Skip to main content

Developments in Characterising the Structural Behaviour of Composites in Fire

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Composite Materials
  • 3705 Accesses

Abstract

The purpose of this chapter is to review some recent developments in the characterisation and modelling of the fire behaviour of organic matrix composites, relating especially their behaviour under load. The development and modelling of small-scale fire tests under load will be discussed. These tests are aimed at providing more cost-effective methods of characterising load-bearing behaviour of composites in fire than were available hitherto, and to provide a framework within which materials development could take place. The application of these tests to particular composite systems will be described, and it will be shown that results obtained on a small scale under controlled conditions with composites can be readily applied to modelling the fire performance of larger composite structures.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Mouritz AP, Feih S, Kandare E, Mathys Z, Gibson AG, DesJardin PE, Case SW, Lattimer BY (2009) Review of fire structural modelling of polymer composites. Composites 40A(12):1800–1814

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Gutierrez J, Parneix P, Bollero A, Hoyning B, McGeorge D, Gibson AG, Wright PNR (2005) Fire and materials conference. San Francisco, USA, 31 Jan–1 Feb:425–438

    Google Scholar 

  3. Gutierrez J, Breuillard A, Corrignan P, Marquis D, Chivas C, Guillaume E, Pavageau M (2008) Use of fire safety engineering for the design of marine structures. Composites in Fire-5, Newcastle, 10–11 July

    Google Scholar 

  4. Greene E (1993) Fire performance of composite materials for naval applications. US Navy Contract N61533-91-C-0017, Structural Composites Inc., Melbourne FL USA. www.marinecomposites.com

  5. Murrell J, Briggs P (2008) Developments in the fire testing and certification of composites used in railway and marine applications. Composites in Fire-5, Newcastle, 10–11 July

    Google Scholar 

  6. CEN/TS 45545—Fire protection on railway vehicles—Part 2: Requirements for fire behaviour of materials and components

    Google Scholar 

  7. Mouritz AP (2008) Review of smoke toxicity of aerospace composites. Composites in Fire-5, Newcastle, 10–11 July

    Google Scholar 

  8. Dodd DC, Hall CTM, Pollard J, Snell MA (1994) Burnthrough resistance of fuselages: initial findings. CAA Paper 94002, Civil Aviation Authority, London

    Google Scholar 

  9. Marker TR (1999) Full-scale test evaluation of aircraft fuel fire burnthrough resistance improvements. DOT/FAA/AR-98/52, Office of Aviation Research, Washington, DC 20591

    Google Scholar 

  10. Babrauskas V (1982) Development of the cone calorimeter: a bench scale heat release rate apparatus based on oxygen consumption (NBSIR 82-2611), USA, National Bureau of Standards

    Google Scholar 

  11. Babrauskas V, Peacock RD (1992) Heat release rate: the single most important variable in fire hazard. Fire Saf J 18:255–272

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Huggett C (1980) Estimation of rate of heat release by means of oxygen consumption measurements. Fire Mater 4:61–65

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. ISO 5660-1: 2002 Reaction to fire—heat release, smoke production and mass loss rate (cone calorimeter method)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Gibson AG, Hume J (1995) Fire performance of composite panels for large marine structures. Plast Rub Compos 23:175–183

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Bamford CH, Crank J, Malan DH (1946) Proc Camb Phil Soc 42:166–182

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Kung H-C (1972) Combust Flame 18:185–195

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Kansa EJ, Perlee HE, Chaiken RF (1977) Combust Flame 29:311–324

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Henderson JB, Weibelt JA, Tant MR (1985) J Compos Mater 19:579–595

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Henderson JB, Wiecek TE (1987) J Compos Mater 21:373–393

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Griffiths CA, Nemes JA, Stonesifer FR, Chang CI (1986) J Compos Mater 20:216–235

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Milke JA, Vizzini AJ (1991) J Compos Technol Res 13:141–151

    Google Scholar 

  22. Sorathia U, Beck C, Dapp T (1993) J Fire Sci 11:255–270

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Gibson AG, Wu Y-S, Chandler HW, Wilcox JAD, Bettess P (1995) Rev l’Inst Franc Petrol 50(1):69–74

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Sorathia U, Lyon R, Gann R, Gritzo L (1996) SAMPE J 32:8–15

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Looyeh MRE, Bettess P, Gibson AG (1997) Int J Numer Methods Heat Fluid Flow 7(6):609–625

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Dodds N, Gibson AG, Dewhurst D, Davies JM (2000) Composites 31A:689–702

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Pering GA, Farrell PV, Springer GS (1981) Degradation of tensile and shear properties of composites exposed to fire or high temperature. In: Springer GS (ed) Environmental Effects on Composite Materials. Technomic Publishing, New York

    Google Scholar 

  28. Massot JJ (1994) Glass reinforced plastics heavy load flooring for offshore platforms. In Composite Materials in the Offshore Industry, Rueil-Malmaison, France, 3–4 November, Institut Français du Pétrole. 9

    Google Scholar 

  29. Dao M, Asaro RJ (1999) A study on failure prediction and design criteria for fiber composites under fire degradation. Composites 30A:123–131

    Google Scholar 

  30. Mouritz AP, Mathys Z (1999) Post-fire mechanical properties of marine polymer composites. Compos Struct 47:643–653

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Mouritz AP, Mathys Z (2001) Post-fire mechanical properties of glass-reinforced polyester composites. Compos Sci Technol 61:475–490

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Gardiner CP, Mouritz AP, Mathys Z, Townsend CR (2002) Tensile and compressive properties of GRP composites with local heat damage. Appl Compos Mater 9(6):353–367

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Gibson AG, Wright PNH, Wu Y-S, Mouritz AP, Mathys Z, Gardiner CP (2003) Modelling residual mechanical properties of polymer composites after fire. Plast Rub Compos 32(2):81–90

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Lua J, O’Brien JO (2003) Fire simulation for woven fabric composites with temperature and mass dependent thermal-mechanical properties. Composites in Fire-3, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 9–10 Sept

    Google Scholar 

  35. Seggewiss PGB (2003) Properties of fire-damaged polymer matrix composites. Composites in Fire-3, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 9–10 Sept

    Google Scholar 

  36. Gibson AG, Wu Y-S, Evans JT, Mouritz AP (2006) Laminate theory analysis of composites under load in fire. J Compos Mater 40:639–658

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Gibson AG, Wright PNH, Wu Y-S, Mouritz AP, Mathys Z, Gardiner CP (2004) The integrity of polymer composites during and after fire. J Compos Mater 38:1283–1308

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Liu L, Holmes JW, Kardomateas GA, Birman V (2005) Compressive response of composites under combined fire and compressive loading. Composites in Fire-4, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 15–16 Sept

    Google Scholar 

  39. Zhou A, Keller T (2005) Structural response of FRP elements under combined thermal and mechanical loading: experiments and analysis. Composites in Fire-4, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 15–16 Sept

    Google Scholar 

  40. Lattimer BY (2005) Using small samples to get large-scale results. Composites in Fire-4, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 15–16 Sept

    Google Scholar 

  41. Keller T, Tracy C, Zhou A (2006) Structural response of liquid-cooled GFRP slabs subjected to fire—Parts I and II. Composites 37A(9):1286–1308

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Mouritz AP, Feih S, Mathys Z, Gibson AG (2006) Mechanical property degradation of naval composite materials in fire. In: Couchman L, Mouritz AP (eds) Modeling of naval composite structures in fire. Acclaim Printing, Melbourne

    Google Scholar 

  43. Bausano JV, Lesko JJ, Case SW (2006) Composite lifetime during combined compressive loading and one-sided simulated fire exposure. Composites 37A:1092–1100

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Key CT, Lua J (2006) Constituent based analysis of composite materials subjected to fire conditions. Composites 37A:1005–1014

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Liu L, Kardomateas GA, Birman V, Holmes JW, Simitses GJ (2006) Thermal buckling of a heat-exposed, axially restrained composite column. Composites 37A:972–980

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Luo C, Xie W, DesJardin PE (2006) Fluid-structure simulations of composite materials response for fire environments. In: Couchman L, Mouritz AP (eds) Modeling of naval composite structures in fire. Acclaim Printing, Melbourne

    Google Scholar 

  47. Lattimer BY, Ouellette J (2006) Properties of composite materials for thermal analysis involving fires. Composites 37A:1068–1081

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Birman V, Kardomateas GA, Simitses GJ, Li R (2006) Response of a sandwich panel subjected to fire or elevated temperature on one of the surfaces. Composites 37A:981–988

    Google Scholar 

  49. Feih S, Mathys Z, Gibson AG, Mouritz AP (2007) Modelling the tension and compression strengths of polymer laminates in fire. Compos Sci Technol 67:551–564

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Feih S, Mouritz AP, Mathys Z, Gibson AG (2007) Tensile strength modelling of glass fiber-polymer laminates in fire. J Compos Mater 41(19):2387–2410

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Easby RC, Feih S, Konstantis C, La Delfa G, Urso Miano V, Elmughrabi AE, Mouritz AP, Gibson AG (2007) Failure model for phenolic and polyester pultrusions under load in fire. Plast Rub Compos 36(9):379–388

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Bai Y, Vallée T, Keller T (2008) Modeling of thermal responses for FRP composites under elevated and high temperatures. Compos Sci Technol 68(1):47–56

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Bai Y, Keller T (2008) Modeling of stiffness of FRP composites under elevated and high temperatures. Compos Sci Technol 68(15–16):3099–3106

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Browne TNA (2006) A model for the structural integrity of composite laminates in fire. Ph.D. thesis, University of Newcastle

    Google Scholar 

  55. Easby RC (2006) Fire behavior of pultruded composites. Ph.D. thesis, University of Newcastle

    Google Scholar 

  56. Agarwal BD, Broutman LJ (1990) Analysis and performance of fiber Composites. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  57. Eckold G (1994) Design and manufacture of composite structures. Woodhead Publishing Ltd, Cambridge

    Book  Google Scholar 

  58. Jones RM (1974) Mechanics of composite materials. Scripta Book Company, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  59. Boeing Specification Support Standard (1986) Advanced Composite Compression Tests, BSS 7260

    Google Scholar 

  60. Budiansky B, Fleck NA (1993) J Mech Phys Solids 41:183–211

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Kulcarni AP, Gibson RF (2003) Non-destructive characterisation of effects of temperature and moisture on elastic moduli of vinyl ester resin and E-glass/vinyl ester resin composite. American society of composites, 18th Annual technical conference. Florida, 19–22 Oct

    Google Scholar 

  62. Mahieux CA, Reifsnider KL (2001) Property modeling across transition temperatures in polymer matrix composites: Part 1: Tensile properties. Polymer 42(7):3281–3290

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Mahieux CA, Reifsnider KL (2002) Property modeling across transition temperatures in polymers: application to thermoplastic systems. J Mater Sci 37:911–920

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Feih S, Manatpon K, Mathys Z, Gibson AG, Mouritz AP (2008) Strength degradation of glass fibers at high temperatures. J Mater Sci 44(2):392–400

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Gupta PK (1988) Glass fibers for composite materials. In: Bunsell AR (ed) Fiber reinforcements for composite materials. Elsevier, New York

    Google Scholar 

  66. Gibson AG, Wright PNH, Wu Y-S (2004) A small-scale, low cost technique for fire resistance of composites. SAMPE conference, Long Beach, California, 16–20 May

    Google Scholar 

  67. Urso Miano V, Gibson AG (2009) Fire model for fibre reinforced plastic composites using apparent thermal diffusivity (ATD). Plast Rub Compos 38(2–4):367–373

    Google Scholar 

  68. Florio J, Henderson JB, Test FL, Hariharan R (1991) A study of the effects of the assumption of local thermal equilibrium on the overall thermally-induced response of a decomposing glass-filled polymer composites. Int J Heat Mass Transf 34:135–147

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Boyd SE, Lesko JJ, Case SW, Bausano JV (2005) The viscoelastic/viscoplastic characterisation of glass-vinyl ester composites under fire conditions. Composites in Fire-4, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 15–16 Sept

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The research reported here was carried out in research programmes at Newcastle University UK and at RMIT Australia. The authors wish to acknowledge the support of two organisations that have contributed to the advances described: the United States Office of Naval Research (under Grant Nos N00014-04-10026 and N00014-07-10514) and the European Union (Marie Curie Momentum Research Transfer Network on Multidisciplinary Research and Training on Composite Materials Applications in Transport Modes. Contract number MRTN/CT/2005/019198).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to A. G. Gibson .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer-Verlag London Limited

About this paper

Cite this paper

Gibson, A.G., Feih, S., Mouritz, A.P. (2011). Developments in Characterising the Structural Behaviour of Composites in Fire. In: Nicolais, L., Meo, M., Milella, E. (eds) Composite Materials. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-166-0_8

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics