Abstract
Membranous nephropathy (MN) defines a state of variable and evolving histopathological change within the glomeruli of the renal cortex [1]. It is referred to as idiopathic disease when it occurs for reasons that are as yet uncertain. Less commonly it can be found in association with other clinical disorders or, rarely, it may become manifest after exposure to certain drugs or toxins; in these situations it is termed secondary MN [2]. While perhaps somewhat artificial, because the term ‘idiopathic’ merely emphasizes our current ignorance of the aetiology and pathogenesis of the condition, this division is probably vital to the development of further understanding of MN, and certainly has particular relevance when considering the therapeutic options that are available.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Tornroth T, Tallqvist G, Pasternack A et al. Non progressive, histologically mild membranous glomerulonephritis appearing in all evolutionary phases as histologically ‘early’ membranous glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 1978;14:511–21.
Glassock RJ. Secondary membranous glomerulonephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1992;7(Suppl. 1):64–71.
Wright NG, Nash AS, Thompson H, Fisher EW. Membranous nephropathy in the cat and dog: a renal biopsy and follow-up study of sixteen cases. Lab Invest 1981;45:269–77.
Fleuran GJ, van de Lee R, Greben HA et al. Experimental glomerulonephritis in the rat induced by antibodies directed against tubular antigens: IV. Investigations into the pathogenesis of the model. Lab Invest 1978;38:496–501.
Border WA, Ward HJ, Kamil ES, Cohen AH. Induction of membranous nephropathy in rabbits by administration of an exogenous cationic antigen. J Clin Invest 1982;69:451–61.
Kerjaschki D, Neale TJ. Molecular mechanisms of glomerular injury in rat experimental membranous nephropathy (Heymann nephritis). J Am Soc Nephrol 1996;7:2518–26.
Short CD, Mallick NP. Membranous glomerulopathy. In: Schrier RW, Gottschalk CW, editors. Diseases of the Kidney, 6th edn. Boston, MA: Little, Brown; 1997:269–99.
Gärtner HV, Fischbach H, Wehner H et al. Comparison of clinical and morphological features of peri-(epi-extra) membranous glomerulonephritis. Nephron 1974;13:288–301.
Rosen S, Tornroth T, Bernard DB. Membranous glomerulonephritis. In: Tischer CC, Brenner BM, editors. Renal Pathology. Philadelphia, PA: J.B. Lippincott; 1989:196–227.
Hunt LP. Statistical aspects of survival in membranous nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1992;7(Suppl.1):55–9.
Manos J, Short CD, Acheson EJ et al. Relapsing idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Clin Nephrol 1982; 18:286–90.
Franklin WA, Jennings RB, Earle DP. Membranous glomerulonephritis: long term serial observations on clinical course and morphology. Kidney Int 1973;4:36–56.
Tu WH, Petitti DB, Biava CG et al. Membranous nephropathy: predictors of terminal renal failure. Nephron 1984;36:118–24.
Murphy BF, Fairley KF, Kincaid-Smith PS. Idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis: long term follow-up in 139 cases. Clin Nephrol 1988;30:175–81.
Honkanen E. Survival in idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis. Clin Nephrol 1986;25: 122–8.
Hay MN, Bailey RR, Lynn KL et al. Membranous nephropathy: a 19 year prospective study in 51 patients. N Z Med J 1992; 105:489–91.
Kida H, Asamoto T, Yokoyama H et al. Long term prognosis of idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Clin Nephrol 1986;25:64–9.
Abe S, Amagasaki Y, Konshi K et al. Idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis: aspects of geographical differences. J Clin Pathol 1986;39:1193–8.
Cahen R, Francois B, Trolliet P et al. Aetiology of membranous glomeruonephritis: a prospective study of 82 adult patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1989;4:172–80.
Austin HA. Membranous Nephropathy. Ann Int Med 1992; 116:672–82.
Short CD. Proteinuric glomerular disease. MD thesis, University of Manchester, 1990.
Davison AM. The United Kingdom Medical Research Council’s Glomerulonephritis registry. In: Berlyne GM, Giovannetti SS, editors. Contributions to Nephrology. Brasel: Karger; 1985: 24–35.
Preston RA, Stemmer CL, Materson BJ et al. Renal biopsy in patients 65 years of age or older. An analysis of the results of 334 biopsies. J Am Geriatr Soc 1990;38:669–74.
Collaborative study of the Adult Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome: a controlled study of short term prednisone treatment in adults with membranous nephropathy. N Engl J Med 1979;301: 1301–6.
Bone JM, Rustom R, Williams PS. Progressive versus indolent idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis. Q J Med 1997;90:699–706.
Stirling CM, Simpson K, Boulton-Jones JM. Immunosuppression and outcome in idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Q J Med 1998;91:159–64.
Ramirez F, Brouhard BH, Travis LB et al. Idiopathic membranous nephropathy in children. J Pediatr 1982;5:677–81.
Trainin EB, Boichis H, Spitzer A et al. Idiopathic membranous nephropathy: clinical course in children. N Y State J Med 1976;76:357–60.
Forland M, Spargo BH. Clinicopathological correlations in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome with membranous nephropathy. Nephron 1969;6;498–525.
Honkanen E, Törnroth T, Grönhagen-Riska C. Natural history, clinical course and morphological evalution of membranous nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1992;7(Suppl. 1):35–41.
Flynn VJ, Roland AS. Nephrotic syndrome in a 92-year old woman. Geriatrics 1967;22:119–22.
Nauta J, de Heer E, Baldwin WM III et al. Transplacental induction of membranous nephropathy in a neonate. Pediatr Nephrol 1990;4:111–16.
Alpers CE, Cotran RS. Neoplasia and glomerular injury. Kidney Int 1986;30:465–73.
Berthoux FC, Berthoux P, Hassan AA et al. Immunogenetics of primary membranous glomerulonephritis. Presse Med 1990; 19:990–3.
Klouda PT, Acheson EJ, Goldby FS et al. Strong association between idiopathic membranous nephropathy and HLA DRw3. Lancet 1979;ii:770–1.
Müller GA, Müller C, Liebow G et al. Strong association of idiopathic membranous nephropathy (MN) with HLA-DR3 and MT-2 without involvement of HLA-B18 and no association to BfF1. Tissue Antigens 1981; 17:332–7.
Huang CC. Strong association of HLA-DR3 in Chinese patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Tissue Antigens 1989;33:425–6.
Hiki Y, Kobayashi Y, Itoh I et al. Strong association of HLA-DR2 and MT1 with idiopathic membranous nephropathy in Japan. Kidney Int 1984;25:953–7.
Sacks SH, Nomura S, Warner C et al. Analysis of complement C4 loci in Caucasoids and Japanese with idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Kidney Int 1992;42:882–7.
Nishimukai H, Nakanishi I, Takeuchi Y et al. Complement C6 and C7 polymorphisms in Japanese patients with chronic glomerulonephritis. Hum Hered 1989;39:150–5.
Vaughan RW, Demaine AG, Welsh KI. A DQA1 allele is strongly associated with idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Tissue Antigens 1989;34:261–9.
Dyer PA, Short CD, Clarke EA et al. HLA antigen gene polymorphisms and haplotypes established by family studies in membranous nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1992; 7(Suppl.1):42–7.
Brenchley P, Feehally J, Dore P et al. Gm allotypes in membranous nephropathy. N Engl J Med 1985;309:556.
Taube D, Brown Z, Williams DG. Impaired lymphocyte and suppressor cell function in minimal change nephropathy, membranous nephropathy and focal glomerulosclerosis. Clin Nephrol 1984;22:176–82.
Bannister KM, Hay J, Clarkson AR. Fc-specific reticulo-endothelial clearance in systemic lupus erythematosus and glomerulonephritis. Am J Kidney Dis 1984;3:287–92.
Matsumoto K. Increased release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha by monocytes from patients with glomerulonephritis. Clin Nephrol 1993;40:148–54.
Gamble CN, Reardan JB. Immunopathogenesis of syphilitic glomerulonephritis. Elution of antitreponemal antibody from glomerular immune complex deposits. N Engl J Med 1975;292: 449–54.
Edelwiss MI, Daudt HM, Goldstein HF et al. Hepatic hydatidosis with glomerular involvement: report of a case. Rev Assoc Med Bras 1992;38:31–2.
Couser WG, Wagonfeld JV, Spargo BH. Glomerular deposition of tumor antigen in membranous nephropathy associated with colonic carcinoma. Am J Med 1974;57:962–70.
Costanza ME, Pinn V, Schwartz RS et al. Carcinoembryonic antigen-antibody complexes in a patient with colonic carcinoma and nephrotic syndrome. N Engl J Med 1973;289:520–2.
Austin HAet al. Prognostic factors in lupus nephritis. Contribution of renal histological data. Am J Med 1983;75:382–91.
Adu D, Williams DG, Taube D et al. Late onset systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus-like disease in patients with apparent idiopathic glomerulonephritis. Q J Med 1983;52:471–87.
Jennette JC, Iskandar SS, Dalldorf FG. Pathologic differentiation between lupus and nonlupus membranous glomerulopathy. Kidney Int 1983;24:377–85.
Hall CL, Fothergill NJ, Blackwell MM et al. The natural course of gold nephropathy: long term study of 21 patients. Br Med J 1987;295:745–8.
Ross JH, McGinty F, Brewer DG. Penicillamine nephropathy. Nephron 1980;26:184–6.
Sellars L, Siamopoulos K, Wilkinson R et al. Renal biopsy appearances in rheumatoid disease. Clin Nephrol 1983;20:114–20.
Higuchi A, Suzuki Y, Okada T. Membranous glomerulonephritis in rheumatoid arthritis unassociated with gold or penicillamine treatment. Ann Rheum Dis 1987;46:488–90.
Hirose H, Udo K, Kojima M et al. Deposition of hepatitis B e antigen in membranous glomerulonephritis: identification by F(ab′)2 fragments of monoclonal antibody. Kidney Int 1984;26:338–41.
Stehman-Breen C, Alpers CE, Couser WG, Willson R, Johnson RJ. Hepatitis C virus associated membranous glomerulonephritis. Clin Nephrol 1995;44:141–7.
O’Regan S, Fong JSC, DeChadarevian JP et al. Treponemal antigens in congenital and acquired syphilitic nephritis. Ann Intern Med 1976;85:325–7.
Burstein DM, Korbet SM, Schwartz MM. Membranous glomerulonephritis and malignancy. Am J Kidney Dis 1993;22:5–10.
Eagen JW, Lewis EJ. Glomerulopathies of neoplasia. Kidney Int 1977; 11:297–306.
Yamauchi H, Linsey MS, Biava CG et al. Cure of membranous nephropathy after resection of carcinoma. Arch Intern Med 1985;145;2061–3.
Hall CL. The natural history of gold and penicillamine nephropathy: a long term study of 54 patients. Adv Exp Med Biol 1989;252:247–56.
Campistol JM, Galofre J, Botey A et al. Reversible membranous nephritis associated with diclofenac. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1989;4:393–5.
Seedat YIC, Simjez AE, Naido DR. Nephrotic syndrome due to cosmetics containing mercury. S Afr Med J 1973;47:506.
Weetman AP, Pinching AJ. Pussel BAet al. Membranous glomerulonephritis and autoimmune thyroid disease. Clin Nephrol 1981;15:50–1.
Kobayashi K, Harada A, Onoyama K et al. Idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis associated with diabetes mellitus: light, immunofluorescence and electron microscopic study. Nephron 1981;28:163–8.
Bonet Sol J, Teixido Planas J, Costa Pinel B et al Sjögren’s syndrome and membranous glomerulonephritis. Rev Clin Esp 1985;177:191–3.
Kleinknecht C, Levy M, Gagnadoux MF et al. Membranous glomerulonephritis with extrarenal disorders in children. Medicine 1979;58:219–28.
Khan IH, Simpson JG, Catto GR et al. Membranous nephropathy and granulomatous interstitial nephritis in sarcoidosis. Nephron 1994;66:459–61.
Reitsma D, Gratama S and Vroom TM. Clinical remission of membranous glomerulonephritis in primary biliary cirrhosis with cutaneous vasculitis. Br Med J 1984;288:27–8.
Davison AM, Johnston PA. Allograft membranous nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1992;7(Suppl.1):114–18.
Briner J, Binswanger U, Largiader F. Recurrent and de novo membranous glomerulonephritis in renal cadaver allotransplants. Clin Nephrol 1980; 13:189–96.
Mathew TH. Nephrotic syndrome in patients with transplanted kidneys. In: Cameron JS, Glassock RJ, editor. The Nephrotic Syndrome. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1988:805–47.
Hoitsma AJ, Kroon AA, Wetzels JFM et al. Association between ureteral obstruction and de novo membranous nephropathy in renal allografts. Transplant Proc 1990;22:1388–9.
Mallick NP, Short CD, Manos J. Clinical membranous nephropathy. Nephron 1983;34:209–19.
Kon SP, Coupes B, Short CD et al. Urinary C5b-9 excretion and clinical course in idiopathic human membranous nephropathy. Kidney Int 1995;48:1953–8.
Chan MK, Chan KW, Jones B. Immunoglobulins and complement components in nephrotic syndrome due to minimal change and other forms of glomerulonephritis: a clue for steroid therapy. Nephron 1987;47:125–30.
Llach F. Hypercoagulability, renal vein thrombosis, and other thrombotic complications of nephrotic syndrome. Kidney Int 1985;28:429–39.
Chopra JS, Mallick NP, Stone MC. Hyperlipoproteinaemia in nephrotic syndrome. Lancet 1971;i:317–21.
Short CD, Durrington PN, Mallick NP et al. Serum and urinary high density lipoproteins in glomerular disease with proteinuria. Kidney Int 1986;29:1224–8.
Short CD, Durrington PN, Mallick NP et ai Serum lipoprotein (a) in men with proteinuria due to idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1992;7:109–13.
Coggins CH, Frommer JP, Glassock RJ. Membranous nephropathy. Semin Nephrol 1982;2: 264–73.
Kurki P, Helve T, von Bonsdorff M et al. Transformation of membranous glomerulonephritis into crescentic glomerulonephritis with glomerular basement membrane antibodies: serial determinations of anti-GBM before the transformation. Nephron 1984;38:134–6.
Tse WY, Howie AJ, Adu D et al. Association of vasculitic glomerulonephritis with membranous nephropathy: a report of 10 cases. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1997; 12:1017–27.
Abe S, Amagasaki Y, Iyori S et al. Significance of tubulointerstitial lesion in biopsy specimens of glomerulonephritic patients. Am J Nephrol 1989;9:30–7.
Ehrenreich T, Churg J. Pathology of membranous nephropathy. In: Sommers SC, editor. Pathology Annual. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts; 1968:145–86.
Zollinger HU, Mihatsch MJ. Epimembranous glomerulonephritis. In: Renal Pathology in Biopsy. Barlin: Springer-Verlag; 1978:261–78.
Gärtner HV, Watnabe T, Ott V et al. Correlations between morphologic and clinical features in idiopathic perimembranous glomerulonephritis. A study on 403 renal biopsies of 367 patients. Curr Top Pathol 1977;65:1–29.
Tornroth T, Skrifvars B. The development and resolution of glomerular basement membrane changes associated with subepithelial immune deposits. Am J Pathol 1975;79:219–36.
Couser WG. Mediation of immune glomerular injury. Clin Investig 1993;71:808–11.
Germuth FG, Taylor TJ, Siddiqui SY et al. Immune complex disease VI: some determinants of the varieties of glomerular lesions in the chronic bovine serum albumin-rabbit system. Lab Invest 1977;37:162–9.
Orlando RA, Kerjaschki D, Kurihara H et al. Gp330 associates with a 44 kDa protein in the rat kidney to form the Heymann nephritis antigenic complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 1992; 89:6698–702.
Border WA, Ward HJ, Kamiz ES. Induction of membranous nephropathy in rabbits by administration of an exogenous cationic antigen. J Clin Invest 1982;69:451–61.
Oliveira DBG. Membranous nephropathy: an IgG4 mediated disease. Lancet 1998;351:670–1.
Bannister KM, Howarth GS, Clarkson AR et al. Glomerular IgG subclass distribution in human glomerulonephritis. Clin Nephrol 1983;19:161–5.
Passerini P, Pasquali S, Cesana B et al. Long-term outcome of patients with membranous nephropathy after complete remission of proteinuria. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1989;4:525–9.
Schieppati A, Mosconi L, Perna A et al. Prognosis of untreated patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy. N Engl J Med 1993;329:85–9.
MacTier R, Boulton-Jones JM, Payton CD et al. The natural history of membranous nephropathy in the West of Scotland. Q J Med 1986;60:793–802.
Remuzzi G, Schieppati A, Garattini S. Treatment of idiopathic membranous glomerulopathy. Curr Opinion Nephrol Hypertens 1994;3:155–63.
Davison AM, Cameron JS, Kerr DNS et al. The natural history of renal function in untreated idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis in adults. Clin Nephrol 1984;22:61–7.
Hopper JJ, Trew PA, Biava CG. Membranous nephropathy: its relative benignity in women. Nephron 1981;29:18–24.
Kauffman RH, Veltkamp JJ, Tilburg NHV et al. Acquired antithrombin III deficiency and thrombin in the nephrotic syndrome. Am J Med 1978;65:607–13.
Jennings M, Shortland JR, Maddocks JL. Interstitial nephritis associated with frusemide. J R Soc Med 1986;79:239–40.
Chamberlain MJ, Pringle A, Wrong OM. Oliguric renal failure in the nephrotic syndrome. Q J Med 1966;138:215–35.
Ordonez JD, Hiatt RA, Killebrew EJ et al. The increased risk of coronary heart disease associated with nephrotic syndrome. Kidney Int 1993;44:638–42.
Lai KN, Tarn JS, Lin HJ et al. The therapeutic dilemma of usage of corticosteroids on patients with membranous nephropathy and peristent hepatitis B surface antigenemia. Nephron 1990; 54:12–17.
Johnston PA, Goode NP, Aparicio SR et al. Membranous allograft nephropathy. Remission of nephrotic syndrome with pulsed methylprednisolone and high-dose alternate-day steroids. Transplantation 1993;55:214–16.
Akcicek F, Yalniz T, Basci A et al. Diuretic effect of frusemide in patients with nephrotic syndrome: is it potentiated by intravenous albumin? Br Med J 1995;310:162–3.
Sarasin FP, Schifferli JA. Prophylactic oral anticoagulation in nephrotic patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Kidney Int 1994;45:578–585.
Rostoker G, Durand-Zaleski I, Petit-Phar M et al. Prevention of thrombotic complications of the nephrotic syndrome by the low molecular weight heparin enoxaprin. Nephron 1995;69: 20–8.
Grundy SM. Management of hyperlipidaemia of kidney disease. Kidney Int 1990;37:847–53.
Kasiske BL, Velosa JA, Halstenson CE et al. The effects of lovastatin in hyperlipidaemic patients with the nephrotic syndrome. Am J Kidney Dis 1990; 15:8–15.
Moorhead JF, Chan MK, El-Nahas M, Varghese Z. Lipid nephrotoxicity in chronic progressive glomerular and tubulo-interstitial disease. Lancet 1982;ii: 1309–11.
Ramsay LE, Haq IU, Jackson PR, Yeo WW. The Sheffield table for primary prevention of coronary heart disease. Lancet 1996;348:1251–2.
Gansevoort RT, Heeg JE, Vriesendorp R, de Zeeuw D, de Jong PE. Antiproteinuric drugs in patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1992;7(Suppl.1):916.
Rayner BL, Byrne MJ, van Zyl Smit R. A prospective clinical trial comparing the treatment of idiopathic membranous nephropathy and nephrotic syndrome with simvastatin and diet, versus diet alone. Clin Nephrol 1996;46:219–24.
Donker AJ, Brentjens JR, Van Der Hem GK et al. Treatment of the nephrotic syndrome with indomethacin. Nephron 1978;22:374.
Pollak VE. Treatment of membranous glomerulonephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis 1992;19:68–71.
Feldman HI, Madio MP. Cyclophosphamide in progressive membranous nephropathy: pro and con. Ann Intern Med 1992;117:696–7.
Glassock RJ. Treatment of immunologically mediated glomerular disease. Kidney Int 1992;42(Suppl.38):121–6.
Lewis EJ. Idiopathic membranous nephropathy-to treat or not to treat? N Engl J Med 1993; 329:127–9.
Nieuhof CMG, Gaillard CA, van Brieda Vriesman PJC. Membranous glomerulonephritis-towards tailor made treatment? Neth J Med 1993;42:109–11.
Rostoker G. Idiopathic membranous nephropathy; new therapeutic trends. Eur J Med 1993;2: 106–16.
Glassock RJ. Therapy of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in adults. Am J Nephrol 1993; 13: 422–8.
Couchard C, Laville M, Boissel JP. Treatment of membranous nephropathy; a meta-analysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1994;9:469–70.
Piccoli A, Pillon L, Passerini P, Ponticelli C. Therapy for idiopathic membranous nephropathy; tailoring the choice by decision analysis. Kidney Int 1994;45:1193–202.
Hebert LA. Therapy of membranous nephropathy; what to do after (meta)analyses. J Am Soc Nephrol 1995;5:1543–5.
O’Callaghan CA, Cameron JS, Sacks SH. Early prediction of treatment outcome in idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Q J Med 1995;88:889–94.
Marx BE, Marx M. Prognosis of idiopathic membranous nephropathy: a methodologic meta-analysis. Kidney Int 1997;51:873–9.
Imperiale TF, Goldfarb S, Berns JS. Are cytotoxic agents beneficial in idiopathic membranous nephropathy? A meta-analysis of the controlled trials. J Am Soc Nephrol 1995;5:1553–8.
Miller RB, Harrington JT, Ramos CP. Long term results of steroid therapy in adults with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Am J Med 1969;46:919–29.
Ehrenreich T, Porush JG, Churg J et al. Treatment of idiopathic membranous nephropathy. N Engl J Med 1976;295:741–6.
Hopper J Jr, Biava LG, Tu WH. Membranous nephropathy: high-dose alternate-day therapy with prednisone. West J Med 1981;135:1–8.
Cameron JS. Pathogenesis and treatment of membranous nephropathy. Kidney Int 1979; 15: 88–103.
Suki WN, Chavez A. Membranous nephropathy: response to steroids and immunosuppres-sion. Am J Nephrol 1981;1:11–16.
Ponticelli C. Prognosis and treatment of membranous nephropathy. Kidney Int 1986;29:927–40.
Jensen H, Jensen E. Steroid treatment of the nephrotic syndrome in adults. Acta Med Scand 1967;182:741–54.
Rastogi SP, Hart-Mercer J, Kerr DNS. Idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis in adults. Remission following steroid therapy. Q J Med 1969;38:335–50.
Bolton WK, Atuk NO, Sturgill BC et al. Therapy of the idiopathic nephrotic syndrome with alternate day steroids. Am J Med 1977;62:60–70.
Rotellar G, Rakowski T, Winchester JF. Short-term responsiveness of membranous glomerulopathy to cyclosporine. Am J Kidney Dis 1993;21:568–9.
Palla R, Cirami C, Panichi V et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy of membranous nephropathy: efficacy and safety. Clin Nephrol 1991;35: 98–104.
Sugisaki T, Shimpo H, Boku T et al. High dose intravenous gammaglobulin for membranous nephropathy (MN), membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) and lupus nephritis (LN). Long term follow-up study. Abstracts, XIth Congress of the ISN, Tokyo, June 1990.
Nangaku M, Pippin J, Richardson CA et al. Beneficial effects of systemic immunoglobulin in experimental membranous nephropathy. Kidney Int 1996;50:2054–62.
Reichert LJ, Koene RA, Wetzeis JF. Urinary excretion of beta 2 microglobulin predicts renal outcome in patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 1995;6: 1666–9.
Reichert LJ, Koene RA, Wetzels JF. Urinary IgG excretion as a prognostic factor in idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Clin Nephrol 1997;48:79–84.
Bazzi C, Petrini C, Rizza V, Arrigo G, Beltrame A, D’Amico G. Characterization of proteinuria in primary glomerulonephritides. Am J Kidney Dis 1997;29:27–35.
Zucchelli P, Pasquali S. Membranous nephropathy. In: Cameron JS, Davison AM, Grunfeld JP et al., editors. Oxford Textbook of Clinical Nephrology. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1992:370–88.
Cameron JS. Membranous nephropathy and its treatment. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1992;7(Suppl.1):72–9.
Rostoker G, Belghiti D, Ben Maadi A et al. Long term cyclosporin A therapy for severe idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Nephron 1993;63:335–41
Black DAK, Rose G, Brewer DB. Controlled trial of prednisone in adult patients with the nephrotic syndrome. Br Med J 1970;3:421–6.
Cameron JS, Healy MJR, Adu D. The Medical Research Council trial of short-term high-dose alternate-day prednisolone in idiopathic membranous nephropathy with nephrotic syndrome in adults. Q J Med 1990;74:133–56.
Cattran D, Delamore T, Roscoe J et al. A randomized controlled trial of prednisone in patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy. N Engl J Med 1989;320:210–15.
Medical Research Council Working Party. Controlled trial of azathioprine and prednisone in chronic renal disease. Br Med J 1971;2:239–41.
Donadio JVJ, Holley KE, Anderson CF et al. Controlled trial of cyclophosphamide in idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Kidney Int 1974;6:431–9.
Canadian Medical Association. Controlled trial of azathioprine in the nephrotic syndrome secondary to idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis. Can Med Assoc J 1976; 115:1209–10.
Murphy BF, McDonald I, Fairley KF et al. Randomized controlled trial of cyclophosphamide, warfarin and dipyridamole in idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis. Clin Nephrol 1992;37:229–34.
Lagrue G, Bernard D, Bariéty J et al. Treatment with chlorambucil and azathioprine in primary glomerulonephritis. Results of a controlled study. J Urol Nephrol Paris 1975;81:655–72.
Ponticelli C, Zuccelli P, Imbasciati E et al. Controlled trial of methylprednisolone and chlorambucil in idiopathic membranous nephropathy. N Engl J Med 1984;301:946–50.
Ponticelli C, Zucchelli P, Passerini P et al. A randomised trial of methylprednisolone and chlorambucil in idiopathic membranous nephropathy. N Engl J Med 1989;320:8–13.
Ponticelli C, Zucchelli P, Passerini P et al. A 10 year follow up of a randomised study with methylprednisolone and chlorambucil in membranous nephropathy. Kidney Int 1995;48: 1600–4.
Ponticelli C, Altieri P, Scolari F et al. A randomised study comparing methylprednisolone plus chlorambucil versus methylprednisolone plus cyclophosphamide in idiopathic membranous nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998;9:444–50.
Short CD, Solomon LR, Gokal R, Mallick NP. Methylprednisolone in patients with membranous nephropathy and declining renal function. Q J Med 1987;247:929–40.
Williams PS, Bone JM. Immunosuppression can arrest progressive renal failure due to idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1989;4:181–6.
Brown JH, Douglas AF, Murphy BG et al. Treatment of renal failure in idiopathic membranous nephropathy with azathioprine and prednisolone. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998; 13:443–8.
Mathieson PW, Turner AN, Maidment CGH et al. Prednisolone and chlorambucil treatment in idiopathic membranous nephropathy with deteriorating renal function. Lancet 1988;ii:869–72.
Brunkhorst R, Wrengger E, Koch KM. Low-dose prednisolone/chlorambucil therapy in patients with severe membranous glomerulonephritis. Clin Investig 1994;72:277–82.
Warwick GL, Geddes CG, Boulton-Jones JM. Prednisolone and chlorambucil therapy for idiopathic membranous nephropathy with progressive renal failure. Q J Med 1994;87:223–9.
Bruns FJ, Adler S, Fraley DS et al. Sustained remission of membranous glomerulonephritis after cyclophosphamide and prednisone. Ann Intern Med 1991; 114:725–30.
Kibriya MG, Tishkov I, Nikolov D. Immunosuppressive therapy with cyclophosphamide and prednisolone in severe idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1994;9:138–43.
Jindal K, West M, Bear R et al. Long-term benefits of therapy with cyclophosphamide and prednisone in patients with membranous glomerulonephritis and impaired renal function. Am J Kidney Dis 1992;19:61–7.
West ML, Jindal KK, Bear RA et al. A controlled trial of cyclophosphamide in patients with membranous glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 1989;32:579–84.
Falk RJ, Hogan SL, Muller KE et al. Treatment of progressive membranous glomerulopathy. A randomized trial comparing cyclophosphamide and corticosteroids with corticosteroids alone. The Glomerular Disease Collaborative Network. Ann Intern Med 1992; 116:438–45.
Cattran DC, Greenwood C, Ritchie S et al. A controlled trial of cyclosporine in patients with progressive membranous nephropathy. Kidney Int 1995;47:1130–5.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1999 Kluwer Academic Publishers
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Short, C.D. (1999). Membranous glomerulopathy. In: Pusey, C.D. (eds) The Treatment of Glomerulonephritis. Developments in Nephrology, vol 40. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-585-37972-2_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-585-37972-2_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-0-7923-5332-4
Online ISBN: 978-0-585-37972-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive