Skip to main content

Indicators of Immune Activation in Depressed Patients

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 461))

Abstract

An interaction of genetic factors with environmental factors, including stress and infectious agents, is assumed to play a causal role in the pathogenesis of major depression. Since the rate of major depression in genetically succeptible populations has continued to increase over the past years, the identification of these environmental factors would provide targets for more effective antidepressant agents.

Dr. Anna Sluzewska died unexpectedly in early 1999. This is the last review she wrote.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abraham, K. I., Ieni, J. R., & Meyerson, L. R. (1987). Purification and properties of human plasma endogenous modulator for platelet tricyclic binding/serotonine transport complex. Bioch Bioph Acta, 923, 8–21.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Fourth Edition, American Psychiatric Association. Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amsterdam, J. D., Winokur, A., Bryant, S., Larkin, J., & Rickeis, K. (1983). The dexamethasone suppression test as a predictor of antidepressant response. American Journal of Psychiatry, 80, 43–45.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amsterdam, J. D., Winokur, A., Dyson, W., Herzog, S., Gonzalez, F., Rott, R., & Koprowski, H. (1985). Borna disease virus: a possible etiologic factor in human affective disorders? Archives of General Psychiatry, 42, 1093–1096.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Amsterdam, J. D., Rosenzweig, M., & Mozley, P. D. (1994). Assessment of adrenocortical activity in refractory depression: steroid suppression with ketoconazole. In W. A. Nolen, J. Zohar, S. P. Roose, & J. D. Amsterdam (Eds.), Refractory Depression: Current Strategies and Future Directions (pp. 199–210). John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balkwill, F. R. & Burke, F. (1989). The cytokine network. Immunology Today, 10, 299–303.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Balkwill, F. R. (1993). Cytokines in health and disease. Immunology Today, 14, 149–150.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baumann, H., Richards, C., & Gauldie, J. (1987). Interaction among hepatocyte-stimulating factors, interleukin 1, and glucocorticoids for regulation of acute phase proteins in human hepatoma (Hep G2) cells. Journal of Immunology, 15, 4122–4128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blalock, J. E. (1994). The syntax of immune-neuroendocrine communication. Immunology Today, 15,11, 504–511.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bock, G. R., Marsh, J., & Widdows, K. (1992). Polyfunctional Cytokines: IL-6 and LIF. Ciba Foundation Symposium 167 Chichester: John Wiley and Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bode, L., Riegel, S., Ludwig, H., Amserdam, J. D., Lange, W., & Koprowski, H. (1988). Borna disease virus-specific antibodies in patients with HIV infection and with mental disorders. Lancet, ii, 689.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bode, L., Durrwald, R., Rantam, F. A., Ferszt, R., & Ludwig, H. (1996). First isolation of infectious human Borna disease virus from patients with mood disorders. Molecular Psychiatry, 1, 200–212.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Breborowicz, J. & Mackiewicz, A. (1989). Affinity electrophoresis for diagnosis of cancer and inflammatory conditions. Electrophoresis, 10, 568–573.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, I. L., Chiang, Ch-Sh. (1995). Cytokine involvement in central nervous system disease: Implications from transgenic mices.: In G. P. Chrousou, R. Mc Carty, K. Pacak, G. Cizza, E. Sternberg, W. Gold Ph, & R. Kwetnewsky (Eds.), Stress: Basic Mechanisms and Clinical Implications. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 777, 301–312.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cappel, R., Gregoire, E., Thiry, L., & Sprecher, S. (1978). Antibody and cell-mediated immunity to herpes simplex virus in psychotic depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 39, 266–268.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, B. J., Curtis, G. C., Davies, B. M., Mendels, J., & Sugerman, A. A. (1976). Urinary free cortisol excretion in depression. Psychological Medicine, 6, 43–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caruso, C., Candore, G., Cigna, D., Colucci, A. T., & Modica, M. A. (1993). Biological significance of soluble IL-2 receptor. Med. Inflamm., 2, 3–21.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cavallo, M. G., Pozzilli, P., & Thorpe, R. (1994). Cytokines and autoimmunity. Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 96, 1–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Christiansen, P., Lolk, A., & Gram, L. F. (1989). Cortisol and treatment of depression: Predictive value of spontaneous and suppressed cortisol levels and course of spontaneous plasma cortisol. Psychopharmacology, 97, 471–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chrousos, G. P. & Gold, P. W. (1992). The concepts of stress and stress system disorders: overview of physical and behavioural homeostasis. Journal of the American Medical Association, 268, 200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chrousos, G. P. (1995). The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and immune-mediated inflammation. The New England Journal of Medicine, 332, 1351–1362.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, I. R. & Cook, W. (1986). Natural antibodies might prevent autoimmune disease. Immunology Today, 7, 363–364

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Costello, M., Field, B. A., & Gewurz, H. (1979). Inhibition of platelet aggregation by native and disialised alpha-1-acid glycoprotein. Nature, 281, 677–681.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dayer, J-M. & Burger, D. (1994). Interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor, and their specific inhibitors. European Cytokine Network, 5, 563–571.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dinarello, C. A. (1994). The biological properties of interleukin-1. European Cytokine Network, 5, 517–531.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dittrich, W., Bode, L., Ludwig, H., Kao, M., & Schneider, K. (1995). Learning deficiencies in Borna disease virus-infected but clinicaly healthy rats. Biological Psychiatry, 26, 818–828.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dripps, D. J., Brandhuber, B. J., Thompson, R. C., & Eisenberg, S. P. (1991). Interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor antagonist binds to the 80-kDa IL-1 receptor but does not initiate IL-1 signal transduction. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 266, 10331–10338.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dunbar, P. R., Hill, J., Neale, T. J., & Mellsop, G. W. (1992). Neopterin measurement provides evidence of altered cell-mediated immunity in patients with depression but not with schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 22, 1051–1057.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Durand, G. (1989). Glycan variations of human alpha-1-acid glycoprotein modulate the biology of macrophages. Progress in Clinical and Biological Research, 300, 247–252.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fawcett, J. (1994). Progress in treatment-resistant and treatment refractory depression: we still have a long way to go. Psychiatric Annual, 24, 214–216.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fishman, P. H. (1988). Gangliosides as cell surface receptors and transducers of biological signals. In R. W. Ledeen, E. L. Hogan, G. Tettamanti, A. J.Yates, & R. R. Yu (Eds.), New Trends in Ganglioside Research: Neurochemical and Neuroregenerative Aspects. Liviana Press, Padova, pp 183–217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fukata, J., Usui, T., Naitoh, Y., & Imura, H. (1989). Effects of recombinant human interleukin-1 alpha,-1 beta, 2, and 6 on ACTH synthesis and release in the mouse pituitary tumor cell line AtT-20. Journal of Endocrinology, 122, 33–39.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gastpar, M. & Muller, W. (1981). Autoantibodies in affective disorders. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacology, 5, 91–96.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glaser, R., Kielcolt-Glaser, J. K., Speicher, C. E., & Holiday, J. E. (1985). Stress, loneliness and changes in herpes virus latency. Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 8, 249–253.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gold, P. W., Chrousos, G., Keller, C., Post, R., Roy, A., Augerinlos, P., Schulte, H., Oldfield, E., & Loriaux, D. L. (1994). Psychiatric implications of basic and clinical studies with corticotropin-relasing factor. American Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 619–627.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gold, P. W. (1996). Editorial: Stress system abnormalities in melancholic and atypical depression: molecular, pathophysiological, and therapeutic implications. Molecular Psychiatry, 4, 265–277.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gosztonyi, G., Ludwig, H. (1995). Borna disease—neuropathology and pathogenesis. In H. Koprowski, W. I. Lipkin (Eds.), Borna disease. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, 190, 39–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Healy, D., Calvin, J., & Whitehouse, A. M. (1991). Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein in major depressives and eating disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 22, 13–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heinrich, P. C., Castell, J. V., & Andus, T. (1990). Review article: interleukin-6 and the acute phase response. Biochemical Journal, 265, 621–636.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Holsboer, F., Girken, A., Stalia, G. K., & Muller, O. A. (1984). Blunted corticotropin and normal cortisol response to human corticotropin-releasing factor in depression. New England Journal of Medicine, 311, 1127.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hornig-Rohan, M. & Amsterdam, J. D. (1994). Clinical and biological correlantes of treatment-resistant depression: an overview. Psychiatric Annuals, 24, 220–227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Irwin, M., Patterson, T., Smith, T. L., Caldwell, C., Brown, S. A., Gillin, J. C., & Grant, I. (1990). Reduction of immune function in life stress and depression. Biological Psychiatry, 27, 22–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joyce, P. R., Hawes, C. R., & Mulder, R. T. (1992). Elevated levels of acute phase plasma proteins in major depression. Biological Psychiatry, 32, 1035–1041.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kent, S., Bluthe, R. M., Kelly, K. W., & Dantzer, R. (1992). Sickness behavior as a new target for drug development. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 13, 24–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kehoe, W., Kwentus, J., Sheffel, W., & Harralson, A. (1991). Increased alpha-1-acid glycoprotein in depression lowers free fraction of imipramine. Biological Psychiatry, 29, 489–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kremer, J. M. H., Wilting, J., & Janssen, L. H. M. (1988). Drug binding to human alpha-1-acid glycoprotein in health and disease. Pharmacological Review, 40, 1–47.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kriesel, J. D., Ricigliano, J., Spruance, S. L., Garza, H. H., & Hill, J. M. (1997). Neuronal reactivation of herpes simplex virus may involve interleukin-6. Journal of NeuroVirology, 3, 441–448.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kronfol, Z., Nair, M., Goodson, J., Goael, K., Haskett, R., & Schwartz, S. (1989). Lymphocyte mitogenesis, immunoglobulin and component levels in depressed patients and normal controls. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 80, 142–147.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kushner, I. & Mackiewicz, A. (1993). The acute phase response: An overview. In A. Mackiewicz, I. Kushner, & H. Baumann (Eds.), Acute phase proteins. Molecular biology, biochemistry, and clinical applications. (pp. 3–19). Boca Raton, FL: CRP Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • LaMay, L. G., Vander, A. J., & Kluger, M. J. (1990). The effect of psychological stress on plasma interleukin-6 activity in rats. Physiology and Behavior, 47, 957–961.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lieb, J. & Karmali, R. (1993). Elevated levels of prostaglandin E2 and tromboxane B2 in depression. Prost. Leukotr. Med., 10, 361–368.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Linker-Israeli, M., Hyun, S., Ozeri-Chen, T., Wallace, D. J., Banks, K., & Klinenberg, J. R. (1994). Elevated in vivo and in vitro secretion of CD8-alpha molecules in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Journal of Immunology, 152, 3158–3167.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lycke, E., Norrby, R., & Roos, B-E. (1974). A serological study on mentally ill patients with particular reference to prevalence of herpes virus infections. British. Journal of Psychiatry, 124, 273.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mackiewicz, A. & Mackiewicz, S. (1986). Determination of lectin-sugar dissociation constants by agarose affinity electrophoresis. Annals of Biochemistry, 56, 480–484.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackiewicz, A., Pawlowski, T., Mackiewicz-Pawlowska, A., Wiktorowicz, K., & Mackiewicz, S. (1987). Micro-heterogeneity forms of alpha-1-acid glycoprotein as indicator of rheumatoid arthritis activity. Clin Chim Acta, 163, 185–190.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maes, M., Bosmans, E., Suy, E., Minner, B., & Raus, J. (1989). The impaired mitogen lymphocyte stimulation in severely depressed patients: a complex interface between HPA-axis hyperfunction, noradrenergic activity, and ageing process British Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 793–798.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maes, M., Bosmans, E., Suy, E., Vandervorst, C., Dejonckheere, C., & Raus, J. (1991). Antiphospholipid, anti-nuclear, Ebstein-Barr and cytomegalovirus antibodies, and soluble interleukin-2 receptor in depressive patients. Journal of Affective Disorders, 21, 133–140.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maes, M., Scharpe, S., Van Grootel, L., Uyttenbroeck, W., Cooreman, W., Cosyns, P., & Suy, E. (1992a). Higher alpha-1-antitrypsin, haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, and lower retinol protein plasma levels during depression. Futher evidence for the existence of an inflammatory process during that illness. Journal of Affective Disorders, 24, 183–192.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maes, M., Scharpe, S., Bosmans, E., Vandewoude, M., Suy, E., Uyttenbroeck, W., Cooreman, W., Vandervorst, C., & Raus, J. (1992b). Disturbances in acute phase proteins during melancholia: additional evidence for presence of inflammatory process during that illness. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 16, 501–515.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maes, M., Van Der Planken, M., Stevens, J. W., Peeters, D., De Clerck, L. S., Bridts, C. H., Schotte, C., & Cosyns, P. (1992c). Leukocytosis, monocytosis and neutrophilia: hallmarks of severe depression. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 26, 125–134.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maes, M. (1993). Acute phase protein alterations in major depression: A review. Reviews of Neuroscience, 4, 407–16.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maes, M., Meltzer, H. Y., Stevens, W., Cosyns, P., & Block, P. (1994a). Multiple reciprocal relationships between in vivo cellular immunity and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in depression. Psychological Medicine, 24, 167–177.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maes, M., Scharpe, S., & Meltzer, H. Y. (1994b). Increased neopterin and interferon secretion and lower availability of L-tryptophan in major depression; further evidence for activation of cell-mediated immunity. Psychiatric Research, 20, 111–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maes, M., Meltzer, H. Y., & Bosmans, E. (1995a). Increased plasma levels of interleukin-6, soluble interleukin-2, and transferrin receptors in major depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 34, 301–309.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maes, M., Wautwers, A., Neels, H., Scharpe, S., Van Gastel, A., Dhondt, P., Peeters, D., Cosnys, P., & Desnyder, R. (1995b). Total serum protein and serum protein fractions in depression: relationships to depressive symptoms and glucocorticoid activity. Journal of Affective Disorders, 34, 61–69.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maes, M., Bosmans, E., & Meltzer, H. Y. (1995c). Immunoendocrine aspects of major depression. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 245, 172–178.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maes, M., Delanghe, J., Ranjan, R., Meltzer, H. Y., Desnyder, R., Cooreman, W., & Scharpe, S. (1997). The acute phase protein response in schizophrenia, mania, and major depression: effects of psychotropic drugs. Psychiatry Research, 26, 221–225.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McLeod, W. R. (1972). Poor response to antidepressants and dexamethasone nonsuppression. In B. Davis, B. J. Carroll, & R. M. Mowbray (Eds.), Depression illness: Some Research Stdies. (pp. 202–206). Springfield, IL. Thomas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muller, N., Hofschuster, E., Ackenheil, M., Mempel, W., & Eckstein, R. (1993). Investigations of the cellular immunity during depression and the free interval: evidence for immune activation in affective psychosis. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacol and Biological Psychiatry, 17, 713–730.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, B. E. P., Dhar, V., Ghadirian, A. M., Chouinard, G., & Keller, R. (1991). Response to steroid suppression in major depression resistant to antidepressant therapy. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2, 121–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naitoh, Y., Fukato, J., Tomiga, T., Nakai, Y., Tamai, S., Mori, K., & Immura, H. (1988). Interleukin-1 stimulates the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone in conscious freely-moving rats. Biochemistry, Biophysiology Research Communications, 155, 1459–1466.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Navarra, P., Tsagarakis, S., Faria, M. S., Rees, L. H., Besser, G. M., & Grossman, A. B. (1991). Interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 stimulate the release of corticotropin-releasing hormone from rat hypothalamus in vitro via the ecosanoid cyclooxygenase pathway. Endocrinology, 128, 37–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nemeroff, C. B., Krisnam, R. R., Blazer, D. G., Knight, D. L., Benjamin, D., & Meyerson, I. R. (1990). Elevated plasma concentration of alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, a putative endogenous inhibitor of tritiated imipramine binding site in depressed patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 337–340.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nemeroff, C. B. (1996). The corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) hypothesis of depression: new findings and new directions. Molecular Psychiatry, 4, 336–342.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nessberger, L. & Traskman-Bendz, L. (1993). Increased soluble interleukin-2 receptor concentration in suicide attempters. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 88, 48–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paul, W. E. & Seder, R. A. (1994). Lymphocyte responses and cytokines. Cell, 76, 241–251.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pawlowski, P., Mackiewicz, S., & Mackiewicz, A. (1989). Microheterogeneity of alpha-1-acid glycoprotein in detection of intercurrent infection in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatology, 32, 347–351.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pos, O., Van Dijk, W., Ladiges, N., Sala, M., Van Tiel, D., & Boers, W. (1988). Glycosylation of four acute-phase glycoproteins secreted by rat liver cells in vivo and in vitro. Effects of inflammation and dexamethasone. European Journal of Cell Biology, 46, 121–128.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pos, O., Van der Stelt, M. E., & Wolbik, G. J. (1990). Changes in the serum concentration and glycosylation of human alpha-1-acid glycoprotein and alpha-1protease inhibitor in severely burned patients: relation to interleukin-6 levels. Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 82, 579–582.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Putnam, F. W. (1984a). Progress in plasma proteins. In: The plasma proteins: structure, function, and genetic control. (pp. 2–44) Second edition. Academic Press, Orlando.

    Google Scholar 

  • Putnam, F. W. (1984b). Alpha, beta, gamma omega-the structure of plasma proteins. In: The plasma proteins: structure, function, and genetic control, (pp. 46–166). Secon edition. Academic Press, Orlando.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ritzmann, S. E. & Daniels, J. C. (1976). Serum protein electrophoresis and total serum proteins. In: Serum protein abnormalities: Diagnostic and clinical aspects. (pp. 3–25) Little, Brown and Company, Boston, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rott, R., Herzog, S., Fleisher, B., Winokur, H., Amsterdam, J. D., Dyson, W., & Koprowski, H. (1985). Detection of serum antibodies to Borna disease virus in patients with psychiatric disorders. Science, 228, 755–756.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schleifer, S. J., Keller, S. E., Meyerson, A. T., Raskin, D., Davis, K. L., & Stein, M. (1984). Lymphocyte function in major depressive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatriatry, 41, 484–486.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schott, K., Batra, A., Klein, R., Bartels, M., Koch, W., & Berg, P. A. (1992). Antibodies against serotonin and gangliosides in schizophrenia and major depressive disorder. European Psychiatry, 7, 209–212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schott, K. & Batra, A. (1995). No antibody binding to serotonin in serum of patients with paranoid schizophrenia and major depressive disorder. European Psychiatry, 10, 372.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sluzewska, A. & Rybakowski, J. K. (1993). Cortisol levels and immunological indices in depression. Neuropsychopharmacology, 9, 107S.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sluzewska, A., Nowakowska, E., Gryska, K., & Mackiewicz, A. (1994a). Haptoglobin levels in chronic mild stress model of depression in rats before and after treatment. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 4, 3, 302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sluzewska, A., Rybakowski, J. K., Sobieska, M., & Wiktorowicz, K. (1994b). The effect of lithium, carba-mazepine and fluoxetine on alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, and alpha-1-antichymotripsin in depressed patients. Neuropsychopharmacology, 10, 202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sluzewska, A., Wiktorowicz, K., Mackiewicz, S., & Rybakowski, J. K. (1994c). The effect of short-term treatment with lithium and carbamazepine on some immunological indices in depressed patients. Lithium, 5, 41–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sluzewska, A., Rybakowski, J. K., Laciak, M., Mackiewicz, A., Sobieska, M., & Wiktorowicz, K. (1995a). Inter-leukin-6 levels in depressed patients before and after treatment with fluoxetine. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 762, 474–477.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sluzewska, A., Rybakowski, J. K., Sobieska, M., Bosmans, E., Pollet, H., & Wiktorowicz, K. (1995b). Increased levels of alpha-1-acid glycoprotein and interleukin-6 in refractory depression. Depression, 3, 170–175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sluzewska, A., Rybakowski, J. K., Bosmans, E., Maes, M., Berhmans, R., & Pollet, H. (1995c). The effects of treatment with lithium and carbamazepine on some interleukin and their receptors in depressed patients. Pharmacological Research, 3, 366.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sluzewska, A., Horing-Rohan, M., Sobieska, M., Rybakowski, J. K., & Amsterdam, J. D. (1995d). Changes in acute phase proteins in depressed patients during treatment with fluoxetine and venlafaxine. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 5,3, 295–296.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sluzewska, A., Rybakowski, J. K., Sobieska, M., & Wiktorowicz, K. (1996a). Concentration and micro-heterogeneity glycophorms of alpha-1-acid glycoprotein in major depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 39, 149–155.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sluzewska, A., Rybakowski, J., Bosmans, E., Sobieska, M., Berghans, R., Maes, M., & Wiktorowicz, K. (1996b). Indicators of immune activation in major depression. Psychiatry Research, 63,3, 161–167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sluzewska, A., Rybakowski, J., & Sobieska, M. (1996c). Immune activation in endogenous depression. Psychiatria Polska, 5, 771–782.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sluzewska, A., Gryska, K., & Mackiewicz, A. (1996d). Acute phase proteins in chronic mild model of depression. Behavioural Pharmacology, 7,1, 105–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sluzewska, A., Rybakowski, J. K., Sobieska, M., & Amsterdam, J. D. (1996e). Changes in concentration and microheterogeneity of two acute phase proteins in major depression. Glycoconjugate Journal, 13, 891–892.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sluzewska, A., Sobieska, M., & Rybakowski, J. K. (1997a). Changes in acute-phase proteins during lithium potentiation of antidepressants in refractory depression. Neuropsychobiology, 35, 123–127.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sluzewska, A., Rybakowski, J. K., & Sobieska, M. (1997b). Total serum protein and serum protein fractions in major depression and treatment resistant depression. Biological Psychiatry, 42,1S, 114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sluzewska, A., Bosmans, E., & Rybakowski, J. (1997c). Relationships between selected immunological parameters and cortisol in treatment resistant depression. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 7,2, 170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sluzewska, A., Samborski, W., Sobieska, M., Klein, R., Bosmans, E., & Rybakowski, J. K. (1997d). Serum antibodies in relation to immune activation in major depression. Human Psychopharmacology, 12, 453–458.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Song, C. & Leonard, B. L. (1993). Changes in plasma proteins in depressed patients and rodent model of depression. Neuropsychopharmacology, 9, 106S.

    Google Scholar 

  • Song, C, Dinan, T., & Leonard, B. E. (1994a). Changes in immunoglobulines, component and acute phase proteins levels in depressed patients and normal controls. Journal of Affective Disorders, 30, 283–288.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Song, C. & Leonard B. E. (1994b). An acute phase protein response in the olfactory bulbectomised rat: effect of sertraline treatment. Medical Science Research, 22, 313–314.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stroop, W. G. (1986). Herpes simplex virus encephalitis of the human adult: reactivation of latent brain infection. Pathology Immunopathology Research, 5, 156–161.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swartz, C. M. (1990). Albumin decrement in depression and cholesterol decrement in mania. Journal of Affective Disorders, 19, 173–176.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thase, M. E. & Rush, A. J. (1995). Treatment-resistant depression. In F. E. Bloom, D. J. Kupfer (Eds.), Psychopharmacology, the forth Generation of Progress, (pp. 1081–1098). Raven Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tominga, T., Fukata, J., & Naitoh, Y. (1991). Prostaglandin-dependent in vitro stimulation of adrenocortical steroidogenesis by interleukins. Endocrinology, 128, 526–531.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tomkinson, B. E., Brown, M. C., Ip, S. H., Carrabis, S., & Sullivan, J. L. (1989). Soluble CD8 during T cell activation. Journal of Immunology, 142, 2230–2236.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, G. A. (1992). N-glycosylation of serum proteins in disease and its investigation using lectins. Clin. Chem. Acta., 208, 149–171.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Dijk, W. & Mackiewicz, A. (1993). Control of glycosylation alterations of acute phase proteins. In A. Mackiewicz, I. Kuchner, & H. Bauman (Eds.), Acute Phase Glycoproteins: Molecular Biology, Biochemistry, and Applications, (pp. 559–580). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Dijk, W., Turner, G. A., & Mackiewicz, A. (1994). Changes in glycosylation of acute phase proteins in health and disease: occurence regulation and function. Glycosylation and Disease, 1, 5–14.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Hunsel, F., Wauters, A., Vandoolaeghe, E., Neels, H., Demedts, P., & Maes, M. (1996). Lower total serum protein, albumin, and globulin in major and treatment resistant depression: effects of antidepressant treatment. Psychiatry Research, 65, 159–169

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vasson, M. P., Roche-Arvellier, M., Coudrec, R., Baguet, J. C., & Raichvarg, D. (1994). Effects of alpha-1-acid glycoprotein on human polynuclear neutrophils: Influence of glycan microheterogeneity. Cli Chim Acta, 224, 65–71.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Villemain, F., Magnin, H., Feuillet-Fieux, MR, Zarifian, E., Loo, H., & Bach, J. H. (1988). Antihistone antibodies in schizophrenia and affective disorders. Psychiatry Research, 24, 53–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woith, W., Nusslein, I., & Antoni, C. (1993). A soluble form of the human transferrin receptor is released by activated lymphocytes in vitro. Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 92, 537–542.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wolvekamp, M. C. J. & Marquet, R. L. (1990). Interleukin-6: historical background, genetics, and biological significance. Immunology Letters, 24, 1–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, D., Kusnecov, A. W., Shurin, M. R., DePaoli, M., & Rabin, B. S. (1993). Exposure to physical and psychological stressors elevates plasma interleukin-6: relationships to the activation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Endocrinology, 133, 2523–2530.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zorzenon, M., Colle, R., Vecchio, D., Bertoli, M., Giavedoni, A., Degrassi, A., Lavaroni, S., & Aguglia, E. (1996). Major depression, viral reactivation and immune system. European Psychiatry, 11,4, 332.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1999 Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Sluzewska, A. (1999). Indicators of Immune Activation in Depressed Patients. In: Dantzer, R., Wollman, E.E., Yirmiya, R. (eds) Cytokines, Stress, and Depression. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 461. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-585-37970-8_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-585-37970-8_4

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-306-46135-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-585-37970-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics