Abstract
Conceptually, there are 4 major processes that can influence the size and composition of bacterial populations on leaves. Bacterial population sizes on a leaf can increase by both multiplication on that leaf as well as by immigration of bacteria from other leaves. In contrast, both the death of bacterial cells and their migration from a leaf can contribute to decreases in population size. It appears that most workers have assumed that growth and death of bacteria are the predominant processes that determine population sizes. These processes are obviously much more easy to study than immigration and emigration since they can be done in isolation in the laboratory or greenhouse. For example, the study of the multiplication of bacteria on plants can be easily studied by inoculating plants that are isolated from other plants in incubation chambers; increases in population size are directly attributable to multiplication of the bacteria. In contrast, studies of the importance of immigration of bacteria to the population sizes of bacteria on a leaf require a source of immigrant bacteria and that conditions facilitating immigration be maintained. Since the conditions which favour the immigration of bacteria to plants are not yet well understood, such studies must be done under field conditions. They therefore face the complications of variable environmental conditions which make the experiments difficult to reproduce. For this reason, most information relevant to understanding processes that occur on plants are inferences made from simple field or laboratory observations. Most observations have not been sufficiently detailed to partition the many factors that can influence epiphytic bacterial populations. To date, there have been few studies designed to understand the processes that contribute to epiphytic bacterial populations.
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Andersen, G.L., Menkissoglu, O. and Lindow, S.E. 1991, Occurrence and properties of copper-tolerant strains of Pseudomonas syringae isolated from fruit trees in California, Phytopathology 81:648–656.
Andrews, J.H., Kinkel, L.L., Berbee, F.M. and Nordheim, E.V. 1987, Fungi, leaves and the theory of island biogeography, Microb. Ecol. 14:277–290.
Bashan, Y., Sharon, E., Okon, Y. and Henis, Y. 1981, Scanning electron and light microscopy of infection and symptom development in tomato leaves infected with Pseudomonas tomato, Physiol. Plant Pathol. 19:139–144.
Beattie, G.A. and Lindow, S.E. 1995, The secret life of foliar bacterial pathogens on leaves, Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 33:145–172.
Beattie, G.A. and Lindow, S.E. 1994a, Survival, growth and localization of epiphytic fitness mutants of Pseudomonas syringae on leaves, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:3790–3798.
Beattie, G.A. and Lindow, S.E. 1994b, Comparison of the behavior of epiphytic fitness mutants of Pseudomonas syringae under controlled and field conditions. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:3799–3808.
Bedford, D.E., MacNeill, B.H., Bonn, W.G. and Dirks, V.A. 1988, Population dynamics of Pseudomonas syringae pv. papulans on Mutsu apple, Can. J. Plant Pathol. 10:23–29.
Blakeman, J.P. and Fokkema, N.J. 1982, Potential for biological control of plant diseases on the phylloplane, Annu. Rev. Phytopathology 20:167–192.
Constantinidou, H.A., Hirano, S.S., Baker, L.S. and Upper, C.D. 1990, Atmospheric dispersal of ice nucleation-active bacteria: the role of rain, Phytopathology 80:934–937.
Crosse, J.E. 1959, Bacterial canker of stone-fruits. IV. Investigation of a method for measuring the inoculum potential of cherry trees. Ann. Appl. Biol. 47:306–317.
DeCleene, M. 1989, Scanning electron microscopy of the establishment of compatible and incompatible Xanthomonas campestris pathovars on the leaf surface of Italian ryegrass and maize, EPPO Bull. 19:81–88.
Eden-Green, S.J. and Billing, E. 1972, Fire blight: Occurrence of bacterial strands on various hosts under glasshouse conditions, Plant Pathol. 21:121–123.
Ercolani, G.L., Hagedorn, D.J., Kelman, A. and Rand, R.E. 1974, Epiphytic survival of Pseudomonas syringae on hairy vetch in relation to epidemiology of bacterial brown spot of bean in Wisconsin, Phytopathology 64:1330–1339.
Fryda, S.J. and Otta, J.D. 1978, Epiphytic movement and survival of Pseudomonas syringae on spring wheat, Phytopathology 48:209–211.
Griffin, D.M. 1981, Water potential as a selective factor in the microbial ecology of soil, pp. 23–95. In: Parr, J.F., Gardner, M.R. and Elliott, L.F. (eds.), Water Potential Relations in Soil Microbiology, Soil Science Society of America, special publication no. 9.
Gross, D.C., Cody, Y.S., Proebsting, E.L., Radamaker, G.K. and Spotts, R.A. 1983, Distribution, population dynamics and characteristics of ice nucleation active bacteria in deciduous fruit tree orchards, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 46:1370–1379.
Haas, J.H. and Rotem, J. 1976, Pseudomonas lachrymans inoculum on infected cucumber leaves subjected to dew-and rain-type wetting, Phytopathology 66:1219–1223.
Harrison, M.D., Brewer, J.W. and Merrill, L.D. 1980, Insect transmission of bacterial plant pathogens, pp. 201–292. In: Harris, K.F. and Maramorosch, K. (eds.). Vectors of Plant Pathogens. Academic Press, New York.
Henis, Y. and Bashan, Y. 1986, Epiphytic survival of bacterial leaf pathogens, pp. 252–268. In: Fokkema, N.J. and van den Heuvel; J. (eds.), Microbiology of the Phyllosphere. Cambridge University Press, New York.
Hirano, S.S., Rouse, D.I., Clayton, M.K. and Upper, C.D. 1995, Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae and bacterial brown spot of bean: A study of epiphytic phytopathogenic bacteria and associated disease, Plant Dis. 79:1085–1093.
Hirano, S.S., Nordheim, E.V., Arny, D.C. and Upper, C.D. 1982, Lognormal distribution of epiphytic bacterial populations on leaf surfaces, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 44:695–700.
Hirano, S.S. and Upper, C.D. 1991, Bacterial community dynamics, pp. 271–294. In: Andrews, J.H. and Hirano, S.S. (eds.), Microbial Ecology of Leaves. Springer-Verlag, New York.
Hirano, S.S. and Upper, C.D. 1990, Population biology and epidemiology of Pseudomonas syringae, Annu. Rev. Phytopathology 28:155–177.
Hirano, S.S. and Upper, C.D. 1989, Diel variation in population size and ice nucleation activity of Pseudomonas syringae on snap bean leaflets, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55:623–630.
Hirano, S.S. and Upper, C.D. 1983, Ecology and epidemiology of foliar bacterial plant pathogens, Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 21:243–269.
Hughes, T.P. 1990, Recruitment limitation, mortality and population regulation in open systems: a case study, Ecology 71:12–20.
Jacques, M-A, Kinkel, L.L. and Morris, C.E. 1995, Population sizes, immigration and growth of epiphytic bacteria on leaves of different ages and positions of field-grown endive (Cichorium endivia var. latifolia), Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:899–906.
Jones, J.B., Pohrezny, K.L., Stall, R.E. and Jones, J.P. 1986, Survival of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria in Florida on tomato crop residue, weeds, seeds and volunteer tomato plants, Phytopathology 76:430–434.
Kinkel, L. 1991, Fungal community dynamics. pp. 253–270. In: Andrews, J.H. and Hirano, S.S. (eds.), Microbial Ecology of Leaves. Springer-Verlag, New York.
Kinkel, L., Wilson, M. and Lindow, S.E. 1995, Effects of scale on estimates of epiphytic bacterial populations, Microb. Ecol. 29:283–297.
Kinkel, L.L. Andrews, J.H. and Nordheim, E.V. 1989, Fungal immigration dynamics and community development on apple leaves, Microb. Ecol. 18:45–58.
Leben, C. 1981, How plant-pathogenic bacteria survive, Plant Dis. 65:633–637.
Leben, C. 1969, Colonization of soybean buds by bacteria: observations with the scanning electron microscope, Can. J. Microbiol. 15:319–320.
Leben, C. 1965, Epiphytic microorganisms in relation to plant disease, Annu. Rev. Phytopathology 3:209–230.
Legard, D.E. and Schwartz, H.F. 1987, Sources and management of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae epiphytes on dry beans in Colorado, Phytopathology 77:1503–1509.
Lighthart, B. and Shaffer, B.T. 1995, Airborne bacteria in the atmospheric surface layer: Temporal distribution above a grass seed field, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:1492–1496.
Lindemann, J. and Upper, C.D. 1985, Aerial dispersal of epiphytic bacteria over bean plants, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 50:1229–1232.
Lindemann, J., Constantinidou, H.A., Barchet, W.R. and Upper, C.D. 1982, Plants as sources of airborne bacteria, including ice nucleation-active bacteria, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 44:1059–1063.
Lindemann, J., Arny, D.C. and Upper, C.D. 1984, Epiphytic populations of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae on snap bean and nonhost plants and the incidence of bacterial brown spot disease in relation to cropping patterns, Phytopathology 74:1329–1333.
Lindow, S.E. 1987, Competitive exclusion of epiphytic bacteria by Ice mutants of Pseudomonas syringae, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53:2520–2527.
Lindow, S.E. 1983, Methods of preventing frost injury caused by epiphytic ice nucleation active bacteria, Plant Dis. 67:327–333.
Lindow, S.E. 1982, Population dynamics of epiphytic ice nucleation active bacteria on frost sensitive plants and frost control by means of antagonistic bacteria, pp. 395–416. In: Li, P.H. and Sakai, A. (eds.), Plant Cold Hardiness. Academic Press, New York.
Lindow, S.E. 1985a, Ecology of Pseudomonas syringae relevant to the field use of Ice− deletion mutants constructed in vitro for plant frost control, pp. 23–35. In: Halvorson, H.O., Pramer, D. and Rogul, M. (eds.), Engineered Organisms in the Environment: Scientific Issues. ASM, Washington.
Lindow, S.E. 1985b, Integrated control and role of antibiosis in biological control of fireblight and frost injury, pp. 83–115. In: Windels, C. and Lindow, S.E. (eds.), Biological Control on the Phylloplane. American Phytopathological Society Press, Minneapolis.
Lindow, S.E. and Anderson, G. L. 1996, Influence of immigration on epiphitc bacterial populations on navel orange leaves. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62: 2978–2987.
Lindow, S.E., Arny, D.C. and Upper, C.D. 1983, Biological control of frost injury II: Establishment and effects of an antagonistic Erwinia herbicola isolate on corn in the field, Phytopathology 73:1102–1106.
Lindow, S.E., Arny, D.C., Barchet, W.R. and Upper, C.D. 1978, The role of bacterial ice nuclei in frost injury to sensitive plants, pp. 249–263 In: Li, P. (ed.), Plant Cold Hardiness and Freezing Stress, Academic Press, New York.
Lindow, S.E., Arny, D.C. and Upper, C.D. 1978, Distribution of ice nucleation active bacteria on plants in nature, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 36:831–838.
Lindow, S.E. and Panopoulos, N.J. 1988, Field test of recombinant Ice-Pseudomonas syringae for biological frost control in potato, pp. 121–138. In: Sussman, M., Collins, C.H., Skinner, F.A. and Stewart-Tull, D.E. (eds.), The Release of Genetically Engineered Micro-organisms. Academic Press, London.
Malvick, D.K. and Moore, L.W. 1988, Survival and dispersal of a marked strain of Pseudomonas syringae in a maple nursery, Plant Pathol. 37:573–580.
Mansvelt, D.E. and Hattingh, M.J. 1989, Scanning electron microscopy of invasion of apple leaves and blossoms by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55:533–538.
Mansvelt, E.L. and Hattingh, M.J. 1987, Scanning electron microscopy of colonization of pear leaves by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, Can. J. Bot. 65:2517–2522.
Mariano, R.L.R. and McCarter, S.M. 1993, Epiphytic survival of Pseudomonas viridiflava on tomato and selected weed species, Microb. Ecol. 26:47–58.
McInnes, T.B., Gitaitis, R.D., McCarter, S.M., Jaworski, C.A. and Phatak, S.C. 1988, Airborne dispersal of bacteria in pepper transplant fields, Plant Dis. 72:575–579.
Mew, T.W. and Kennedy, B.W. 1982, Seasonal variation in populations of pathogenic Pseudomonads on soybean leaves, Phytopathology 72:103–105.
Mew, T.W., Mew, I.P.C. and Huang, J.S. 1984, Scanning electron microscopy of virulent and avirulent strains of Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae on rice leaves, Phytopathology 74:635–641.
O’Brien, R.D. and Lindow, S.E. 1989, Effect of plant species and environmental conditions on epiphytic population sizes of Pseudomonas syringae and other bacteria, Phytopathology 79:619–627.
Romantschuk, M. 1992., Attachment of plant pathogenic bacteria to plant surfaces, Annu. Rev. Phytopathology 30:225–244.
Roos, I.M.M. and Hattingh, M.J. 1983, Scanning electron microscopy of Pseudomonas syringae pv. morsprunorum on sweet cherry leaves, Phytopathol. Z. 180:18–25.
Rosak, D.B. and Colwell, R.R. 1987, Survival strategies of bacteria in the natural environment, Microbiol. Rev. 51:365–379.
Rosak, D.B., Grimes, D.J. and Colwell, R.R. 1984, Viable but nonrecoverable stage of Salmonella enteridis in aquatic systems, Can. J. Microbiol. 30:334–338.
Seidler, R.J., Walter, M.V., Hern, S., Fieland, V., Schmedding, D. and Lindow, S.E. 1994, Measuring the dispersal and reentrainment of recombinant Pseudomonas syringae at California test sites, Microbial Releases 2:209–216.
Timmer, L.W., Marois, J.J. and Achor, D. 1987, Growth and survival of xanthomonads under conditions nonconducive to disease development, Phytopathology 77:1341–1345.
Upper, C.D. and Hirano, S.S. 1991, Aerial dispersal of bacteria, pp. 75–94. In: Ginzburg, L.R. (ed.), Assessing Ecological Risks of Biotechnology. Butterworth-Heinemann, Stoneham, Massachusetts.
Vanneste, J.L., Yu, J. and Beer, S.V. 1992, Role of antibiotic production by Erwinia herbicola Eh252 in biological control of Erwinia amylovora, J. Bacteriol. 174:2785–2796.
Venette, J.R. 1982, How bacteria find their hosts, pp. 75–94. In: Mount, M.S. and Lacy, G.H. (eds.). Phytopathogenic Prokaryotes, vol. 2. Academic Press, New York.
Venette, J.R. and Kennedy, B.W. 1975, Naturally produced aerosols of Pseudomonas glycinea, Phytopathology 65:737–738.
Wilson, M., Epton, H.A.S. and Sigee, D.C. 1989, Erwinia amylovora infection of hawthorn blossom: II. The stigma. J. Phytopathol. 1127:15–28.
Wilson, M. and Lindow, S.E. 1992, Relationship of total and culturable cells in epiphytic populations of Pseudomonas syringae, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58:3908–3913.
Wilson, M. and Lindow, S.E. 1993, Interactions between the biological control agent Pseudomonas fluorescens A506 and Erwinia amylovora in pear blossoms, Phytopathology 83:117–123.
Wilson, M. and Lindow, S.E. 1994a, Ecological differentiation and coexistence between epiphytic Ice+ Pseudomonas syringae strains and an Ice− biological control agent, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:3128–3137.
Wilson, M. and Lindow, S.E. 1994b, Coexistence among epiphytic bacterial populations mediated through nutritional resource partitioning, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:4468–4477.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1996 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lindow, S.E. (1996). Role of Immigration and Other Processes in Determining Epiphytic Bacterial Populations. In: Morris, C.E., Nicot, P.C., Nguyen-The, C. (eds) Aerial Plant Surface Microbiology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-585-34164-4_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-585-34164-4_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-306-45382-3
Online ISBN: 978-0-585-34164-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive