Abstract
In this chapter, our goal is to review and summarize current knowledge of the molecular biology of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). The cure of up to 75% of patients with APL [1,2] represents a remarkable and fascinating success story in medicine, and the treatment of APL with retinoic acid serves as a paradigm for the use of differentiation therapy in other types of human cancers. The high cure rate of APL is due in part to the extreme sensitivity of leukemic promyelocytes to the differentiating effects of the vitamin A derivative all -trans retinoic acid (ATRA), and it thus becomes critical to delineate the mechanisms by which APL cells respond to this and other retinoids. As discussed in detail below, the defining molecular aberration in APL is disruption of the alpha receptor for retinoic acid, RARĪ±, and its reciprocal in-frame fusion with one of four partner genes (Table 1). As will become clear in this chapter, these fusion proteins, while they lack classic transforming activity, nevertheless have the capacity to disrupt hematopoiesis and effectively inactivate the molecular switch that governs promyelocytic maturation. Our focus here will thus be on the structure and function of the four fusion genes involved in APL pathogenesis, and on the mechanisms by which APL cells are sensitive to, and in some cases become resistant to, retinoids. It is hoped that a full understanding of the structure and function of these fusion molecules will provide a conceptual framework for a fuller understanding of the molecular signals that control both normal and malignant myelopoiesis.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Fenaux P, Le Deley MC, Castaigne S, et al. 1993. Effect of all transretinoic acid in newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia. Results of a multicenter randomized trial. European APL 91 Group. Blood 82:3241ā3249.
Tallman MS, Andersen JW, Schiffer CA, et al. 1997. All-trans-retinoic acid in acute promyelocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med 337:1021ā1028.
Hillestad LK. 1957. Acute promyelocytic leukemia. Acta Med Scand 159:189ā194.
Rowley JD, Golomb HM, Dougherty C. 1977. 15/17 translocation: a consistent chromosomal change in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Lancet 1:549ā550.
Breitman TR, Selonick SE, Collins SJ. 1980. Induction of differentiation of the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line (HL-60) by retinoic acid. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77:2936ā2940.
Breitman TR, Collins SJ, Keene BR. 1981. Terminal differentiation of human promyelocytic leukemic cells in primary culture in response to retinoic acid. Blood 57:1000ā1004.
Petkovich M, Brand NJ, Krust A, Chambon P. 1987. A human retinoic acid receptor which belongs to the family of nuclear receptors. Nature 330:444ā450.
Mattei MG, Petkovich M, Mattei JF, Brand N, Chambon P. 1988. Mapping of the human retinoic acid receptor to the q21 band of chromosome 17. Hum Genet 80:186ā188.
Alcalay M, Zangrilli D, Pandolfi PP, et al. 1991. Translocation breakpoint of acute promyelocytic leukemia lies within the retinoic acid receptor alpha locus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:1977ā1981.
Borrow J, Goddard AD, Sheer D, Solomon E. 1990. Molecular analysis of acute promyelocytic leukemia breakpoint cluster region on chromosome 17. Science 249:1577ā1580.
de-ThĆ© H, Chomienne C, Lanotte M, Degos L, Dejean A. 1990. The t(15;17) translocation of acute promyelocytic leukaemia fuses the retinoic acid receptor alpha gene to a novel transcribed locus. Nature 347:558ā561.
Grignani F, Fagioli M, Alcalay M, Longo L, Pandolfi PP, Donti E, Biondi A, Lo Coco F, Grignani F, Pelicci PG. 1994. Acute promyelocytic leukemia: from genetics to treatment. Blood 83:10ā25.
Hiorns LR, Min T, Swansbury GJ, Zelent A, Dyer MJS, Catovsky D. 1994. Interstitial insertion of retinoic acid receptor-Ī± gene in acute promyelocytic leukemia with normal chromosomes 15 and 17. Blood 83:2946ā2951.
Lafage-Pochitaloff M, Alcalay M, Brunel V, Longo L, Sainty D, Simonetti J, Birg F, Pellici P. 1995. Acute promyelocytic leukemia cases with nonreciprocal PML/RARĪ± or RARĪ±/ PML fusion genes. Blood 85:1169ā1174.
de The H, Lavau C, Marchio A, Chomienne C, Degos L, Dejean A. 1991. The PML-RARĪ± fusion mRNA generated by the t(15;17) translocation in acute promyelocytic leukemia encodes a functionally altered RAR. Cell 66:675ā684.
Kakizuka A, Miller WH Jr, Umesono K, Warrell RP Jr, Frankel SR, Murty VVVS, Dmitrovsky E, Evans RM. 1991. Chromosomal translocation t(15;17) in human acute promyelocytic leukemia fuses RARĪ± with a novel putative transcription factor, PML. Cell 66:663ā674.
Kastner P, Perez A, Lutz Y, Rochette-Egly C, Gaub MP, Durand B, Lanotte M, Berger R, Chambon P. 1992. Structure, localization and transcriptional properties of two classes of retinoic acid receptor a fusion proteins in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL): structural similarities with a new family of oncoproteins. EMBO J 11:629ā642.
Lovering R, Hanson I, Borden K, Martin S, OāReilly N, Evan G, Rahman D, Pappin D, Trowsdale J, Freemont P. 1993. Identification and preliminary characterization of a protein motif related to the zinc finger. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:2112ā2116.
Borden KLB, Boddy MN, Lally J, OāReilly NJ, Martin S, Howe K, Solomon E, Freemont PS. 1995. The solution structure of the RING finger domain from the acute promyelocytic leukaemia proto-oncoprotein PML. EMBO J 14:1532ā1541.
Takahashi M, Inaguma Y, Hiai H, Hirose F. 1988. Developmentally regulated expression of a human finger containing gene encoded by the 5ā half of the ret transforming gene. Mol Cell Biol 8:1853ā1856.
Miki T, Fleming TP, Crescenzi M, Molloy C, Blam S, Reynolds S, Aaronson S. 1991. Development of a highly efficient expression cDNA cloning system: application to oncogene isolation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:5167ā5171.
Perez A, Kastner P, Sethi S, Lutz Y, Reibel C, Chambon P. 1993. PMLRAR homodimers: distinct DNA binding properties and heterodimeric interactions with RXR. EMBO J 12:3171ā3182.
Grignani F, Testa U, Rogaia D, et al. 1996. Effects on differentiation by the promyelocytic leukemia PML/RARĪ± protein depend on the fusion of the PML protein dimerization and RARĪ± DNA binding domains. EMBO J 15:4949ā4958.
Fagioli M, Alcalay M, Pandolfi P, Venturini L, Mencarelli A, Simeone A, Acampora D, Grignani F, Pelicci P. 1992. Alternative splicing of PML transcripts predicts coexpression of several carboxy-terminally different protein isoforms. Oncogene 7:1083ā1091.
Chang K-S, Fan Y-H, Andreeff M, Liu J, Mu Z-M. 1995. The PML gene encodes a phosphoprotein associated with the nuclear matrix. Blood 85:3646ā3653.
