Advertisement

Epstein—Barr virus and lymphoma

  • Richard F. Ambinder
  • M. Victor Lemas
  • Stacy Moore
  • Jie Yang
  • Dagmar Fabian
  • Chris Krone
Chapter
Part of the Cancer Treatment and Research book series (CTAR, volume 99)

Abstract

Epstein—Barr virus has been associated with a variety of malignancies. Originally discovered in African Burkitt’s lymphoma, it is also found in lymphoproliferative disease arising in immunocompromised populations, in Hodgkin’s disease, and in peripheral T-cell lymphoma. The association is of interest in terms of the pathogenesis of these tumors and is becoming important in terms of new approaches to treatment. The purpose of this chapter is to review aspects of the biology of the virus that are relevant to tumorigenesis, review the nature of the association with each of the tumors, and to consider therapeutic implications where these have been defined.

Keywords

Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma Infectious Mononucleosis Solid Organ Transplant Recipient Bone Marrow Transplant Recipient Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. 1.
    Baer B, Bankier A, Biggin MD, et al. 1984. DNA sequence and expression of the B95-8 Epstein—Barr virus genome. Nature 310:207–211.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. 2.
    Kieff E. 1996. Epstein—Barr virus and its replication. In: Fields BN, Knipe DM, Howley PM, et al. (eds), Fields Virology. Raven: Philadelphia, pp 2343–2396.Google Scholar
  3. 3.
    Rickinson AB, Kieff E. 1996. Epstein-Barr virus. In: Fields BN, Knipe DM, Howley PM (eds), Fields Virology. Raven: Philadelphia, pp 2397–2446.Google Scholar
  4. 4.
    Evans AS, Niederman JC, McCollum RW. 1968. Seroepidemiologic studies of infectious mononucleosis with EB virus. N Engl J Med 279:1121–1177.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. 5.
    Yao Q, Rickinson A, Epstein M. 1988. Oropharyngeal shedding of infectious Epstein—Barr virus in healthy virus immune donors: a prospective study. Chin Med J 98:191–196.Google Scholar
  6. 6.
    Tierney RJ, Steven N, Young LS, Rickinson AB. 1994. Epstein—Barr virus latency in blood mononuclear cells — analysis of viral gene transcription during primary infection and in the carrier state. J Virol 68:7374–7385.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. 7.
    Klein G, Svedmyr E, Jondal M, Persson PO. 1976. EBV-determined nuclear antigen (EBNA)-positive cells in the peripheral blood of infectious mononucleosis patients. Int J Cancer 17:21–26.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. 8.
    Ryon JJ, Hayward SD, MacMahon EME, et al. 1993. In situ detection of lytic Epstein—Barr virus infection: expression of the Not1 early gene and vIL-10 late gene in clinical specimens. J Infect Dis 168:345–351.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. 9.
    Reynolds DJ, Banks PM, Gulley ML. 1995. New characterization of infectious mononucleosis and a phenotypic comparison with Hodgkin’s disease. Am J Pathol 146:379–388.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. 10.
    Callan MF, Steven N, Krausa P, et al. 1996. Large clonal expansions of CD8+ T cells in acute infectious mononucleosis. Nat Med 2:906–911.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. 11.
    Rickinson AB, Finerty S, Epstein MA. 1977. Mechanism of the establishment of Epstein— Barr virus genome-containing lymphoid cell lines from infectious mononucleosis patients: studies with phosphonoacetate. Int J Cancer 20:861–868.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. 12.
    Rickinson AB, Rowe M, Hart IJ, et al. 1984. T-cell-mediated regression of’ spontaneous’ and of Epstein—Barr virus-induced B-cell transformation in vitro: studies with Cyclosporin A. Cell Immunol 87:646–658.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. 13.
    Yao QY, Rickinson AB, Epstein MA. 1985. A re-examination of the Epstein—Barr virus carrier state in healthy seropositive individuals. Int J Cancer 35:35–43.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. 14.
    Miyashita EM, Yang B, Lam KM, Crawford DH, Thorley-Lawson DA. 1995. A novel form of Epstein—Barr virus latency in normal B cells in vivo. Cell 80:593–601.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. 15.
    Decker LL, Klaman LD, Thorley-Lawson DA. 1996. Detection of the latent form of Epstein—Barr virus DNA in the peripheral blood of healthy individuals. J Virol 70:3286–3289.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  16. 16.
    Qu L, Rowe DT. 1992. Epstein—Barr virus latent gene expression in uncultured peripheral blood lymphocytes. J Virol 66:3715–3724.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. 17.
    Chen F, Zou JZ, di Renzo L, et al. 1995. A subpopulation of normal B cells latently infected with Epstein—Barr virus resembles Burkitt lymphoma cells in expressing EBNA-1 but not EBNA-2 or LMP1. J Virol 69:3752–3758.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  18. 18.
    Miyashita EM, Yang B, Babcock GJ, Thorley-Lawson DA. 1997. Identification of the site of Epstein—Barr virus persistence in vivo as a resting B cell. J Virol 71:4882–4891.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  19. 19.
    Yates JL, Warren N, Sugden B. 1985. Stable replication of plasmids derived from Epstein— Barr virus in various mannalian cells. Nature 313:812–815.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. 20.
    Izumi KM, Kaye KM, Kieff ED. 1997. The Epstein—Barr virus LMP1 amino acid sequence that engages tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factors is critical for primary B lymphocyte growth transformation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:1447–1452.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  21. 21.
    Wang D, Liebowitz D, Kieff E. 1985. An EBV membrane protein expressed in immortalized lymphocytes transforms established rodent cells. Cell 43:831–840.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. 22.
    Arrand JR, Rymo L. 1982. Characterization of the major Epstein—Barr virus-specific RNA in Burkitt lymphoma-derived cells. J Virol 41:376–389.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  23. 23.
    Howe JG, Steitz JA. 1986. Localization of Epstein—Barr virus-encoded small RNAs by in situ hybridization. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:9006–9010.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. 24.
    Howe JG, Shu MD. 1989. Epstein—Barr virus small RNA (EBER) genes: unique transcription units that combine RNA polymerase II and III promoter elements. Cell 57:825–834.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. 25.
    Young L, Alfieri C, Hennessy K, et al. 1989. Expression of Epstein—Barr virus transformation-associated genes in tissues of patients with EBV lymphoproliferative disease. N Engl J Med 321:1080–1085.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  26. 26.
    Deacon EM, Pallesen G, Niedobitek G, et al. 1993. Epstein—Barr virus and Hodgkin’s disease: transcriptional analysis of virus latency in the malignant cells. J Exp Med 177:339–349.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. 27.
    Grasser FA, Murray PG, Kremmer E, et al. 1994. Monoclonal antibodies directed against the Epstein—Barr virus-encoded nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1): immunohistologic detection of EBNA1 in the malignant cells of Hodgkin’s disease. Blood 84:3792–3798.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  28. 28.
    Niedobitek G, Kremmer E, Herbst H, et al. 1997. Immunohistochemical detection of the Epstein—Barr virus-encoded latent membrane protein 2A in Hodgkin’s disease and infectious mononucleosis. Blood 90:1664–1672.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  29. 29.
    Niedobitek G, Agathanggelou A, Rowe M, et al. 1995. Heterogeneous expression of Epstein—Barr virus latent proteins in endemic Burkitt’s lymphoma. Blood 86:659–665.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  30. 30.
    Vieira P, de Waal-Malefyt R, Dang MN, et al. 1991. Isolation and expression of human cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor cDNA clones: homology to Epstein—Barr virus open reading frame BCRFI. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:1172–1176.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  31. 31.
    Murray PG, Swinnen LJ, Constandinou CM, et al. 1996. BCL-2 but not its Epstein—Barr virus-encoded homologue, BHRF1, is commonly expressed in posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorders. Blood 87:706–711.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  32. 32.
    Henle W, Henle G, Lennette ET. 1979. The Epstein—Barr virus. Sci Am 241:48–59.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. 33.
    Merk K, Lennette E, Holm G, et al. 1995. Antibodies to Epstein—Barr virus in relation to clinical characteristics of untreated patients with Hodgkin’s disease. Cancer Res Ther Control 4:223–229.Google Scholar
  34. 34.
    Lennette ET, Rymo L, Yadav M, et al. 1993. Disease-related differences in antibody patterns against EBV-encoded nuclear antigens EBNA 1, EBNA 2 and EBNA 6. Eur J Cancer 29A:1584–1589.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  35. 35.
    Milman G, Scott AL, Cho M-S, Hartman SC, Ades DK, Hayward GS, et al. 1985. The carboxyterminal domain of the Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen (EBNA-1) is highly immunogenic in man. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82:6300–6303.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. 36.
    van Grunsven WM, Spaan WJ, Middeldorp JM. 1994. Localization and diagnostic application of immunodominant domains of the BFRF3-encoded Epstein—Barr virus capsid protein. J Infect Dis 170:13–19.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  37. 37.
    Khanna R, Burrows SR, Kurilla MG, et al. 1992. Localization of Epstein—Barr virus cytotoxic T cell epitopes using recombinant vaccinia: implications for vaccine development. J Exp Med 176:169–176.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. 38.
    Murray RJ, Kurilla MG, Brooks JM, et al. 1992. Identification of target antigens for the human cytotoxic T cell response to Epstein—Barr virus (EBV): implications for the immune control of EBV-positive malignancies. J Exp Med 176:157–168.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  39. 39.
    Levitskaya J, Coram M, Levitsky V, et al. 1995. Inhibition of antigen processing by the internal repeat region of the Epstein—Barr virus nuclear antigen-1. Nature 375:685–688.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  40. 40.
    Gulley ML, Raphael M, Lutz CT, Ross DW, Raab-Traub N. 1992. Epstein—Barr virus integration in human lymphomas and lymphoid cell lines. Cancer 70:185–191.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  41. 41.
    Sato H, Takimoto T, Tanaka S, Tanaka J, Raab-Traub N. 1990. Concatameric replication of Epstein—Barr virus: structure of the termini in virus-producer and newly transformed cell lines. J Virol 64:5295–5300.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  42. 42.
    Raab-Traub N, Flynn K. 1986. The structure of the termini of the Epstein—Barr virus as a marker of clonal cellular proliferation. Cell 47:883–889.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  43. 43.
    Ambinder R, Mann R. 1994. Detection and characterization of Epstein—Barr virus in clinical specimens. Am J Pathol 149:235–252.Google Scholar
  44. 44.
    Ambinder R, Mann R. 1994. Epstein—Barr-encoded RNA in situ hybridization. Hum Pathol 25:602–605.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  45. 45.
    Randhawa PS, Jaffe R, Demetris AJ, et al. 1991. The systemic distribution of Epstein—Barr virus genomes in fatal post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorders. Am J Pathol 138:1027–1033.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  46. 46.
    Knowles DM, Cesarman E, Chadburn A, Frizzera G, Chen J, Rose EA, et al. 1995. Correlative morphologic and molecular genetic analysis demonstrates three distinct categories of posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorders. Blood 85:552–565.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  47. 47.
    Filipovich AH, Mertens A, Robison L, Ambinder RF, Shapiro RS, Frizzera G. 1995. Lymphoproliferative disorders associated with primary immunofeficiencies. In: Magrath I (ed), The Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press: Oxford, pp 459–471.Google Scholar
  48. 48.
    Jox A, Rohen C, Belge G, et al. 1997. Integration of Epstein—Barr virus in Burkitt’s lymphoma cells leads to a region of enhanced chromosome instability. Ann Oncol 8(Suppl 2):131–155.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  49. 49.
    Randhawa PS, Yousem SA, Paradis IL, Dauber JA, Griffith BP, Locker J. 1989. The clinical spectrum, pathology, and clonal analysis of Epstein—Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative disorders in heart-lung transplant recipients. Am J Clin Pathol 92:177–185.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  50. 50.
    Swinnen LJ, Costanzo-Nordin MR, Fisher SG, et al. 1990. Increased incidence of lymphoproliferative disorder after immunosuppression with the monoclonal antibody OKT3 in cardiac-transplant recipients. N Engl J Med 323:1723–1728.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  51. 51.
    Risks of developing Epstein-Barr virus-related lymphoproliferative disorders after. T-cell-depleted marrow transplants. CAMPATH Users. Blood 1998;91:3079–3083.Google Scholar
  52. 52.
    Swinnen LJ. 1993. Transplant immunosuppression-related malignant lymphomas. Cancer Treat Res 66:95–110.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  53. 53.
    Zutter MM, Martin PJ, Sale GE, et al. 1988. Epstein—Barr virus lymphoproliferation after bone marrow transplantation. Blood 72:520–529.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  54. 54.
    Shapiro RS, McClain K, Frizzera G, et al. 1988. Epstein—Barr virus associated B cell lymphoproliferative disorders following bone marrow transplantation. Blood 71:1234–1243.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  55. 55.
    Chadburn A, Suciu-Foca N, Cesarman E, Reed E, Michler RE, Knowles DM. 1995. Post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorders arising in solid organ transplant recipients are usually of recipient origin. Am J Pathol 147:1862–1870.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  56. 56.
    Weissmann DJ, Ferry JA, Harris NL, Louis DN, Delmonico F, Spiro I. 1995. Post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorders in solid organ recipients are predominantly aggressive tumors of host origin. Am J Clin Pathol 103:748–755.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  57. 57.
    Larson RS, Scott MA, McCurley TL, Vnencak-Jones CL. 1996. Microsatellite analysis of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders: determination of donor/recipient origin and identification of putative lymphomagenic mechanism. Cancer Res 56:4378–4381.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  58. 58.
    Mentzer SJ, Longtine J, Fingeroth J, et al. 1996. Immunoblastic lymphoma of donor origin in the allograft after lung transplantation. Transplantation 61:1720–1725.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  59. 59.
    Oudejans JJ, Jiwa M, Vandenbrule AJC, et al. 1995. Detection of heterogeneous Epstein— Barr virus gene expression patterns within individual post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorders. Am J Pathol 147:923–933.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  60. 60.
    Starzl TE, Porter KA, Iwatsuki S, et al. 1984. Reversibility of lymphomas and lymphoproliferative lesions developing under cyclosporin-steroid therapy. Lancet 1:583–587.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  61. 61.
    Nalesnik MA. 1996. Posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD): current perspectives (review; 75 refs). Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 8:139–148.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  62. 62.
    Hanto DW, Frizzera G, Gajl-Peczalska KJ, et al. 1982. Epstein—Barr virus-induced B-cell lymphoma after renal transplantation. Acyclovir therapy and transition from polyclonal to monoclonal B-cell proliferation. N Engl J Med 306:913–918.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  63. 63.
    Davis CL, Harrison KL, McVicar JP, Forg PJ, Bronner MP, Marsh CL. 1995. Antiviral prophylaxis and the Epstein Barr virus-related post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder. Clin Transplant 9:53–59.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  64. 64.
    Witherspoon RP, Fisher LD, Schoch G, et al. 1989. Secondary cancers after bone marrow transplantation for leukemia or aplastic anemia. N Engl J Med 321:784–789.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  65. 65.
    Rooney CM, Smith CA, Ng CY, et al. 1995. Use of gene-modified virus-specific T lymphocytes to control Epstein—Barr-virus-related lymphoproliferation. Lancet 345:9–13.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  66. 66.
    Yao QY, Ogan P, Rowe M, Wood M, Rickinson AB. 1989. The Epstein—Barr virus: host balance in acute infectious mononucleosis patients receiving acyclovir anti-viral therapy. Int J Cancer 43:61–66.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  67. 67.
    Kenagy DN, Schlesinger Y, Weck K, Ritter JH, Gaudreault-Keener MM, Storch GA. 1995. Epstein—Barr virus DNA in peripheral blood leukocytes of patients with posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease. Transplantation 60:547–554.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  68. 68.
    Fischer A, Blanche S, Le Bidois J, et al. Anti-B-cell monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of severe B-cell lymphoproliferative syndrome following bone marrow and organ transplantation. N Engl J Med 324:1451–1456.Google Scholar
  69. 69.
    Papadopoulos EB, Ladanyi M, Emanuel D, et al. 1994. Infusions of donor leukocytes to treat Epstein—Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative disorders after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. N Engl J Med 33:1185–1191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  70. 70.
    Heslop HE, Ng CY, Li C, et al. 1996. Long-term restoration of immunity against Epstein— Barr virus infection by adoptive transfer of gene-modified virus-specific Tlymphocytes. Nat Med 2:551–555.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  71. 71.
    Cen H, Williams PA, McWilliams HP, Breinig MC, Ho M, McKnight JL. 1993. Evidence for restricted Epstein—Barr virus latent gene expression and anti-EBNA antibody response in solid organ transplant recipients with posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders. Blood 81:1393–1403.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  72. 72.
    Gutierrez MI, Bhatia K, Barriga F, et al. 1992. Molecular epidemiology of Burkitt’s lymphoma from South America: differences in breakpoint location and Epstein—Barr virus association from tumors in other world regions. Blood 79:3261–3266.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  73. 73.
    Shiramizu B, Barriga F, Neequaye J, et al. 1991. Patterns of chromosomal breakpoint locations in Burkitt’s lymphoma: relevance to geography and Epstein—Barr virus association. Blood 77:1516–1526.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  74. 74.
    Anwar N, Kingma DW, Bloch AR, et al. 1995. The investigation of Epstein—Barr viral sequences in 41 cases of Burkitt’s lymphoma from Egypt: epidemiological correlations. Cancer 76:1245–1252.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  75. 75.
    Tao Q, Robertson KD, Manns A, Hildesheim A, Ambinder RF. 1998. Epstein—Barr virus (EBV) in endemic Burkitt’s lymphoma: molecular analysis of primary tumor tissue. Blood 91:1373–1381.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  76. 76.
    Shimizu N, Tanabetochikura A, Kuroiwa Y, Takada K. 1994. Isolation of Epstein—Barr virus (ebv)-negative cell clones from the EBV-positive Burkitts lymphoma (BL) line Akata — malignant phenotypes of BL cells are dependent on EBV. J Virol 68:6069–6073.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  77. 77.
    Wilson JB, Bell JL, Levine AJ. 1996. Expression of Epstein—Barr virus nuclear antigen-1 induces B cell neoplasia in transgenic mice. EMBO J 15:3117–3126.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  78. 78.
    Razzouk BI, Srinivas S, Sample CE, Singh V, Sixbey JW. 1996. Epstein—Barr virus DNA recombination and loss in sporadic Burkitt’s lymphoma. J Infect Dis 173:529–535.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  79. 79.
    Frisan T, Zhang QJ, Levitskaya J, Coram M, Kurilla MG, Masucci MG. 1996. Defective presentation of MHC class I-restricted cytotoxic T-cell epitopes in Burkitt’s lymphoma cells. Int J Cancer 68:251–258.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  80. 80.
    Moss DJ, Burrows SR, Suhrbier A, Khanna R. 1994. Potential antigenic targets on Epstein— Barr virus-associated tumours and the host response (Review). Ciba Found Symp 187:4–13.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  81. 81.
    Imreh MP, Zhang QJ, De Campos-Lima PO, Imreh S, Krausa P, Browning M, et al. 1995. Mechanisms of allele-selective down-regulation of HLA class I in Burkitt’s lymphoma. Int J Cancer 62:90–96.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  82. 82.
    Subar M, Neri A, Inghirami G, Knowles DM, Dalla-Favera R. 1998. Frequent c-myc oncogene activation and infrequent presence of Epstein—Barr virus genome in AIDS-associated lymphoma. Blood 72:667–671.Google Scholar
  83. 83.
    Correa P, O’Conor GT. 1971. Epidemiologic patterns of Hodgkin’s disease. Int J Cancer 8:192–201.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  84. 84.
    Gutensohn N, Cole P. 1981. Childhood social environment and Hodgkin’s disease. N Engl J Med 304:135–140.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  85. 85.
    Miller RW, Beebe GW. 1973. Infectious mononucleosis and the empirical risk of cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 50:315–321.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  86. 86.
    Kvale G, Hoiby EA, Pedersen E. 1979. Hodgkin’s disease in patients with previous infectious mononucleosis. Int J Cancer 23:593–597.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  87. 87.
    Mueller N, Evans A, Harris NL, et al. 1989. Hodgkin’s disease and Epstein—Barr virus. Altered antibody pattern before diagnosis. N Engl J Med 320:689–695.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  88. 88.
    Weiss LM, Stockier JG, Warnke RA, Purtilo DT, Sklar J. 1987. Epstein—Barr viral DNA in tissues of Hodgkin’s disease. Am J Pathol 129:86–91.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  89. 89.
    Staal SP, Ambinder R, Beschorner WE, Hayward GS, Mann R. 1989. A survey of Epstein— Barr virus DNA in lymphoid tissue: frequent detection in Hodgkin’s disease. Am J Clin Pathol 91:1–5.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  90. 90.
    Weiss LM, Movahed LA, Warnke RA, Sklar J. 1989. Detection of Epstein—Barr viral genomes in Reed-Sternberg cells of Hodgkin’s disease. N Engl J Med 320:502–506.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  91. 91.
    Anagnostopoulos I, Herbst H, Niedobitek G, Stein H. 1989. Demonstration of monoclonal EBV genomes in Hodgkin’s disease and Ki-1 positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma by combined Southern blot and in situ hybridization. Blood 74:810–816.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  92. 92.
    Wu TC, Mann RB, Charache P, et al. 1990. Detection of EBV gene expression in Reed-Sternberg cells of Hodgkin’s disease. Int J Cancer 46:801–804.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  93. 93.
    Pallesen G, Hamilton-Dutoit SJ, Rowe M, Young LS. 1991. Expression of Epstein—Barr virus (EBV) latent gene products in tumour cells of Hodgkin’s disease. Lancet 337:320–322.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  94. 94.
    Herbst H, Dallenbach F, Hummel M, et al. 1991. Epstein—Barr virus latent membrane protein expression in Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:4766–4770.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  95. 95.
    Hamilton-Dutoit SJ, Pallesen G, Franzmann MB, et al. 1991. AIDS-related lymphoma: histopathology, immunophenotype, and association with Epstein—Barr virus as demonstrated by in situ nucleic acid hybridization. Am J Pathol 138:149–163.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  96. 96.
    Lauritzen AF, Hording U, Nielsen HW. 1994. Epstein—Barr virus and Hodgkin’s disease: a comparative immunological, in situ hybridization, and polymerase chain reaction study. APMIS 102:495–500.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  97. 97.
    Khan G, Coates PJ, Gupta RK, Kangro HO, Slavin G. 1992. Presence of Epstein—Barr virus in Hodgkin’s disease is not exclusive to Reed-Sternberg cells. Am J Pathol 140:757–762.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  98. 98.
    Herbst H, Steinbrecher E, Niedobitek G, et al. 1992. Distribution and phenotype of Epstein— Barr virus-harboring cells in Hodgkin’s disease. Blood 80:484–491.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  99. 99.
    Glaser SL, Lin RJ, Stewart SL, et al. 1997. Epstein—Barr virus-associated Hodgkin’s disease: epidemiologic characteristics in international data. Int J Cancer 70:375–382.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  100. 100.
    Ambinder RF, Browning PJ, Lorenzana I, et al. 1993. Epstein—Barr virus and childhood Hodgkin’s disease in Honduras and the United States. Blood 81:462–467.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  101. 101.
    Chang KL, Albújar PF, Chen YY, Johnson RM, Weiss LM. 1993. High prevalence of Epstein—Barr virus in the Reed-Sternberg cells of Hodgkin’s disease occurring in Peru. Blood 81:496–501.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  102. 102.
    Weinreb M, Day PJ, Niggli F, Stoppacciaro A, et al. 1990. The consistent association between Epstein—Barr virus and Hodgkin’s disease in children in Kenya. Blood 87:3828–3836.Google Scholar
  103. 103.
    Uccini S, Monardo F, Stoppacciaro A, et al. 1990. High frequency of Epstein—Barr virus genome detection in Hodgkin’s disease of HIV-positive patients. Int J Cancer 46:581–585.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  104. 104.
    Herndier BG, Sanchez HC, Chang KL, Chen YY, Weiss LM. 1993. High prevalence of Epstein—Barr virus in the Reed—Sternberg cells of HIV-associated Hodgkin’s disease. Am J Pathol 142:1073–1079.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  105. 105.
    Siebert JD, Ambinder RF, Napoli VM, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Banks PM, Gulley ML. 1995. Human immunodeficiency virus-associated Hodgkin’s disease contains latent, not replicative, Epstein—Barr virus. Hum Pathol 26:1191–1195.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  106. 106.
    Mack TM, Cozen W, Shibata DK, et al. 1995. Concordance for Hodgkin’s disease in identical twins suggesting genetic susceptibility to the young-adult form of the disease (see comments). N Engl J Med 332:413–418.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  107. 107.
    Lin AY, Kingma DW, Lennette ET, et al. 1996. Epstein—Barr virus and familial Hodgkin’s disease. Blood 88:3160–3165.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  108. 108.
    Enblad G, Sandvej K, Lennette E, et al. 1997. Lack of correlation between EBV serology and presence of EBV in the Hodgkin and Reed—Sternberg cells of patients with Hodgkin’s disease. Int J Cancer 72(3):394–397.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  109. 109.
    Poppema S, Visser L. 1994. Absence of HLA class I expression by Reed—Sternberg cells. Am J Pathol 145:37–41.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  110. 110.
    Oudejans JJ, Jiwa NM, Kummer JA, et al. 1996. Analysis of major histocompatibility complex class I expression on Reed—Sternberg cells in relation to the cytotoxic T-cell response in Epstein—Barr virus-positive and-negative Hodgkins disease. Blood 87:3844–3851.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  111. 111.
    Sing AP, Ambinder RF, Hong DJ, et al. 1997. Isolation of Epstein—Barr virus (EBV)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes that lyse Reed—Sternberg cells: implications for immune-mediated therapy of EBV+ Hodgkin’s disease. Blood89:1978–1986.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  112. 112.
    Dolcetti R, Frisan T, Sjoberg J, et al. 1995. Identification and characterization of an Epstein— Barr virus-specific T-cell response in the pathologic tissue of a patient with Hodgkin’s disease. Cancer Res 55:3675–3681.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  113. 113.
    Frisan T, Sjoberg J, Dolcetti R, et al. 1995. Local suppression of Epstein—Barr virus (EBV)-specific cytotoxicity in biopsies of EBV-positive Hodgkin’s disease. Blood 86:1493–1501.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  114. 114.
    Ziegler JL, Beckstead JA, Volberding PA, et al. 1984. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in 90 homosexual men. N Engl J Med 311(9):565–570.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  115. 115.
    Hamilton-Dutoit SJ, Raphael M, Audouin J, et al. 1993. In situ demonstration of Epstein— Barr virus small RNAs (EBER 1) in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related lymphomas: correlation with tumor morphology and primary site. Blood 82:619–624.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  116. 116.
    Raphael MM, Audouin J, Lamine M, et al. 1994. Immunophenotypic and genotypic analysis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. Correlation with histologic features in 36 cases. French Study Group of Pathology for HIV-Associated Tumors. Am J Clin Pathol 101:773–782.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  117. 117.
    MacMahon EME, Glass JD, Hayward SD, et al. 1991. Epstein—Barr virus in AIDS-related primary central nervous system lymphoma. Lancet 338:969–973.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  118. 118.
    Cinque P, Brytting M, Vago L, et al. 1993. Epstein—Barr virus DNA in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with AIDS-related primary lymphoma of the central nervous system. Lancet 342:398–401.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  119. 119.
    Deluca A, Antinori A, Cingolani A, et al. 1995. Evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid EBV-DNA and IL-10 as markers for in vivo diagnosis of AIDS-related primary central nervous system lymphoma. Br J Haematol 90:844–849.Google Scholar
  120. 120.
    Arribas JR, Clifford DB, Fichtenbaum CJ, Roberts RL, Powderly WG, Storch GA. 1995. Detection of Epstein—Barr virus DNA in cerebrospinal fluid for diagnosis of AIDS-related central nervous system lymphoma. J Clin Microbiol 33:1580–1583.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  121. 121.
    Nador RG, Cesarman E, Chadburn A, et al. 1996. Primary effusion lymphoma: a distinct clinicopathologic entity associated with the Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpes virus. Blood 88:645–656.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  122. 122.
    Cesarman E, Chang Y, Moore PS, Said JW, Knowles DM. 1995. Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-related body-cavity-based lymphomas. N Engl J Med 332:1186–1191.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  123. 123.
    Ho FC, Srivastava G, Loke SL, et al. 1990. Presence of Epstein—Barr virus DNA in nasal lymphomas of B and ‘T’ cell type. Hematol Oncol 8:271–281.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  124. 124.
    Harabuchi Y, Yamanaka N, Kataura A, et al. 1990. Epstein—Barr virus in nasal T-cell lymphomas in patients with lethal midline granuloma. Lancet 335:128–130.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  125. 125.
    Weiss LM, Gaffey MJ, Chen Y-Y, Frierson HF Jr. 1992. Frequency of EBV DNA in ‘Western’ sinonasal and Waldeyer’s ring non-Hodgkin’s (T and B cell) lymphomas. Am J Surg Pathol 16:156–162.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  126. 126.
    Kwong YL, Chan AC, Liang R, et al. 1997. CD56+ NK lymphomas: clinicopathological features and prognosis. Br J Haematol 97:821–829.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  127. 127.
    Davison SP, Habermann TM, Strickler JG, DeRemee RA, Earle JD, McDonald TJ. 1996. Nasal and nasopharyngeal angiocentric T-cell lymphomas. Laryngoscope 106(Pt 1):139–43.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  128. 128.
    Tao Q, Ho FC, Loke SL, Srivastava G. 1995. Epstein—Barr virus is localized in the tumour cells of nasal lymphomas of NK, T or B cell type. Int J Cancer 60:315–320.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  129. 129.
    Weiss LM, Jaffe ES, Liu XF, Chen YY, Shibata D, Medeiros LJ. 1992. Detection and localization of Epstein—Barr viral genomes in angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy and angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy-like lymphoma. Blood 79:1789–1795.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  130. 130.
    Anagnostopoulos I, Hummel M, Finn T, et al. 1992. Heterogeneous Epstein—Barr virus infection patterns in peripheral T-cell lymphoma of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy type. Blood 80:1804–1812.PubMedGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston 1999

Authors and Affiliations

  • Richard F. Ambinder
  • M. Victor Lemas
  • Stacy Moore
  • Jie Yang
  • Dagmar Fabian
  • Chris Krone

There are no affiliations available

Personalised recommendations