Abstract
Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a physiologic situation in which the heart is unable to maintain a sufficient cardiac output to meet the metabolic requirements of the patient. Several diseases are responsible for CHF, including coronary artery disease, hypertension, and idiopathic cardiomyopathy, but the mortality is high regardless of the etiology. The prevalence of this disease in the Unites States is approximately 2 million cases, and the incidence is 350 000 new cases per years[1]’[2]. The Framingham study showed that the mean time to death after the onset of CHF symptoms was 4 years[3]. Patients with New York Heart Association (NYHA) class IV symptoms have a much higher mortality than those with less severe symptoms. Survival with medical therapy has improved with the addition of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and vesnarinone, but the magnitude of the change has been small and the prognosis for patients with advanced heart failure remains poor[4].
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Magovern, J.A., Reddy, R.C. (1996). Cardiomyoplasty - Skeletal Muscle Assist. In: Cooper, D.K.C., Miller, L.W., Patterson, G.A. (eds) The Transplantation and Replacement of Thoracic Organs. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-585-34287-0_84
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-585-34287-0_84
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