Koken MHM, Linares-Cruz G, Quignon F, Viron A, Chelbi-Alix MK, Sobczak-Thepot J, Juhlin L, Degos L, Calvo F, de The H. 1995. The PML growth suppressor has an altered expression in human oncogenesis. Oncogene 10:1315ā1324.
Terris B, Baldin V, Dubois S, Degott C, Flejou J-F, Henin D, Dejean A. 1995. PML nuclear bodies are general targets for inflammation and cell proliferation. Cancer Res 55:1590ā1597.
Flenghi L, Fagioli M, Tomassoni L, et al. 1995. Characterization of a new monoclonal antibody (PG-M3) directed against the aminoterminal portion of the PML gene product: immunocytochemical evidence for high expression of PML proteins on activated macrophages, endothelial cells, and epithelia. Blood 85:1871ā1880.
Lavau C, Marchio A, Fagioli M, Jansen J, Falini B, Lebon P, Grosveld F, Pandolfi PP, Pelicci PG, Dejean A. 1995. The acute promyelocytic leukaemia-associated PML gene is induced by interferon. Oncogene 11:871ā876.
Chelbi-Alix MK, Pelicano L, Quignon F, Koken MHM, Venturini L, Stadler M, Pavlovic J, Degos L, de The H. 1995. Induction of the PML protein by interferons in normal and APL cells. Leukemia 9:2027ā2033.
Nason-Burchenal K, Gandini D, Botto M, Allopenna J, Seale JRC, Cross NCP, Goldman JM, Dmitrovsky E, Pandolfi PP. 1996. Interferon augments PML and PML/RARĪ± expression in normal myeloid and acute promyelocytic cells and cooperates with all-trans retinoic acid to induce maturation of a retinoid-resistant promyelocytic cell line. Blood 88:3926ā3936.
Stadler M, Chelbi-Alix MK, Koken MHM, et al. 1995. Transcriptional induction of the PML growth suppressor gene by interferons is mediated through an ISRE and A GAS element. Oncogene 11:2565ā2573.
Koken MHM, Puvion-Dutilleul F, Guillemin MC, et al. 1994. The t(15;17) translocation alters a nuclear body in a retinoic acid-reversible fashion. EMBO J 13:1073ā1083.
Dyck JA, Maul GG, Miller WH Jr, Chen JC, Kakizuka A, Evans RM. 1994. A novel macromolecular structure is a target of the promyelocyte-retinoic acid receptor oncoprotein. Cell 76:333ā343.
Weis K, Rambaud S, Laqvau C, Jansen J, Carvalgo T, Carmo-Fonseca M, Lamond A, Dejean A. 1994. Retinoic acid regulates aberrant nuclear localization of PML-RARĪ± in acute promyelocyte leukemia. Cell 76:345ā356.
Jiang WQ, Ringertz N. 1997. Altered distribution of the promyelocytic leukemia-associated protein is associated with cellular senescence. Cell Growth Differ 8:513ā522.
Zhu J, Koken MHM, Quignon F, Chelbi-Alix MK, Degos L, Wang ZY, Chen Z, de The H. 1997. Arsenic-induced PML targeting onto nuclear bodies: implications for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:3978ā3983.
Boddy MN, Howe K, Etkin DL, Solomon E, Freemont PS. 1996. PIC 1, a novel ubiquitin-like protein which interacts with the PML component of a multiprotein complex that is disrupted in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Oncogene 13:971ā982.
Koken MHM, Reid A, Quignon F, et al. 1997. Leukaemia-associated retinoic acid receptor Ī± fusion partners, PML and PLZF, heterodimerize and co-localize to nuclear bodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:10255ā10260.
Chen Z, Brand NJ, Chen A, Chen SJ, Tong JH, Wang ZY, Waxman S, Zelent A. 1993. Fusion between a novel Kruppel-like zinc finger gene and the retinoic acid receptor-alpha locus due to a variant t(11;17) translocation associated with acute promyelocytic leukaemia. EMBO J 12:1161ā1167.
Licht J, Chomienne C, Goy A, et al. 1995. Clinical and molecular characterization of a rare syndrome of acute prorayelocytic leukemia associated with translocation (11;17). Blood 85:1083ā1094.
Mu Z-M, Chin K-V, Liu J-H, Lozano G, Chang K-S. 1994. PML, a growth suppressor disrupted in acute promyelocyte leukemia. Mol Cell Biol 14:6858ā6867.
Ahn M-J, Nason-Burchenal K, Moasser M, Dmitrovsky E. 1995. Growth suppression of acute promyelocytic leukemia cells having increased expression of the non-rearranged alleles: RARĪ± or PML. Oncogene 10:2307ā2314.
Le X-F, Yang P, Chang K-S. 1996. Analysis of the growth and transformation suppressor domains of promyelocytic leukemia gene PML. J Biol Chem 271:130ā135.
Kuehnle I, Chu TW, Gruen JR, Margolin JF. 1997. The coiled-coil domain of PML is a functionally conserved transcriptional repression domain. Blood 90:322a.
Chambon P. 1996. A decade of molecular biology of retinoic acid receptors. FASEB J 10:940ā954.
Kurokawa R, Soderstrom M, Horlein A, Halachmi S, Brown M, Rosenfeld MG, Glass CK. 1995. Polarity-specific activities of retinoic acid receptors determined by a co-repressor. Nature 377:451ā454.
Nagpal S, Friant S, Nakshatri H, Chambon P. 1993. RARs and RXRs: evidence for two autonomous transactivation functions (AF-1 and AF-2) and heterodimerization in vivo. EMBO J 12:2349ā2360.
Rochette-Egly C, Adam S, Rossignol M, Egly J-M, Chambon P. 1997. Stimulation of RARĪ± activation function AF-1 through binding to the general transcription factor TFIIH and phosphorylation by CDK7. Cell 90:97ā107.
Renaud J-P, Rochel N, Ruff M, Vivat V, Chambon P, Gronemeyer H, Moras D. 1995. Crystal structure of the RAR-Ī³ ligand binding domain bound to all-trans retinoic acid. Nature 378:681ā689.
vom Baur E, Zechel C, Heery D, Heine MJS, Garnier JM, Vivat V, Le Douarin B, Gronemeyer H, Chambon P, Losson R. 1996. Differential ligand-dependent interactions between the AF-2 activation domain of nuclear receptors and the putative transcriptional intermediary factors mSUG and TIF1. EMBO J 15:110ā124.
Botling J, Castro DS, Oberg F, Nilsson K, Perlmann T. 1997. Retinoic acid receptor/retinoid X receptor heterodimers can be activated through both subunits providing a basis for synergistic transactivation and cellular differentiation. J Biol Chem 272:9443ā9449.
Chen D, Evans RM. 1995. A transcriptional co-repressor that interacts with nuclear hormone receptors. Nature 377:454ā457.
Pazin MJ, Kadonaga JT. 1997. Whatās up and down with histone deacetylation and transcription. Cell 89:325ā328.
