Abstract
The development of the endomyocardial biopsy by Caves et al.[1] was one of the most important developments in the management of heart transplant recipients, and remains the gold standard today for the diagnosis of allograft rejection. Subsequent investigation has shown that a minimum of four and preferably five adequate pieces of endomyocardium are required to achieve satisfactory diagnostic accuracy[2]. The samples should be taken from as many different locations as possible for maximum sensitivity, a task perhaps made easier by use of echocardiography (versus fluoroscopy) to guide the bioptome and allow safe sampling from the anterior free wall and apex[3]–[3].
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References
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Miller, L. (1996). Treatment of Cardiac Allograft Rejection. In: Cooper, D.K.C., Miller, L.W., Patterson, G.A. (eds) The Transplantation and Replacement of Thoracic Organs. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-585-34287-0_31
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-585-34287-0_31
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
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