Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Developments in Nephrology ((DINE,volume 40))

  • 151 Accesses

Abstract

Membranous nephropathy (MN) defines a state of variable and evolving histopathological change within the glomeruli of the renal cortex [1]. It is referred to as idiopathic disease when it occurs for reasons that are as yet uncertain. Less commonly it can be found in association with other clinical disorders or, rarely, it may become manifest after exposure to certain drugs or toxins; in these situations it is termed secondary MN [2]. While perhaps somewhat artificial, because the term ‘idiopathic’ merely emphasizes our current ignorance of the aetiology and pathogenesis of the condition, this division is probably vital to the development of further understanding of MN, and certainly has particular relevance when considering the therapeutic options that are available.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Tornroth T, Tallqvist G, Pasternack A et al. Non progressive, histologically mild membranous glomerulonephritis appearing in all evolutionary phases as histologically ‘early’ membranous glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 1978;14:511–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Glassock RJ. Secondary membranous glomerulonephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1992;7(Suppl. 1):64–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Wright NG, Nash AS, Thompson H, Fisher EW. Membranous nephropathy in the cat and dog: a renal biopsy and follow-up study of sixteen cases. Lab Invest 1981;45:269–77.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Fleuran GJ, van de Lee R, Greben HA et al. Experimental glomerulonephritis in the rat induced by antibodies directed against tubular antigens: IV. Investigations into the pathogenesis of the model. Lab Invest 1978;38:496–501.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Border WA, Ward HJ, Kamil ES, Cohen AH. Induction of membranous nephropathy in rabbits by administration of an exogenous cationic antigen. J Clin Invest 1982;69:451–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Kerjaschki D, Neale TJ. Molecular mechanisms of glomerular injury in rat experimental membranous nephropathy (Heymann nephritis). J Am Soc Nephrol 1996;7:2518–26.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Short CD, Mallick NP. Membranous glomerulopathy. In: Schrier RW, Gottschalk CW, editors. Diseases of the Kidney, 6th edn. Boston, MA: Little, Brown; 1997:269–99.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Gärtner HV, Fischbach H, Wehner H et al. Comparison of clinical and morphological features of peri-(epi-extra) membranous glomerulonephritis. Nephron 1974;13:288–301.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Rosen S, Tornroth T, Bernard DB. Membranous glomerulonephritis. In: Tischer CC, Brenner BM, editors. Renal Pathology. Philadelphia, PA: J.B. Lippincott; 1989:196–227.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Hunt LP. Statistical aspects of survival in membranous nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1992;7(Suppl.1):55–9.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Manos J, Short CD, Acheson EJ et al. Relapsing idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Clin Nephrol 1982; 18:286–90.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Franklin WA, Jennings RB, Earle DP. Membranous glomerulonephritis: long term serial observations on clinical course and morphology. Kidney Int 1973;4:36–56.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Tu WH, Petitti DB, Biava CG et al. Membranous nephropathy: predictors of terminal renal failure. Nephron 1984;36:118–24.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Murphy BF, Fairley KF, Kincaid-Smith PS. Idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis: long term follow-up in 139 cases. Clin Nephrol 1988;30:175–81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Honkanen E. Survival in idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis. Clin Nephrol 1986;25: 122–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Hay MN, Bailey RR, Lynn KL et al. Membranous nephropathy: a 19 year prospective study in 51 patients. N Z Med J 1992; 105:489–91.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Kida H, Asamoto T, Yokoyama H et al. Long term prognosis of idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Clin Nephrol 1986;25:64–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Abe S, Amagasaki Y, Konshi K et al. Idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis: aspects of geographical differences. J Clin Pathol 1986;39:1193–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Cahen R, Francois B, Trolliet P et al. Aetiology of membranous glomeruonephritis: a prospective study of 82 adult patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1989;4:172–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Austin HA. Membranous Nephropathy. Ann Int Med 1992; 116:672–82.