Montminy M. 1997. Something new to hang your HAT on. Nature 387:654ā655.
Pfahl M. 1993. Nuclear receptor/AP-1 interaction. Endocrine Rev 14:651ā658.
Nagy L, Kao H-Y, Chakravarti D, Lin RJ, Hassig CA, Ayer DE, Schreiber SL, Evans RM. 1997. Nuclear receptor repression mediated by a complex containing SMRT, mSin3A, and histone deacetylase. Cell 89:373ā380.
Gallagher RE, Said F, Pua I, Papenhausen PR, Paietta E, Wiernik PH. 1989. Expression of retinoic acid receptor alpha mRNA in human leukemic cells with variable responsiveness to retinoic acid. Leukemia 3:789ā795.
Kizaki M, Nakajima H, Mori S, Koike T, Morikawa M, Ohta M, Saito M, Koeffler H, Ikeda Y. 1994. Novel retinoic acid, 9-cis retinoic acid, in combination with all-trans-retinoic acid is an effective inducer of differentiation of retinoic acid-resistant HL-60 cells. Blood 83:3289ā3297.
Nagy L, Thomazy V, Shipley G, Fesus L, Lamph W, Heyman R, Chandraratna R, Davies P. 1995. Activation of retinoid X receptors induces apoptosis in HL-60 cell lines. Mol Cell Biol 15:3540ā3551.
Tsai S, Collins S. 1993. A dominant negative retinoic acid receptor blocks neutrophil differentiation at the promyelocyte stage. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:7153ā7157.
Robertson K, Emami B, Collins S. 1992. Retinoic acid-resistant HL-60R cells harbor a point mutation in the retinoic acid receptor ligand-binding domain that confers dominant negative activity. Blood 80:1885ā1888.
Li Y-P, Said F, Gallagher R. 1994. Retinoic acid-resistant HL-60 cells exclusively contain mutant retinoic acid receptor-alpha. Blood 83:3298ā3302.
Diverio D, Lo Coco F, DāAdamo F, et al. 1992. Identification of DNA rearrangements at the retinoic acid receptor alpha (RAR-alpha) locus in all patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) and mapping of APL breakpoints within the RAR-alpha second intron. Blood 79:3331ā3336.
Gallagher RE, Willman CL, Slack JL, et al. 1997. Association of PML-RARĪ± fusion mRNA type with pre-treatment hematologic characteristics but not treatment outcome in acute promyelocytic leukemia: an intergroup molecular study. Blood 90:1656ā1663.
Kane JR, Head DR, Balazs L, et al. 1996. Molecular analysis of the PML/RAR alpha chimeric gene in pediatric acute promyelocytic leukemia. Leukemia 10:1296ā1302.
Slack JL, Willman CL, Li YP, Viswanatha D, Bloomfield CD, Wiernik PH, Tallman MS, Gallagher RE. 1996. Molecular characteristics and clinical features of adult APL patients with the type V PML-RARĪ± isoform: results from intergroup protocol 0129. Blood 88:635a.
Gallagher RE, Li Y-P, Rao S, Paietta E, Andersen J, Etkind P, Bennet JM, Tallman MS, Wiernik PH. 1995. Characterization of acute promyelocytic leukemia cases with PML-RARĪ± break/fusion sites in PML exon 6: indentification of a subgroup with decreased in vitro responsiveness to all-trans retinoic acid. Blood 86:1540ā1547.
Benedetti L, Levin AA, Scicchitano BM, et al. 1997. Characterization of the retinoid binding properties of the major fusion products present in acute promyelocytic leukemia cells. Blood 90:1175ā1185.
Slack JL, Arthur DC, Lawrence D, et al. 1997. Secondary cytogenetic changes in acute promyelocytic leukemia: prognostic importance in patients treated with chemotherapy alone and association with the intron 3 breakpoint of the PML gene. A Cancer and Leukemia Group B study. J Clin Oncol 15:1786ā1795.
Slack JL, Yu M. 1998. Constitutive expression of the promyelocytic leukemia-associated oncogene PML-RARĪ± in TF1 cells: isoform-specific and retinoid-dependent effects on growth, bcl-2 expression, and apoptosis. Blood 91:3347ā3356.
Huang ME, Ye YC, Chen SR, Chai JR, Lu J-X, Zhoa L, Gu LJ, Wang ZY. 1988. Use of all-trans retinoic acid in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Blood 72:567ā572.
Vahdat L, Maslak P, Miller WH Jr, Eardley A, Heller G, Scheinberg DA, Warrell RP Jr. 1994. Early mortality and the retinoic acid syndrome in acute promyelocytic leukemia: impact of leukocytosis, low-dose chemotherapy, PML/RAR-Ī± isoform, and CD13 expression in patients treated with all-trans retinoic acid. Blood 84:3843ā3849.
Fukutani H, Naoe T, Ohno R. et al. 1995. Isoforms of PML-retinoic acid alpha fused transcripts affect neither clinical features of acute promyelocytic leukemia nor prognosis after treatment with all-trans retinoic acid. Leukemia 9:1478ā1482.
Daniel MT, Koken M, Romagne O, Barbey S, Bazarbachi A, Stadler M, Guillemin MC, Degos L, Chomienne C, de The H. 1993. PML protein expression in hematopoietic and acute promyelocytic leukemia cells. Blood 82:1858ā1867.
Ferrucci PF, Grignani F, Pearson M, Fagioli M, Nicoletti I, Pelicci PG. 1997. Cell death induction by the acute promyelocytic leukemia-specific PML/RARĪ± fusion protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:10901ā10906.
Szostecki C, Guldner HH, Netter HJ, Will H. 1990. Isolation and characterization of a cDNA encoding a human nuclear antigen predominantly recognized by autoantibodies from patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. J Immunol 145:4338ā4347.
Dyck JA, Warrell RP Jr, Evans RM, Miller WH Jr. 1995. Rapid diagnosis of acute promyelocytic leukemia by immunohistochemical localization of PML/RAR-alpha protein. Blood 86:862ā867.
Jansen JH, Mahfoudi A, Rambaud S, Lavau C, Wahli W, Dejean A. 1995. Multimeric complexes of the PML-retinoic receptor alpha protein in acute promyelocytic leukemia cells and interference with retinoid and peroxisome-proliferator signaling pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:7401ā7405.
Au-Fleigner M, Helmer E, Casanova J, Raaka BM, Samuels HH. 1993. The conserved ninth C-terminal heptad in thyroid hormone and retinoic acid receptors mediates diverse responses by affecting heterodimer but not homodimer formation. Mol Cell Biol 13:5725ā5737.
Benedetti L, Grignani F, Scicchitano BM, et al. 1996. Retinoid-induced differentiation of acute promyelocytic leukemia involves PML-RARĪ±-mediated increase of type II transglutaminase. Blood 87:1939ā1950.
Onodera M, Kunisada T, Nishikawa S, Sakiyama Y, Matsumoto S, Nishikawa S. 1995. Overexpression of retinoic acid receptor alpha suppresses myeloid cell differentiation at the promyelocyte stage. Oncogene 11:1291ā1298.
Grignani F, Testa U, Fagioli M, Barberi T, Masciulli R, Mariani G, Peschle C, Pelicci PG. 1995. Promyelocytic leukemia-specific PML-retinoic acid alpha receptor fusion protein interferes with erythroid differentiation of human erythroleukemia K562 cells. Cancer Res 55:440ā443.
Sunaga S, Maki K, Lagasse E, Blanco JC, Ozato K, Miyazaki J, Ikuta K. 1997. Myeloid differentiation is impaired in transgenic mice with targeted expression of a dominant negative form of retinoid X receptor beta. Br J Haematol 96:19ā30.
Hong S-H, David G, Wong C-W, Dejean A, Privalsky ML. 1997. SMRT corepressor interacts with PLZF and with the PML-retinoic acid receptor Ī±(RARĪ±) and PLZF-RARĪ± oncoproteins associated with acute promyelocytic leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:9028ā9033.
Grignani F, Ferrucci PF, Testa U, et al. 1993. The acute promyelocytic leukemia-specific PML-RAR alpha fusion protein inhibits differentiation and promotes survival of myeloid precursor cells. Cell 74:423ā431.
Fu S, Consoli U, Hanania EG, Zu Z, Claxton DF, Andreef M, Deisseroth AB. 1995. PML/ RARĪ±, a fusion protein in acute promyelocytic leukemia, prevents growth factor withdrawal-induced apoptosis in TF-1 cells. Clin Cancer Res 1:583ā590.
Rogaia D, Grignani F, Grignani F, Nicoletti I, Pelicci PG. 1995. The acute promyelocytic leukemia-specific PML/RAR alpha fusion protein reduces the frequency of commitment to apoptosis upon growth factor deprivation of GM-CSF-dependent myeloid cells. Leukemia 9:1467ā1472.
Rousselot P, Hardas B, Patel A, et al. 1994. The PML-RAR alpha gene product of the t(15;17) translocation inhibits retinoic acid-induced granulocytic differentiation and mediated transactivation in human myeloid cells. Oncogene 9:545ā551.
Testa U, Grignani F, Barberi T, et al. 1994. PML-RARĪ± + U937 mutant and NB4 cell lines: retinoic acid restores the monocytic differentiation response to vitamin D3. Cancer Res 54:4508ā4515.
Altabef M, Garcia M, Lavau C, Bae S-C, Dejean A, Samarut J. 1996. A retrovirus carrying the promyelocyte-retinoic acid receptor PML-RARĪ± fusion gene transforms haematopoietic progenitors in vitro and induces acute leukaemias. EMBO J 15:2707ā2716.
Raelson JV, Nervi C, Rosenauer A, Benedetti L, Monczak Y, Pearson M, Pelicci PG, Miller WH Jr. 1996. The PML/RARĪ± oncoprotein is a direct molecular target of retinoic acid in acute promyelocytic leukemia cells. Blood 88:2826ā2832.
Yoshida H, Kitamura K, Tanaka K, Omura S, Miyazaki T, Hachiya T, Ohno R, Naoe T. 1996. Accelerated degradation of PML-retinoic acid receptor a (PML-RARĪ±) oncoprotein by all-trans retinoic acid in acute promyelocytic leukemia: possible role of the proteasome pathway. Cancer Res 56:2945ā2948.
Warrell R Jr. 1993. Retinoid resistance in acute promyelocytic leukemia: new mechanisms, strategies and implications. Blood 82:1949ā1953.
Nobile LM, Li Y-P, Tallman MS, Wiernik PH, Gallagher RE. 1996. Sequence analysis of the PML zinc finger region of the PML-RARĪ± fusion gene in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) relapse cases from protocol E2491. Blood 88:364a. (abstract)
Early E, Moore MA, Kakizuka A, Nason-Burchenal K, Martin P, Evans RM, Dmitrovsky E. 1996. Transgenic expression of PML/RARĪ± impairs myelopoiesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:7900ā7904.
Lagasse E, Weissman I. 1992. Mouse MRP8 and MRP14, two intracellular calcium-binding proteins associated with the development of the myeloid lineage. Blood 79:1907ā1915.
Brown D, Kogan S, Lagasse E, Weissman I, Alcalay M, Pelicci PG, Atwater S, Bishop JM. 1997. A PML-RARĪ± transgene initiates murine acute promyelocytic leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:2551ā2556.
Grisolano JL, Wesselschmidt RL, Pelicci PG, Ley TJ. 1997. Altered myeloid development and acute leukemia in transgenic mice expressing PML-RAR alpha under control of cathepsin G regulatory sequences. Blood 89:376ā387.
He LZ, Tribioli C, Rivi R, Peruzzi D, Pelicci PG, Soares V, Cattoretti G, Pandolfi PP. 1997. Acute leukemia with promyelocytic features in PML/RARĪ± transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:5302ā5307.
Pandolfi PP, Alcalay M, Fagioli M. 1992. Genomic variability and alternative splicing generate multiple PML-RARĪ± transcripts that encode aberrant PML proteins and PML-RARĪ± isoforms in acute promyelocytic leukaemia. Embo J 11:1397ā1407.
Pollock JL, Grisolano JL, Goda P, Westervelt P, Ley TJ. 1997. Development of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APML) in transgenic mice expressing both PML-RARĪ± and the reciprocal fusion protein, RARĪ±-PML. Blood 90:320a.
Yoshida H, Naoe T, Fukutani F, Kiyoi H, Kubo K, Ohno R. 1995. Analysis of the joining sequences of the t(15;17) translocation human acute promyelocytic leukemia: sequence non-specific recombination between the PML and RARA genes within identical short sequences. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 12:37ā44.
Borrow J, Goddard AD, Gibbons B, et al. 1992. Diagnosis of acute promyelocytic leukaemia by RT-PCR detection of PML-RARA and RARA-PML fusion transcripts. Br J Haematol 82:529ā540.
Alcalay M, Zangrilli D, Fagioli M, Pandolfi P, Mencarelli A, Lo Coco F, Biondi A, Grignani F, Pelicci P. 1992. Expression pattern of the RARĪ±-PML fusion gene in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:4840ā4844.
Li YP, Andersen J, Zelent A, Rao S, Paietta E, Tallman M, Wiernik P, Gallagher RE. 1997. RARĪ±1/RARĪ±2-PML mRNA expression in acute promyelocytic leukemia cells: a molecular and laboratory-clinical correlative study. Blood 90:306ā312.
Leroy P, Nakshatri H, Chambon P. 1991. Mouse retinoic acid receptor a2 isoform is transcribed from a promoter that contains a retinoic acid response element. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:10138ā10142.
Castaigne S, Chomienne C, Daniel MT, Ballerini P, Berger R, Fenaux P, Degos L. 1990. All-trans retinoic acid as a differentiation therapy for acute promyelocytic leukemia. I. Clinical results. Blood 76:1704ā1709.
Chomienne C, Ballerini P, Balitrand N, Daniel MT, Fenaux P, Castaigne S, Degos L. 1990. All-trans retinoic acid in acute promyelocytic leukemias. II. In vitro studies: structure-function relationship. Blood 76:1710ā1717.
Vyas RC, Frankel SR, Agbor P, Miller WH Jr, Warrell RP Jr, Hittelman WN. 1996. Probing the pathobiology of response to all-trans retinoic acid in acute promyelocytic leukemia: premature chromosome condensation/fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis. Blood 87:218ā226.
Lufkin T, Lohnes D, Mark M, Dierich A, Gorry P, Gaub MP, LeMeur M, Chambon P. 1993. High postnatal lethality and testis degeneration in retinoic acid receptor Ī± mutant mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:7225ā7229.
Redner RL, Corey SL, Rush EA. 1997. Differentiation of t(5;17) variant acute promyelocytic leukemic blasts by all-trans retinoic acid. Leukemia 11:1014ā1016.
Wells RA, Hummel JL, De Koven A, Zipursky A, Kirby M, Dube I, Kamel-Reid S. 1996. A new variant translocation in acute promyelocytic leukaemia: molecular characterization and clinical correlation. Leukemia 10:735ā740.
Giudez F, Huang W, Tong JT, Dubois C, Balitrand N, Michaux J, Martiat P, Degos L, Waxman S, Chomienne C. 1994. Poor response to all-trans retinoic acid in a t(11;17) PLZF/ RARĪ± AML M3 patient. Leukemia 8:312ā314.
Lanotte M, Martin-Thouvenin B, Najman S, Balerini P, Valensi F, Berger R. 1991. NB4, a maturation inducible cell line with t(15;17) marker isolated from a human acute promyelocytic leukemia (M3). Blood 77:1080ā1086.
Zhu J, Shi XG, Chu HY, Tong JH, Wang ZY, Naoe T, Waxman S, Chen SJ, Chen Z. 1995. Effect of retinoic acid isomers on proliferation, differentiation and PML relocalization in the APL cell line NB4. Leukemia 9:302ā309.
Chen JY, Clifford J, Zusi C, Starrett J, Tortolani D, Ostrowski J, Reczek PR, Chambon P, Gronemeyer H. 1996. Two distinct actions of retinoid-receptor ligands. Nature 382:819ā822.
Brooks SC III, Sturgill R, Choi J, Yen A. 1997. An RXR-selective analog attenuates the RARĪ±-selective analog-induced differentiation and non-G1-restricted growth arrest of NB4 cells. Exp Cell Res 234:259ā269.
Duprez E, Lillehaug JR, Gaub MP, Lanotte M. 1996. Differential changes of retinoid-X-receptor (RXRĪ±) and its RARĪ± and PML-RARĪ± partners induced by retinoic acid and cAMP distinguish maturation sensitive and resistant t(15;17) promyelocytic leukemia NB4 cells. Oncogene 12:2443ā2450.
Bruel A, Benoit G, De Nay D, Brown S, Lanotte M. 1995. Distinct apoptotic responses in maturation sensitive and resistant t(15;17) acute promyelocytic leukemia NB4 cells. 9-cis retinoic acid induces apoptosis independent of maturation and Bcl-2 expression. Leukemia 9:1173ā1184.
Shao W, Benedetti L, Lamph WW, Nervi C, Miller WH Jr. 1997. A retinoid-resistant acute promyelocytic leukemia subclone expresses a dominant negative PML-RARĪ± mutation. Blood 89:4282ā4289.
Ruthardt M, Testa U, Nervi C, Ferrucci PF, Grignani F, Puccetti E, Grignani F, Peschele C, Pelicci PG. 1997. Opposite effects of the acute promyelocytic leukemia PML-retinoic acid receptor a (RARĪ±) and PLZF-RARĪ± fusion proteins on retinoic acid signaling. Mol Cell Biol 17:4859ā4869.
Maeda Y, Horiuchi F, Miyatake J, Sono H, Tatsumi Y, Urase F, Irimajiri K, Horiuchi A. 1996. Inhibition of growth and induction of apoptosis by all-trans retinoic acid in lymphoid cell lines transfected with the PML-RAR alpha fusion gene. Br J Haematol 93:973ā976.
Calabresse C, Barbey S, Venturini L, Balitrand N, Degos L, Fenaux P, Chomienne C. 1995. In vitro treatment with retinoids or the topoisomerase inhibitor, VP-16, evidences different functional apoptotic pathways in acute promyelocytic leukemic cells. Leukemia 9:2049ā2057.
Delia D, Aiello A, Soligo D, Fontanella E, Melani C, Pezzella F, Pierotti MA, Della-Porta G. 1992. Bcl-2 proto-oncogene expression in normal and neoplastic human myeloid cells. Blood 79:1291ā1298.
Hu Z-B, Minden MD, McCulloch EA. 1995. Direct evidence for the participation of bcl-2 in the regulation by retinoic acid of the Ara-C sensitivity of leukemic stem cells. Leukemia 9:1667ā1673.
Miyashita T, Reed JC, Sabido O, Roubi N, Vasselon C, Archimbaud E, Magaud J, Guyotat D. 1993. Bcl-2 oncoprotein blocks chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in a human leukemia cell line. Blood 81:151ā157.
Keith FJ, Bradbury DA, Zhu Y-M, Russell NH. 1995. Inhibition of bcl-2 with antisense oligonucleotides induces apoptosis and increases the sensitivity of AML blasts to Ara-C. Leukemia 9:131ā138.
Campos L, Sabido O, Rouault J-P, Guyotat D. 1994. Effects of BCL-2 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides on in vitro proliferation and survival of normal marrow progenitors and leukemic cells. Blood 84:595ā600.
Estey E, Beran M, Pierce S, Kantarjian H, Keating M. 1997. All-trans retinoic acid may improve results of chemotherapy in poor prognosis non-APL and MDS: a randomized study. Blood 90:416a.
Dermime B, Grignani F, Clerici M, et al. 1993. Occurrence of resistance to retinoic acid in the acute promyelocytic cell line NB4 is associated with altered expression of the PML/RARĪ± protein. Blood 82:1573ā1577.
Rosenauer A, Railson JV, Nervi C, Eydoux P, DeBlasio A, Miller WH Jr. 1996. Alteration in expression, binding to ligand and DNA, and transcriptional activity of rearranged and wild-type retinoid receptors in retinoid-resistant acute promyelocytic leukemia cell lines. Blood 88:2671ā2682.
Ruchaud S, Duprez E, Gendron MD, Houge G, Genieser HG, Jastorff B, Doskeland SO, Lanotte M. 1994. Two distinctly regulated events, priming and triggering, during retinoid-induced maturation and resistance of NB4 promyelocytic leukemia cell line. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:8428ā8432.
Davies PJ, Chiocca EA, Stein JP. 1988. Retinoid-induced expression of tissue transglutaminase in normal and leukemic myeloid cells. Adv Exp Med Biol 231:63ā71.
Piacentini M, Davies PJA, Fesus L. 1994. Tissue transglutaminase in cells undergoing apoptosis. In Tomei LD, Cope FO (eds), Apoptosis II: The Molecular Basis of Apoptosis in Disease. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, p 143.
Deprez E, Tong J-H, Derre J, Chen S-J, Berger R, Chen Z, Lanotte M. 1997. JEM-1, a novel gene encoding a leucine-zipper nuclear factor upregulated during retinoid-induced maturation of NB4 promyelocytic leukaemia. Oncogene 14:1563ā1570.
Mao M, Yu M, Tong J-H. 1996. RIG-E, a human homolog of the murine Ly-6 family, is induced by retinoic acid during the differentiation of acute promyelocytic leukemia cell. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:5910ā5914.
Yu M, Tong JH, Mao M, et al. 1997. Cloning of a gene (RIG-G) associated with retinoic acid-induced differentiation of acute promyelocytic leukemia cells and representing a new member of a family of interferon-stimulated genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:7406ā7411.
Gianni M, Terao M, Fortino I, LiCalzi M, Viggiano V, Barbui T, Rambaldi A, Garattini E. 1997. Stat1 is induced and activated by all-trans retinoic acid in acute promyelocytic leukemia cells. Blood 89:1001ā1012.
Duprez E, Lillehaug JR, Naoe T, Lanotte M. 1996. cAMP signaling is decisive for recovery of nuclear bodies (PODs) during maturation of RA-resistant t(15;17) promyelocytic leukemia NB4 cells expressing PML-RARĪ±. Oncogene 12:2451ā2459.
Degos L, Dombret HCC, Daniel M-T, Miclea J-M, Chastang C, Castaigne S, Fenaux P. 1995. All-trans-retinoic acid as a differentiating agent in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Blood 85:2643ā2653.
Muindi J, Frankel S, Miller WH Jr, Jakubowski A, Scheinberg D, Young C, Dmitrovsky E, Warrell RP Jr. 1992. Continuous treatment with all-trans-retinoic acid causes a progressive reduction in plasma drug concentrations: implications for relapse and retinoid āresistanceā in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia. Blood 79:299ā303.
Cornic M, Delva L, Guidez F, Balitrand N, Degos L, Chomienne C. 1992. Induction of retinoic acid-binding protein in normal and malignant human myeloid cells by retinoic acid in acute promyelocytic leukemia patients. Cancer Res 52:3329ā3334.
Adamson P, Boylan J, Balis F, Murphy R, Godwin K, Gudas L, Poplack D. 1993. Time course of induction of metabolism of all-trans-retinoic acid and the up-regulation of cellular retinoic acid-binding protein. Cancer Res 53:472ā476.
Napoli JL. 1996. Retinoic acid biosynthesis and metabolism. FASEB J 10:993ā1001.
Muindi J, Frankel S, Huselton C, DeGrazia F, Garland W, Young C, Warrell RP Jr. 1992. Clinical pharmacology of oral all-trans retinoic acid with acute promyelocytic leukemia. Cancer Res 52:2138ā2142.
Chen Z-X, Xue Y-Q, Zhang R, Tao R-F, Xia X-M, Li C, Wang W, Zu W-Y, Yao X-Z, Ling B-J. 1991. A clinical and experimental study on all-trans retinoic acid-treated acute promyelocytic leukemia patients. Blood 78:1413ā1419.
Castaigne S, Lefebvre P, Rigal-Huguet F, et al. 1992. Effectiveness and pharmacokinetics of low-dose all-trans retinoic acid (25 mg/m2) in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Blood 82:3560ā3563.
Miller W Jr, Jakubowski A, Tong W, et al. 1995. 9-cis retinoic acid induces complete remission but does not reverse clinically acquired retinoid resistance in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Blood 85:3021ā3027.
Delva L, Cornic M, Balitrand N, et al. 1993. Resistance to all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) therapy in relapsing acute promyelocytic leukemia: study of in vitro sensitivity and cellular retinoic acid binding protein levels in leukemic cells. Blood 82:2175ā2181.
Li Y-P, Rao S, Paietta E, Tallman MS, Wiernik PH, Gallagher RE. 1996. Clinical relapse in retinoic acid-treated acute promyelocytic leukemia patients is associated with reduced leukemic cell sensitivity to retinoic acid-induced differentiation. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 37:174a.
Hallam S, Rao S, Wiernik P, Gallagher R. 1995. Cytoplasmic retinoic acid binding protein II mRNA measurements in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res.
Agadir A, Cornic M, Lefebvre P, Gourmel B, Balitrand N, Degos L, Chomienne C. 1995. Differential uptake of all-trans-retinoic acid by acute promyelocytic leukemic cells: evidence for its role in retinoic acid efficacy. Leukemia 9:139ā145.
Agadir A, Cornic M, Lefebvre P, Gourmel B, Jerome M, Degos L, Fenaux P, Chomienne C. 1995. All-trans-retinoic acid pharmacokinetics and bioavailability in acute promyelocytic leukemia: intracellular concentrations and biologic response relationship. J Clin Oncol 13:2517ā2523.
Gallagher R, Collins S, Trujillo J, et al. 1979. Characterization of the continuous, differentiating myeloid leukemia cell line (HL-60) from a patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia. Blood 54:713ā733.
Duprez E, Ruchaud S, Houge G, Martin-Thouvenin V, Valensi F, Kastner P, Berger R, Lanotte M. 1992. A retinoid acid āresistantā t(15; 17) acute promyelocytic leukemia cell line: isolation, morphological, immunological, and molecular features. Leukemia 6:1281ā1287.
Gallagher RE, Bilello PA, Ferrari AC, Chang C-S, Chiu-Yen R-W, Nickols WA, Muly EC III. 1985. Characterization of differentiation-inducer-resistant HL-60 cells. Leukemia Res 9:967ā986.
Dore BT, Momparler RL. 1996. Mutation in the ligand-binding domain of the retinoic acid receptor alpha in HL-60 leukemic cells resistant to retinoic acid and with increased sensitivity to vitamin D3 analogs. Leukemia Res 20:761ā769.
Atkins KB, Troen BR. 1995. Comparative responsiveness of HL-60, HL-60R and HL-60R+ (LRARSN) cells to retinoic acid, calcitriol, 9-cis retinoic acid and sodium butyrate. Blood 86:2475ā2480.
Grillier I, Umiel T, Elstner E, Collins SJ, Koeffler HP. 1997. Alterations of differentiation, clonal proliferation, cell cycle progression and bcl-2 expression in RARĪ±-altered sublines of HL-60. Leukemia 11:393ā400.
Kitamura K, Kiyoi H, Yoshida H, Saito H, Ohno R, Naoe T. 1997. Mutant AF-2 domain of PML-RARĪ± in retinoic acid-resistant NB4 cells: differentiation induced by RA is triggered directly through PML-RARĪ± and its down-regulation in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Leukemia 11:1950ā1956.
Huggenvid JI, Collard MW, Kim Y-W, Sharma RP. 1993. Modification of the retinoic acid pathway by the catalytic subunit of preen kinase-A. Mol Endocrinol 7:543ā549.
Gianni M, Terao M, Norio P, Barbui T, Rambaldi A, Garattini E. 1995. All-trans retinoic and cyclic adenosine monophosphate cooperate in the expression of leukocyte alkaline phosphatase in acute promyelocytic leukemia cells. Blood 85:3619ā3635.
Kumar R, Korutla L. 1995. Growth inhibition of human acute promyelocytic leukemia NB-4 cells by interferons and all-trans retinoic acid: trans-modulation of inducible gene expression pathways. Anticancer Res 15:353ā360.
Gianni M, Zanotta S, Terao M, Ramboaldi A, Garattini E. 1996. Interferons induce normal and aberrant retinoic-acid receptors type a in acute promyelocytic leukemia cells: potentiation of the induction of retinoid-dependent differentiation markers. Int J Cancer 68:75ā83.
Morosetti R, Grignani F, Liberatore C, Pelicci PG, Schiller GJ, Kizaki M, Bartram CR, Miller CW, Koeffler HP. 1996. Infrequent alterations of the RAR alpha gene in acute myelogenous leukemias, retinoic acid-resistant acute promyelocytic leukemias, myelo-dysplastic syndromes, and cell lines. Blood 87:4399ā4403.
Ding W, Li YP, Nobile LM, Grills G, Carrera I, Tallman MS, Wiernik PH, Gallagher RE. 1997. Retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARĪ±)-region mutations in the PML-RARĪ± fusion gene of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) patients after relapse from all-trans retinoic acid. Blood 90:415a. (abstract)
Head D, Kopecky KJ, Weick J et al. 1995. Effect of aggressive daunomycin therapy on survival in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Blood 86:1717ā1728.
Kizaki M, Hironori U, Yamazoe Y, et al. 1996. Mechanisms of retinoid resistance in leukemic cells: possible role of cytochrome P450 and P-glycoprotein. Blood 87:725ā733.
Matsushita H, Kizaki M, Kobayashi H, Takayama N, Ueno H, Muto A, Awaya N, Kinjo K, Ikeda Y. 1996. Recovery of drug sensitivity in retinoic acid-resistant leukemic cells by MDR1 ribozymes. Blood 88:663a. (abstract)
Ohno R, Yoshida H, Fukutani H, et al. 1993. Multi-institutional study of all-trans-retinoic acid as a differentiation therapy of refractory acute promyelocytic leukemia. Leukemia 7:1722ā1727.
Frankel SR, Eardley A, Heller G, Berman E, Miller WH Jr, Dmitrovsky E, Warrell RP Jr. 1994. All-trans-retinoic acid for acute promyelocytic leukemia: results of the New York study. Ann Intern Med 120:278ā286.
Paietta E, Andersen J, Racevskis J, Gallagher R, Bennett J, Yunis J, Cassileth P, Wiernik P. 1994. Significantly lower P-glycoprotein expression in acute promyelocytic leukemia than in other types of acute myeloid leukemia: immunological, molecular and functional analyses. Leukemia 8:968ā973.
Campos L, Rouault JP, Sabido O, Oriol P, Roubi N, Vasselon C, Archimbaud E, Magaud JP, Guyotat D. 1993. High expression of bcl-2 protein in acute myeloid leukemia cells is associated with poor response to chemotherapy. Blood 81:3091ā3096.
Minn AJ, Rudin CM, Boise LH, Thompson CB. 1995. Expression of bcl-XL can confer a multidrug resistance phenotype. Blood 86:1903ā1910.
Pallis M, Zhu YM, Russell NH. 1997. Bcl-XL is heterogeneously expressed by acute myeloblastic leukaemia cells and is associated with autonomous growth in vitro and with P-glycoprotein expression. Leukemia 11:945ā949.
Chen GQ, Zhu J, Shi XG, et al. 1996. In vitro studies on cellular and molecular mechanisms of arsenic trioxide (As2O3) in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia: As2O3 induces NB4 cell apoptosis with downregulation of bcl-2 expression and alteration of PML-RARĪ±/ PML protein localization. Blood 88:1052ā1061.
Chen GQ, Shi XG, Tang W, et al. 1997. Use of arsenic trioxide (As2O3) in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL): I. As2O3 exerts dose-dependent dual effects on APL cells. Blood 89:3345ā3353.
Shen ZX, Chen GQ, Ni JH, et al. 1997. Use of arsenic trioxide (As2O3) in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL): II. Clinical efficacy and pharmacokinetics in relapsed patients. Blood 89:3354ā3360.
Shao W, Fanelli M, Ferrara FF, et al. In press. As2O3 induced apoptosis and loss of PML/ RARĪ± protein in both retinoid sensitive and resistant APL cells. J Natl Cancer Inst.
Redner RL, Rush EA, Faas S, Rudert WA, Corey SJ. 1996. The t(5;17) variant of acute promyelocytic leukemia expresses a nucleophosmin-retinoic acid receptor fusion. Blood 87:882ā886.
Wells RA, Catzavelos C, Kamel-Reid S. 1997. Fusion of retinoic acid receptor a to NuMA, the nuclear mitotic apparatus protein, by a variant translocation in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Nat Genet 17:109ā113.
Corey S, Locker J, Oliveri DR, Shekter-Levin S, Redner RL, Penchansky L, Gollin SM. 1994. A non-classical translocation involving 17ql2 (retinoic acid receptor-Ī±) in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APML) with atypical features. Leukemia 8:1350ā1353.
Reid A, Gould A, Brand N, Cook M, Strutt P, Li J, Licht J, Waxman S, Krumlauf R, Zelent A. 1995. Leukemia translocation gene, PLZF, is expressed with a speckled nuclear pattern in early hematopoietic cells. Blood 86:4544ā4552.
Licht JD, Shaknovich R, English MA, Melnick A, Li JY, Reddy JD, Dong S, Chen SJ, Zelent A, Waxman S. 1996. Reduced and altered DNA-binding and transcriptional properties of the PLZF-retinoic acid receptor-Ī± chimera generated in t(11;17)-associated acute promyelocytic leukemia. Oncogene 12:323ā336.
Dong S, Zhu J, Reid A, et al. 1996. Amino-terminal proteināprotein interaction motif (POZ-domain) is reponsible for activities of the promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger-retinoic acid receptor-Ī± fusion protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:3624ā3629.
Shaknovich R, Yeyati PL, Waxman S, Hellinger N, Nason-Burchenal K, Dmitrovsky E, Strutt P, Zelent A, Licht JD. 1994. The promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger protein (PLZF) suppresses growth and induces apoptosis. Blood 88:555a.
Li JY, English MA, Ball HJ, Yeyati PL, Waxman S, Licht JD. 1997. Sequence-specific DNA binding and transcriptional regulation by the promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger protein. J Biol Chem 272: 22447ā22455.
Bardwell VJ, Treisman R. 1994. The POZ domain: A protienāprotein interaction motif. Genes Dev 8:1664ā1677.
Moosmann P, Georgiev O, Le Douarin B, Bourquin JP, Schaffner W. 1996. Transcriptional repression by RING finger protein TIF1 beta that interacts with the KRAB repressor domain of KOX1. Nucleic Acids Res 24:4859ā4867.
Friedman JR, Fredericks WJ, Jensen DE, Speicher DW, Huang XP, Neilson EG, Rauscher FJ III. 1996. KAP-1, a novel corepressor for the highly conserved KRAB repression domain. Genes Dev 10:2067ā2078.
Sitterlin D, Tiollais P, Transy C. 1997. The RARĪ±-PLZF chimera associated with acute promyelocytic leukemia has retained a sequence-specific DNA-binding domain. Oncogene 14:1067ā1074.
Chen Z, Guidez F, Rousselot P, Agadir A, Chen SJ, Wang ZY, Degos L, Zelent A, Waxman S, Chomienne C. 1994. PLZF-RARĪ± fusion proteins generated from the variant t(11;17)(q23;q21) translocation in acute promyelocytic leukemia inhibit ligand-dependent transactivation of wild-type retinoic acid receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:1178ā1182.
Chan WY, Liu QR, Borjigin J, Busch H, Rennert OM, Tease LA, Chan PA. 1989. Characterization of the cDNA encoding human nucleophosmin and studies of its role in normal and abnormal growth. Biochemistry 28:1033ā1041.
Morris SW, Kirstein MN, Valentine MB, Dittmer KG, Shapiro DN, Saltman DL, Look AT. 1994. Fusion of a kinase gene, ALK, to a nucleolar protein gene, NPM, in non-Hodgkinās lymphoma. Science 263:1281ā1284.
Yoneda-Kato N, Look AT, Kirstein MN, Valentine MB, Raimondi SC, Cohen KJ, Carroll AJ, Morris SW. 1996. The t(3;5)(q25.1;q34) of myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia produces a novel fusion gene, NPM-MLF1. Oncogene 12:265ā275.
Yang CH, Lambie EJ, Snyder M. 1992. NuMA: an unusually long coiled-coil related protein in the mammalian nucleus. J Cell Biol 116:1303ā1317.
Compton DA, Szilak I, Cleveland DW. 1992. Primary structure of NuMA, an intranuclear protein that defines a novel pathway for segregation of proteins at mitosis. J Cell Biol 116:1395ā1408.
Diverio D, Pandolfi PP, Rossi V, Biondi A, Pelicci PG, Lo Coco F. 1994. Monitoring of treatment outcome in acute promyelocytic leukemia by RT-PCR. Leukemia 8:1105ā1107.
Diverio D, Riccioni R, Pistilli A, Buffolino S, Avvisati G, Mandelli F, Lo Coco F. 1996. Improved rapid detection of the PML/RARĪ± fusion gene in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Leukemia 10:1214ā1216.
Seale JRC, Varma S, Swirsky DM, Pandolfi P-P, Goldman JM. 1996. Quantification of PML-RARĪ± transcripts in acute promyelocytic leukemia: explanation for the lack of sensitivity of RT-PCR for the detection of minimal residual disease and induction of the leukemia-specific mRNA by alpha interferon. Br J Haematol 95:95ā101.
Peruzzi D, DeBlasio T, Warrell RP Jr, Pandolfi PP. 1996. Highly sensitive RT-PCR assay for detection of minimal residual disease in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Blood 88:366a. (abstract)
Fukutani H, Naoe T, Ohno R, et al. 1995. Prognostic significance of the RT-PCR assay of PML-RARA transcripts in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Leukemia 9:588ā593.
Jurcic JG, Miller WH Jr, DeBlasio A, Scheinberg DA, Warrell RP Jr. 1996. Prognostic significance of minimal residual disease detection and PML-RARĪ± isoform type: long-term follow-up in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Blood 88:635a. (abstract)
Korninger L, Knobl P, Lacaika K, Mustafa S, Quehenberger P, Schwarzinger I, Lechner K, Jaeger U, Mannhalter C. 1994. PML-RARĪ± positivity precedes hematologic relapse by 2-3 months. Br J Haematol 88:427ā431.
Martinelli G, Remiddi C, Visani G, et al. 1995. Molecular analysis of PML-RARĪ± fusion mRNA detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay in long-term disease-free acute promyelocytic leukemia patients. Br J Haematol 90:966ā968.
Grimwade D, Howe K, Langabeer S, Burnett A, Goldstone A, Solomon E. 1996. Minimal residual disease detection in acute promyelocytic leukemia by reverse-transcriptase PCR: evaluation of PML-RARĪ± and RARĪ±-PML assessment in patients who ultimately relapse. Leukemia 10:61ā66.
Mandelli F, Diverio D, Avvisati G, et al. 1997. Molecular remission in PML/RAR alpha-positive acute promyelocytic leukemia by combined all-trans retinoic acid and idarubicin (AIDA) therapy. Blood 90:1014ā1021.
Lo Coco F, Diverio D, Avvisati G, et al. 1997. Prospective RT-PCR monitoring of minimal residual disease an acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) patients enrolled in the multicentric GIMEMA-AIEOP āAIDAā trial. Blood 90:390a. (abstract)
Grimwade D, Howe K, Langabeer S, et al. 1996. Establishing the presence of the t(15;17) in suspected acute promyelocytic leukemia: cytogenetic, molecular, and PML immunofluorescence assessment of patients entered into the M.R.C. ATRA trial. Br J Haematol 94:557ā573.
Tobal K, Saunders MJ, Grey MR, Liu Yin JA. 1995. Persistence of RARĪ±-PML fusion mRNA detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in patients in long-term remission of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Br J Haematol 90:615ā618.
Jurlander J, Caligiuri MA, Ruutu T, et al. 1996. Persistence of the AML1/ETO fusion transcript in patients treated with allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for t(8;21) leukemia. Blood 88:2183ā2191.
Nucifora G, Larson RA, Rowley JD. 1993. Persistence of the 8;21 translocation in patients with acute myeloid leukemia type M2 in long-term remission. Blood 82:712.
Roberts WM, Estrov Z, Ouspenskaia MV, Johnston DA, McClain KL, Zipf TF. 1997. Measurement of residual disease during remission induction in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med 336:317ā323.
Brunel V, Sainty D, Carbuccia N, Arnoulet C, Costello R, Mozziconacci MJ, Simonetti J, Coignet L, Gabert J, Stoppa AM. 1995. Unbalanced translocation t(5;17) in an typical acute promyelocytic leukemia. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 14:307ā312.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
Ā© 1999 Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Slack, J.L., Gallagher, R.E. (1999). The molecular biology of acute promyelocytic leukemia. In: Tallman, M.S., Gordon, L.I. (eds) Diagnostic and Therapeutic Advances in Hematologic Malignancies. Cancer Treatment and Research, vol 99. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-585-38571-6_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-585-38571-6_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-7923-8206-5
Online ISBN: 978-0-585-38571-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive