (2006) Laminate theory analysis of composites under load in fire. J Compos Mater 40:639–658
Gibson AG, Wright PNH, Wu Y-S, Mouritz AP, Mathys Z, Gardiner CP (2004) The integrity of polymer composites during and after fire. J Compos Mater 38:1283–1308
Liu L, Holmes JW, Kardomateas GA, Birman V (2005) Compressive response of composites under combined fire and compressive loading. Composites in Fire-4, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 15–16 Sept
Zhou A, Keller T (2005) Structural response of FRP elements under combined thermal and mechanical loading: experiments and analysis. Composites in Fire-4, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 15–16 Sept
Lattimer BY (2005) Using small samples to get large-scale results. Composites in Fire-4, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 15–16 Sept
Keller T, Tracy C, Zhou A (2006) Structural response of liquid-cooled GFRP slabs subjected to fire—Parts I and II. Composites 37A(9):1286–1308
Mouritz AP, Feih S, Mathys Z, Gibson AG (2006) Mechanical property degradation of naval composite materials in fire. In: Couchman L, Mouritz AP (eds) Modeling of naval composite structures in fire. Acclaim Printing, Melbourne
Bausano JV, Lesko JJ, Case SW (2006) Composite lifetime during combined compressive loading and one-sided simulated fire exposure. Composites 37A:1092–1100
Key CT, Lua J (2006) Constituent based analysis of composite materials subjected to fire conditions. Composites 37A:1005–1014
Liu L, Kardomateas GA, Birman V, Holmes JW, Simitses GJ (2006) Thermal buckling of a heat-exposed, axially restrained composite column. Composites 37A:972–980
Luo C, Xie W, DesJardin PE (2006) Fluid-structure simulations of composite materials response for fire environments. In: Couchman L, Mouritz AP (eds) Modeling of naval composite structures in fire. Acclaim Printing, Melbourne
Lattimer BY, Ouellette J (2006) Properties of composite materials for thermal analysis involving fires. Composites 37A:1068–1081
Birman V, Kardomateas GA, Simitses GJ, Li R (2006) Response of a sandwich panel subjected to fire or elevated temperature on one of the surfaces. Composites 37A:981–988
Feih S, Mathys Z, Gibson AG, Mouritz AP (2007) Modelling the tension and compression strengths of polymer laminates in fire. Compos Sci Technol 67:551–564
Feih S, Mouritz AP, Mathys Z, Gibson AG (2007) Tensile strength modelling of glass fiber-polymer laminates in fire. J Compos Mater 41(19):2387–2410
Easby RC, Feih S, Konstantis C, La Delfa G, Urso Miano V, Elmughrabi AE, Mouritz AP, Gibson AG (2007) Failure model for phenolic and polyester pultrusions under load in fire. Plast Rub Compos 36(9):379–388
Bai Y, Vallée T, Keller T (2008) Modeling of thermal responses for FRP composites under elevated and high temperatures. Compos Sci Technol 68(1):47–56
Bai Y, Keller T (2008) Modeling of stiffness of FRP composites under elevated and high temperatures. Compos Sci Technol 68(15–16):3099–3106
Browne TNA (2006) A model for the structural integrity of composite laminates in fire. Ph.D. thesis, University of Newcastle
Easby RC (2006) Fire behavior of pultruded composites. Ph.D. thesis, University of Newcastle
Agarwal BD, Broutman LJ (1990) Analysis and performance of fiber Composites. Wiley, New York
Eckold G (1994) Design and manufacture of composite structures. Woodhead Publishing Ltd, Cambridge
Jones RM (1974) Mechanics of composite materials. Scripta Book Company, Washington
Boeing Specification Support Standard (1986) Advanced Composite Compression Tests, BSS 7260
Budiansky B, Fleck NA (1993) J Mech Phys Solids 41:183–211
Kulcarni AP, Gibson RF (2003) Non-destructive characterisation of effects of temperature and moisture on elastic moduli of vinyl ester resin and E-glass/vinyl ester resin composite. American society of composites, 18th Annual technical conference. Florida, 19–22 Oct
Mahieux CA, Reifsnider KL (2001) Property modeling across transition temperatures in polymer matrix composites: Part 1: Tensile properties. Polymer 42(7):3281–3290
Mahieux CA, Reifsnider KL (2002) Property modeling across transition temperatures in polymers: application to thermoplastic systems. J Mater Sci 37:911–920
Feih S, Manatpon K, Mathys Z, Gibson AG, Mouritz AP (2008) Strength degradation of glass fibers at high temperatures. J Mater Sci 44(2):392–400
Gupta PK (1988) Glass fibers for composite materials. In: Bunsell AR (ed) Fiber reinforcements for composite materials. Elsevier, New York
Gibson AG, Wright PNH, Wu Y-S (2004) A small-scale, low cost technique for fire resistance of composites. SAMPE conference, Long Beach, California, 16–20 May
Urso Miano V, Gibson AG (2009) Fire model for fibre reinforced plastic composites using apparent thermal diffusivity (ATD). Plast Rub Compos 38(2–4):367–373
Florio J, Henderson JB, Test FL, Hariharan R (1991) A study of the effects of the assumption of local thermal equilibrium on the overall thermally-induced response of a decomposing glass-filled polymer composites. Int J Heat Mass Transf 34:135–147
Boyd SE, Lesko JJ, Case SW, Bausano JV (2005) The viscoelastic/viscoplastic characterisation of glass-vinyl ester composites under fire conditions. Composites in Fire-4, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 15–16 Sept
Acknowledgments
The research reported here was carried out in research programmes at Newcastle University UK and at RMIT Australia. The authors wish to acknowledge the support of two organisations that have contributed to the advances described: the United States Office of Naval Research (under Grant Nos N00014-04-10026 and N00014-07-10514) and the European Union (Marie Curie Momentum Research Transfer Network on Multidisciplinary Research and Training on Composite Materials Applications in Transport Modes. Contract number MRTN/CT/2005/019198).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer-Verlag London Limited
About this paper
Cite this paper
Gibson, A.G., Feih, S., Mouritz, A.P. (2011). Developments in Characterising the Structural Behaviour of Composites in Fire. In: Nicolais, L., Meo, M., Milella, E. (eds) Composite Materials. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-166-0_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-166-0_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, London
Print ISBN: 978-0-85729-165-3
Online ISBN: 978-0-85729-166-0
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)