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Short CD. Proteinuric glomerular disease. MD thesis, University of Manchester, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Davison AM. The United Kingdom Medical Research Council’s Glomerulonephritis registry. In: Berlyne GM, Giovannetti SS, editors. Contributions to Nephrology. Brasel: Karger; 1985: 24–35.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Preston RA, Stemmer CL, Materson BJ et al. Renal biopsy in patients 65 years of age or older. An analysis of the results of 334 biopsies. J Am Geriatr Soc 1990;38:669–74.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Collaborative study of the Adult Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome: a controlled study of short term prednisone treatment in adults with membranous nephropathy. N Engl J Med 1979;301: 1301–6.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Bone JM, Rustom R, Williams PS. Progressive versus indolent idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis. Q J Med 1997;90:699–706.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Stirling CM, Simpson K, Boulton-Jones JM. Immunosuppression and outcome in idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Q J Med 1998;91:159–64.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Ramirez F, Brouhard BH, Travis LB et al. Idiopathic membranous nephropathy in children. J Pediatr 1982;5:677–81.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Trainin EB, Boichis H, Spitzer A et al. Idiopathic membranous nephropathy: clinical course in children. N Y State J Med 1976;76:357–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Forland M, Spargo BH. Clinicopathological correlations in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome with membranous nephropathy. Nephron 1969;6;498–525.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Honkanen E, Törnroth T, Grönhagen-Riska C. Natural history, clinical course and morphological evalution of membranous nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1992;7(Suppl. 1):35–41.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Flynn VJ, Roland AS. Nephrotic syndrome in a 92-year old woman. Geriatrics 1967;22:119–22.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Nauta J, de Heer E, Baldwin WM III et al. Transplacental induction of membranous nephropathy in a neonate. Pediatr Nephrol 1990;4:111–16.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Alpers CE, Cotran RS. Neoplasia and glomerular injury. Kidney Int 1986;30:465–73.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Berthoux FC, Berthoux P, Hassan AA et al. Immunogenetics of primary membranous glomerulonephritis. Presse Med 1990; 19:990–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Klouda PT, Acheson EJ, Goldby FS et al. Strong association between idiopathic membranous nephropathy and HLA DRw3. Lancet 1979;ii:770–1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Müller GA, Müller C, Liebow G et al. Strong association of idiopathic membranous nephropathy (MN) with HLA-DR3 and MT-2 without involvement of HLA-B18 and no association to BfF1. Tissue Antigens 1981; 17:332–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Huang CC. Strong association of HLA-DR3 in Chinese patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Tissue Antigens 1989;33:425–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Hiki Y, Kobayashi Y, Itoh I et al. Strong association of HLA-DR2 and MT1 with idiopathic membranous nephropathy in Japan. Kidney Int 1984;25:953–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Sacks SH, Nomura S, Warner C et al. Analysis of complement C4 loci in Caucasoids and Japanese with idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Kidney Int 1992;42:882–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Nishimukai H, Nakanishi I, Takeuchi Y et al. Complement C6 and C7 polymorphisms in Japanese patients with chronic glomerulonephritis. Hum Hered 1989;39:150–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Vaughan RW, Demaine AG, Welsh KI. A DQA1 allele is strongly associated with idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Tissue Antigens 1989;34:261–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Dyer PA, Short CD, Clarke EA et al. HLA antigen gene polymorphisms and haplotypes established by family studies in membranous nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1992; 7(Suppl.1):42–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Brenchley P, Feehally J, Dore P et al. Gm allotypes in membranous nephropathy. N Engl J Med 1985;309:556.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Taube D, Brown Z, Williams DG. Impaired lymphocyte and suppressor cell function in minimal change nephropathy, membranous nephropathy and focal glomerulosclerosis. Clin Nephrol 1984;22:176–82.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Bannister KM, Hay J, Clarkson AR. Fc-specific reticulo-endothelial clearance in systemic lupus erythematosus and glomerulonephritis. Am J Kidney Dis 1984;3:287–92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Matsumoto K. Increased release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha by monocytes from patients with glomerulonephritis. Clin Nephrol 1993;40:148–54.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Gamble CN, Reardan JB. Immunopathogenesis of syphilitic glomerulonephritis. Elution of antitreponemal antibody from glomerular immune complex deposits. N Engl J Med 1975;292: 449–54.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Edelwiss MI, Daudt HM, Goldstein HF et al. Hepatic hydatidosis with glomerular involvement: report of a case. Rev Assoc Med Bras 1992;38:31–2.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Couser WG, Wagonfeld JV, Spargo BH. Glomerular deposition of tumor antigen in membranous nephropathy associated with colonic carcinoma. Am J Med 1974;57:962–70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Costanza ME, Pinn V, Schwartz RS et al. Carcinoembryonic antigen-antibody complexes in a patient with colonic carcinoma and nephrotic syndrome. N Engl J Med 1973;289:520–2.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Austin HAet al. Prognostic factors in lupus nephritis. Contribution of renal histological data. Am J Med 1983;75:382–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Adu D, Williams DG, Taube D et al. Late onset systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus-like disease in patients with apparent idiopathic glomerulonephritis. Q J Med 1983;52:471–87.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Jennette JC, Iskandar SS, Dalldorf FG. Pathologic differentiation between lupus and nonlupus membranous glomerulopathy. Kidney Int 1983;24:377–85.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Hall CL, Fothergill NJ, Blackwell MM et al. The natural course of gold nephropathy: long term study of 21 patients. Br Med J 1987;295:745–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Ross JH, McGinty F, Brewer DG. Penicillamine nephropathy. Nephron 1980;26:184–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Sellars L, Siamopoulos K, Wilkinson R et al. Renal biopsy appearances in rheumatoid disease. Clin Nephrol 1983;20:114–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Higuchi A, Suzuki Y, Okada T. Membranous glomerulonephritis in rheumatoid arthritis unassociated with gold or penicillamine treatment. Ann Rheum Dis 1987;46:488–90.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Hirose H, Udo K, Kojima M et al. Deposition of hepatitis B e antigen in membranous glomerulonephritis: identification by F(ab′)2 fragments of monoclonal antibody. Kidney Int 1984;26:338–41.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Stehman-Breen C, Alpers CE, Couser WG, Willson R, Johnson RJ. Hepatitis C virus associated membranous glomerulonephritis. Clin Nephrol 1995;44:141–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. O’Regan S, Fong JSC, DeChadarevian JP et al. Treponemal antigens in congenital and acquired syphilitic nephritis. Ann Intern Med 1976;85:325–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Burstein DM, Korbet SM, Schwartz MM. Membranous glomerulonephritis and malignancy. Am J Kidney Dis 1993;22:5–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Eagen JW, Lewis EJ. Glomerulopathies of neoplasia. Kidney Int 1977; 11:297–306.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Yamauchi H, Linsey MS, Biava CG et al. Cure of membranous nephropathy after resection of carcinoma. Arch Intern Med 1985;145;2061–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Hall CL. The natural history of gold and penicillamine nephropathy: a long term study of 54 patients. Adv Exp Med Biol 1989;252:247–56.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Campistol JM, Galofre J, Botey A et al. Reversible membranous nephritis associated with diclofenac. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1989;4:393–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Seedat YIC, Simjez AE, Naido DR. Nephrotic syndrome due to cosmetics containing mercury. S Afr Med J 1973;47:506.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Weetman AP, Pinching AJ. Pussel BAet al. Membranous glomerulonephritis and autoimmune thyroid disease. Clin Nephrol 1981;15:50–1.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Kobayashi K, Harada A, Onoyama K et al. Idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis associated with diabetes mellitus: light, immunofluorescence and electron microscopic study. Nephron 1981;28:163–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Bonet Sol J, Teixido Planas J, Costa Pinel B et al Sjögren’s syndrome and membranous glomerulonephritis. Rev Clin Esp 1985;177:191–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Kleinknecht C, Levy M, Gagnadoux MF et al. Membranous glomerulonephritis with extrarenal disorders in children. Medicine 1979;58:219–28.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Khan IH, Simpson JG, Catto GR et al. Membranous nephropathy and granulomatous interstitial nephritis in sarcoidosis. Nephron 1994;66:459–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Reitsma D, Gratama S and Vroom TM. Clinical remission of membranous glomerulonephritis in primary biliary cirrhosis with cutaneous vasculitis. Br Med J 1984;288:27–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Davison AM, Johnston PA. Allograft membranous nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1992;7(Suppl.1):114–18.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Briner J, Binswanger U, Largiader F. Recurrent and de novo membranous glomerulonephritis in renal cadaver allotransplants. Clin Nephrol 1980; 13:189–96.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Mathew TH. Nephrotic syndrome in patients with transplanted kidneys. In: Cameron JS, Glassock RJ, editor. The Nephrotic Syndrome. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1988:805–47.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Hoitsma AJ, Kroon AA, Wetzels JFM et al. Association between ureteral obstruction and de novo membranous nephropathy in renal allografts. Transplant Proc 1990;22:1388–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Mallick NP, Short CD, Manos J. Clinical membranous nephropathy. Nephron 1983;34:209–19.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Kon SP, Coupes B, Short CD et al. Urinary C5b-9 excretion and clinical course in idiopathic human membranous nephropathy. Kidney Int 1995;48:1953–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Chan MK, Chan KW, Jones B. Immunoglobulins and complement components in nephrotic syndrome due to minimal change and other forms of glomerulonephritis: a clue for steroid therapy. Nephron 1987;47:125–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Llach F. Hypercoagulability, renal vein thrombosis, and other thrombotic complications of nephrotic syndrome. Kidney Int 1985;28:429–39.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Chopra JS, Mallick NP, Stone MC. Hyperlipoproteinaemia in nephrotic syndrome. Lancet 1971;i:317–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Short CD, Durrington PN, Mallick NP et al. Serum and urinary high density lipoproteins in glomerular disease with proteinuria. Kidney Int 1986;29:1224–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Short CD, Durrington PN, Mallick NP et ai Serum lipoprotein (a) in men with proteinuria due to idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1992;7:109–13.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Coggins CH, Frommer JP, Glassock RJ. Membranous nephropathy. Semin Nephrol 1982;2: 264–73.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Kurki P, Helve T, von Bonsdorff M et al. Transformation of membranous glomerulonephritis into crescentic glomerulonephritis with glomerular basement membrane antibodies: serial determinations of anti-GBM before the transformation. Nephron 1984;38:134–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Tse WY, Howie AJ, Adu D et al. Association of vasculitic glomerulonephritis with membranous nephropathy: a report of 10 cases. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1997; 12:1017–27.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Abe S, Amagasaki Y, Iyori S et al. Significance of tubulointerstitial lesion in biopsy specimens of glomerulonephritic patients. Am J Nephrol 1989;9:30–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Ehrenreich T, Churg J. Pathology of membranous nephropathy. In: Sommers SC, editor. Pathology Annual. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts; 1968:145–86.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Zollinger HU, Mihatsch MJ. Epimembranous glomerulonephritis. In: Renal Pathology in Biopsy. Barlin: Springer-Verlag; 1978:261–78.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Gärtner HV, Watnabe T, Ott V et al. Correlations between morphologic and clinical features in idiopathic perimembranous glomerulonephritis. A study on 403 renal biopsies of 367 patients. Curr Top Pathol 1977;65:1–29.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Tornroth T, Skrifvars B. The development and resolution of glomerular basement membrane changes associated with subepithelial immune deposits. Am J Pathol 1975;79:219–36.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Couser WG. Mediation of immune glomerular injury. Clin Investig 1993;71:808–11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Germuth FG, Taylor TJ, Siddiqui SY et al. Immune complex disease VI: some determinants of the varieties of glomerular lesions in the chronic bovine serum albumin-rabbit system. Lab Invest 1977;37:162–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Orlando RA, Kerjaschki D, Kurihara H et al. Gp330 associates with a 44 kDa protein in the rat kidney to form the Heymann nephritis antigenic complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 1992; 89:6698–702.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Border WA, Ward HJ, Kamiz ES. Induction of membranous nephropathy in rabbits by administration of an exogenous cationic antigen. J Clin Invest 1982;69:451–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Oliveira DBG. Membranous nephropathy: an IgG4 mediated disease. Lancet 1998;351:670–1.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Bannister KM, Howarth GS, Clarkson AR et al. Glomerular IgG subclass distribution in human glomerulonephritis. Clin Nephrol 1983;19:161–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Passerini P, Pasquali S, Cesana B et al. Long-term outcome of patients with membranous nephropathy after complete remission of proteinuria. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1989;4:525–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Schieppati A, Mosconi L, Perna A et al. Prognosis of untreated patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy. N Engl J Med 1993;329:85–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. MacTier R, Boulton-Jones JM, Payton CD et al. The natural history of membranous nephropathy in the West of Scotland. Q J Med 1986;60:793–802.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Remuzzi G, Schieppati A, Garattini S. Treatment of idiopathic membranous glomerulopathy. Curr Opinion Nephrol Hypertens 1994;3:155–63.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Davison AM, Cameron JS, Kerr DNS et al. The natural history of renal function in untreated idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis in adults. Clin Nephrol 1984;22:61–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Hopper JJ, Trew PA, Biava CG. Membranous nephropathy: its relative benignity in women. Nephron 1981;29:18–24.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Kauffman RH, Veltkamp JJ, Tilburg NHV et al. Acquired antithrombin III deficiency and thrombin in the nephrotic syndrome. Am J Med 1978;65:607–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  105. Jennings M, Shortland JR, Maddocks JL. Interstitial nephritis associated with frusemide. J R Soc Med 1986;79:239–40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Chamberlain MJ, Pringle A, Wrong OM. Oliguric renal failure in the nephrotic syndrome. Q J Med 1966;138:215–35.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Ordonez JD, Hiatt RA, Killebrew EJ et al. The increased risk of coronary heart disease associated with nephrotic syndrome. Kidney Int 1993;44:638–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Lai KN, Tarn JS, Lin HJ et al. The therapeutic dilemma of usage of corticosteroids on patients with membranous nephropathy and peristent hepatitis B surface antigenemia. Nephron 1990; 54:12–17.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Johnston PA, Goode NP, Aparicio SR et al. Membranous allograft nephropathy. Remission of nephrotic syndrome with pulsed methylprednisolone and high-dose alternate-day steroids. Transplantation 1993;55:214–16.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Akcicek F, Yalniz T, Basci A et al. Diuretic effect of frusemide in patients with nephrotic syndrome: is it potentiated by intravenous albumin? Br Med J 1995;310:162–3.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Sarasin FP, Schifferli JA. Prophylactic oral anticoagulation in nephrotic patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Kidney Int 1994;45:578–585.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Rostoker G, Durand-Zaleski I, Petit-Phar M et al. Prevention of thrombotic complications of the nephrotic syndrome by the low molecular weight heparin enoxaprin. Nephron 1995;69: 20–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Grundy SM. Management of hyperlipidaemia of kidney disease. Kidney Int 1990;37:847–53.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Kasiske BL, Velosa JA, Halstenson CE et al. The effects of lovastatin in hyperlipidaemic patients with the nephrotic syndrome. Am J Kidney Dis 1990; 15:8–15.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Moorhead JF, Chan MK, El-Nahas M, Varghese Z. Lipid nephrotoxicity in chronic progressive glomerular and tubulo-interstitial disease. Lancet 1982;ii: 1309–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  116. Ramsay LE, Haq IU, Jackson PR, Yeo WW. The Sheffield table for primary prevention of coronary heart disease. Lancet 1996;348:1251–2.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Gansevoort RT, Heeg JE, Vriesendorp R, de Zeeuw D, de Jong PE. Antiproteinuric drugs in patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1992;7(Suppl.1):916.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Rayner BL, Byrne MJ, van Zyl Smit R. A prospective clinical trial comparing the treatment of idiopathic membranous nephropathy and nephrotic syndrome with simvastatin and diet, versus diet alone. Clin Nephrol 1996;46:219–24.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Donker AJ, Brentjens JR, Van Der Hem GK et al. Treatment of the nephrotic syndrome with indomethacin. Nephron 1978;22:374.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Pollak VE. Treatment of membranous glomerulonephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis 1992;19:68–71.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Feldman HI, Madio MP. Cyclophosphamide in progressive membranous nephropathy: pro and con. Ann Intern Med 1992;117:696–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Glassock RJ. Treatment of immunologically mediated glomerular disease. Kidney Int 1992;42(Suppl.38):121–6.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Lewis EJ. Idiopathic membranous nephropathy-to treat or not to treat? N Engl J Med 1993; 329:127–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Nieuhof CMG, Gaillard CA, van Brieda Vriesman PJC. Membranous glomerulonephritis-towards tailor made treatment? Neth J Med 1993;42:109–11.

    Google Scholar 

  125. Rostoker G. Idiopathic membranous nephropathy; new therapeutic trends. Eur J Med 1993;2: 106–16.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Glassock RJ. Therapy of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in adults. Am J Nephrol 1993; 13: 422–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Couchard C, Laville M, Boissel JP. Treatment of membranous nephropathy; a meta-analysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1994;9:469–70.

    Google Scholar 

  128. Piccoli A, Pillon L, Passerini P, Ponticelli C. Therapy for idiopathic membranous nephropathy; tailoring the choice by decision analysis. Kidney Int 1994;45:1193–202.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Hebert LA. Therapy of membranous nephropathy; what to do after (meta)analyses. J Am Soc Nephrol 1995;5:1543–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. O’Callaghan CA, Cameron JS, Sacks SH. Early prediction of treatment outcome in idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Q J Med 1995;88:889–94.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Marx BE, Marx M. Prognosis of idiopathic membranous nephropathy: a methodologic meta-analysis. Kidney Int 1997;51:873–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Imperiale TF, Goldfarb S, Berns JS. Are cytotoxic agents beneficial in idiopathic membranous nephropathy? A meta-analysis of the controlled trials. J Am Soc Nephrol 1995;5:1553–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Miller RB, Harrington JT, Ramos CP. Long term results of steroid therapy in adults with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Am J Med 1969;46:919–29.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Ehrenreich T, Porush JG, Churg J et al. Treatment of idiopathic membranous nephropathy. N Engl J Med 1976;295:741–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Hopper J Jr, Biava LG, Tu WH. Membranous nephropathy: high-dose alternate-day therapy with prednisone. West J Med 1981;135:1–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Cameron JS. Pathogenesis and treatment of membranous nephropathy. Kidney Int 1979; 15: 88–103.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Suki WN, Chavez A. Membranous nephropathy: response to steroids and immunosuppres-sion. Am J Nephrol 1981;1:11–16.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Ponticelli C. Prognosis and treatment of membranous nephropathy. Kidney Int 1986;29:927–40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Jensen H, Jensen E. Steroid treatment of the nephrotic syndrome in adults. Acta Med Scand 1967;182:741–54.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Rastogi SP, Hart-Mercer J, Kerr DNS. Idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis in adults. Remission following steroid therapy. Q J Med 1969;38:335–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Bolton WK, Atuk NO, Sturgill BC et al. Therapy of the idiopathic nephrotic syndrome with alternate day steroids. Am J Med 1977;62:60–70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Rotellar G, Rakowski T, Winchester JF. Short-term responsiveness of membranous glomerulopathy to cyclosporine. Am J Kidney Dis 1993;21:568–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Palla R, Cirami C, Panichi V et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy of membranous nephropathy: efficacy and safety. Clin Nephrol 1991;35: 98–104.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Sugisaki T, Shimpo H, Boku T et al. High dose intravenous gammaglobulin for membranous nephropathy (MN), membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) and lupus nephritis (LN). Long term follow-up study. Abstracts, XIth Congress of the ISN, Tokyo, June 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  145. Nangaku M, Pippin J, Richardson CA et al. Beneficial effects of systemic immunoglobulin in experimental membranous nephropathy. Kidney Int 1996;50:2054–62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Reichert LJ, Koene RA, Wetzeis JF. Urinary excretion of beta 2 microglobulin predicts renal outcome in patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 1995;6: 1666–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Reichert LJ, Koene RA, Wetzels JF. Urinary IgG excretion as a prognostic factor in idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Clin Nephrol 1997;48:79–84.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Bazzi C, Petrini C, Rizza V, Arrigo G, Beltrame A, D’Amico G. Characterization of proteinuria in primary glomerulonephritides. Am J Kidney Dis 1997;29:27–35.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Zucchelli P, Pasquali S. Membranous nephropathy. In: Cameron JS, Davison AM, Grunfeld JP et al., editors. Oxford Textbook of Clinical Nephrology. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1992:370–88.

    Google Scholar 

  150. Cameron JS. Membranous nephropathy and its treatment. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1992;7(Suppl.1):72–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Rostoker G, Belghiti D, Ben Maadi A et al. Long term cyclosporin A therapy for severe idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Nephron 1993;63:335–41

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Black DAK, Rose G, Brewer DB. Controlled trial of prednisone in adult patients with the nephrotic syndrome. Br Med J 1970;3:421–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Cameron JS, Healy MJR, Adu D. The Medical Research Council trial of short-term high-dose alternate-day prednisolone in idiopathic membranous nephropathy with nephrotic syndrome in adults. Q J Med 1990;74:133–56.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Cattran D, Delamore T, Roscoe J et al. A randomized controlled trial of prednisone in patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy. N Engl J Med 1989;320:210–15.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Medical Research Council Working Party. Controlled trial of azathioprine and prednisone in chronic renal disease. Br Med J 1971;2:239–41.

    Google Scholar 

  156. Donadio JVJ, Holley KE, Anderson CF et al. Controlled trial of cyclophosphamide in idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Kidney Int 1974;6:431–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Canadian Medical Association. Controlled trial of azathioprine in the nephrotic syndrome secondary to idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis. Can Med Assoc J 1976; 115:1209–10.

    Google Scholar 

  158. Murphy BF, McDonald I, Fairley KF et al. Randomized controlled trial of cyclophosphamide, warfarin and dipyridamole in idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis. Clin Nephrol 1992;37:229–34.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Lagrue G, Bernard D, Bariéty J et al. Treatment with chlorambucil and azathioprine in primary glomerulonephritis. Results of a controlled study. J Urol Nephrol Paris 1975;81:655–72.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Ponticelli C, Zuccelli P, Imbasciati E et al. Controlled trial of methylprednisolone and chlorambucil in idiopathic membranous nephropathy. N Engl J Med 1984;301:946–50.

    Google Scholar 

  161. Ponticelli C, Zucchelli P, Passerini P et al. A randomised trial of methylprednisolone and chlorambucil in idiopathic membranous nephropathy. N Engl J Med 1989;320:8–13.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Ponticelli C, Zucchelli P, Passerini P et al. A 10 year follow up of a randomised study with methylprednisolone and chlorambucil in membranous nephropathy. Kidney Int 1995;48: 1600–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Ponticelli C, Altieri P, Scolari F et al. A randomised study comparing methylprednisolone plus chlorambucil versus methylprednisolone plus cyclophosphamide in idiopathic membranous nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998;9:444–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Short CD, Solomon LR, Gokal R, Mallick NP. Methylprednisolone in patients with membranous nephropathy and declining renal function. Q J Med 1987;247:929–40.

    Google Scholar 

  165. Williams PS, Bone JM. Immunosuppression can arrest progressive renal failure due to idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1989;4:181–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Brown JH, Douglas AF, Murphy BG et al. Treatment of renal failure in idiopathic membranous nephropathy with azathioprine and prednisolone. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998; 13:443–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Mathieson PW, Turner AN, Maidment CGH et al. Prednisolone and chlorambucil treatment in idiopathic membranous nephropathy with deteriorating renal function. Lancet 1988;ii:869–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  168. Brunkhorst R, Wrengger E, Koch KM. Low-dose prednisolone/chlorambucil therapy in patients with severe membranous glomerulonephritis. Clin Investig 1994;72:277–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Warwick GL, Geddes CG, Boulton-Jones JM. Prednisolone and chlorambucil therapy for idiopathic membranous nephropathy with progressive renal failure. Q J Med 1994;87:223–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Bruns FJ, Adler S, Fraley DS et al. Sustained remission of membranous glomerulonephritis after cyclophosphamide and prednisone. Ann Intern Med 1991; 114:725–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Kibriya MG, Tishkov I, Nikolov D. Immunosuppressive therapy with cyclophosphamide and prednisolone in severe idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1994;9:138–43.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Jindal K, West M, Bear R et al. Long-term benefits of therapy with cyclophosphamide and prednisone in patients with membranous glomerulonephritis and impaired renal function. Am J Kidney Dis 1992;19:61–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. West ML, Jindal KK, Bear RA et al. A controlled trial of cyclophosphamide in patients with membranous glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 1989;32:579–84.

    Google Scholar 

  174. Falk RJ, Hogan SL, Muller KE et al. Treatment of progressive membranous glomerulopathy. A randomized trial comparing cyclophosphamide and corticosteroids with corticosteroids alone. The Glomerular Disease Collaborative Network. Ann Intern Med 1992; 116:438–45.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Cattran DC, Greenwood C, Ritchie S et al. A controlled trial of cyclosporine in patients with progressive membranous nephropathy. Kidney Int 1995;47:1130–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1999 Kluwer Academic Publishers

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Short, C.D. (1999). Membranous glomerulopathy. In: Pusey, C.D. (eds) The Treatment of Glomerulonephritis. Developments in Nephrology, vol 40. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-585-37972-2_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-585-37972-2_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-7923-5332-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-585-37972-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics