Abstract
Institutional economists have long argued that social value theory is and must be an integral part of economic inquiry. They have recognized that inquiry, addressed directly or indirectly to problem analysis, is purposive in the normative sense. To define an economic problem is to distinguish between “what is” and “what ought to be.” Constructs of social value are employed, then, in identifying the social significance of economic inquiry. In recent years, institutional economists have contributed to a theory of instrumental social value. In this chapter, I explore elements and attributes of this theory of instrumental value and, in particular, present recent extensions and theoretical clarifications of this value theory.
I would like to express my deep appreciation to Paul D. Bush for extensive comments on earlier drafts of this chapter. Remaining errors are my own, of course.
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Notes
Gunnar Myrdal, An International Economy (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1956), pp. ix–x, 336–340; and Value in Social Theory (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1958), pp. 206–230.
Warren J. Samuels, “An Essay on the Nature and Significance of the Normative Nature of Economics,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 10 (Spring 1988): 347–354.
Ibid., p. 348.
Ibid., p. 353.
Mark Lutz, ed., Social Economics (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1990).
Amitai Etzioni, The Moral Dimension (New York: Free Press, 1988). See also a Symposium on “The Ascent of Soeioeconomics,” in Challenge Magazine 33 (January/February 1990): 31–52.
Marc R. Tool, The Discretionary Economy: A Normative Theory of Political Economy (Santa Monica, CA: Goodyear, 1979; Encore Edition, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1985). Marc R. Tool, Essays in Social Value Theory: A Neoinstitutionalist Contribution (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1986).
John Dewey, Logic: The Theory of Inquiry (New York: Henry Holt, 1938): Theory of Valuation (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1939).
Clarence E. Ayres, The Theory of Economic Progress (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1944).
J. Fagg Foster, “The Papers of J. Fagg Foster,” Journal of Economic Issues 15 (December 1981).
For the theoretical and historical background of this formulation, see Tool, Essays, pp. 33–54; and William T. Waller, Jr., “The Evolution of the Veblenian Dichotomuy: Veblen, Hamilton, Ayres, and Foster,” Journal of Economic Issues 16 (September 1982): 757–72.
Thorstein Veblen, The Theory of the Leisure Class (New York: Modern Library, 1934), p. 208.
Tool, Essays, pp. 36–37.
For example, Steven Hickerson, “Instrumental Valuation: The Normative Compass of Institutional Economics,” Journal of Economic Issues 21 (September 1987): 1117–1143. Republished in Marc R. Tool, ed., Institutional Economics I: Foundations of Institutional Thought (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1988), pp. 167–193.
For example, Marc R. Tool, ed., An Institutionalist Guide to Economics and Public Policy (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1985), passim.
Tool, Discretionary Economy, pp. 274–314.
Ibid., p. 293.
James A. Swaney, “Elements of a Neoinstitutional Environmental Economics,” Journal of Economic Issues 21 (December 1987): 1740. Republished in Marc R. Tool, ed., Evolutionary Economics, II: Institutional Theory and Policy (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1988), pp. 321–361.
Ibid.
Joseph H. Pechman, “The Future of the Income Tax,” American Economic Review 80 (March 1990): 1–20.
Paul D. Bush, “The Theory of Institutional Change,” Journal of Economic Issues 21 (September 1987): 1108. Republished in Tool, ed., Evolutionary Economics I, pp. 125–166.
Veblen, Leisure Class, p. 34.
Gilbert Seldes, quoted by Clarence E. Ayres in The Industrial Economy (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1952), p. 268.
Bush, “Theory of Institutional Change,” passim.
Ayres, Theory of Economic Progress, p. 220.
Thorstein Veblen, “Preconception” essays, The Place of Science in Modern Civilization (New York: Russell & Russell, 1961), pp. 82–179 and passim.
Ibid., p. 73.
William T. Waller, Jr., “Criticism of Institutionalism, Methodology, and Value Theory: A Comment on Langlois,” Journal of Economic Issues 23 (September 1989): 873.
Clarence E. Ayres, Toward a Reasonable Society (Austin: University of Texas, 1961), pp. 39–52.
Ayres, Theory of Economic Progress, p. 209.
Joan Robinson, Economic Philosophy (Chicago: Aldine, 1962), p. 49.
See Tool, “The Compulsive Shift to Institutional Analysis,” The Review of Institutional Thought 1 (December 1981): 17–39. Republished in Tool, Essays, pp. 181–202.
Paul D. Bush, “An Exploration of the Structural Characteristics of a Veblen— Ayres-Foster Defined Institutional Domain,” Journal of Economic Issues 17 (March 1983): 37.
Discussed briefly in Tool, Essays, pp. 34–36.
Ibid.
Dewey, Logic, pp. 104 ff.
Ivan Weinel and Philip P. Crossland, “The Scientific Foundations of Technological Progress,” Journal of Economic Issues 23 (September 1989): 797 ff.
Alfred S. Eichner, “Why Economics is Not Yet a Science,” in Eichner, ed., Why Economics is Not Yet a Science (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1983), pp. 206–210.
John Maynard Keynes, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1936).
Thorstein Veblen, The Theory of Business Enterprise (New York: Charles Scribner, 1904).
John R. Munkirs, The Transformation of American Capitalism: From Competitive Market Structures to Centralized Private Sector Planning (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1985).
F. Gregory Hayden, “Social Fabric Matrix: From Perspective to Analytical Tool,” Journal of Economic Issues 16 (September 1982): 637–662; and “Organizing Policy Research Through the Social Fabric Matrix: A Boolean Digraph Approach,” Journal of Economic Issues 16 (December 1982): 1013–1026.
Paul D. Bush, “An Exploration,” pp. 35–66; “On the Concept of Ceremonial Encapsulation,” The Review of Institutional Thought 3 (December 1986): 25–45; “Theory of Institutional Change,” pp. 125–166; “The Concept of ‘Progressive’ Institutional Change and Its Implications for Economic Policy Formation,” Journal of Economic Issues 23 (June 1989): 455–464.
Paul D. Bush “The Normative Implications of Positive Analysis,” paper presented at the Western Economics Association, Corvallis, Oregon, 1968; “A Veblen-Ayres Model of Institutional Change,” paper presented at the Western Economics Association, Anaheim, California, 1977; and “The Normative Implications of Institutional Analysis,” Economic Forum 12 (Winter 1981–82): 9–32.
Bush, “An Exploration,” p. 61.
Ibid., p. 37.
Discussed by Charles K. Wilbur and Robert S. Harrison, “The Methodological Basis of Institutional Economics; Pattern Models, Storytelling, and Holism,” Journal of Economic Issues 12 (March 1978): 61–90.
Bush, “An Exploration,” p. 36.
Ibid.
Bush, “An Exploration,” p. 39.
Ibid.
Ibid., pp. 39–40.
Ibid., p. 40.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid., p. 46.
Ibid., pp. 46–47.
Ibid., p. 51.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid., pp. 51–52.
Ibid., p. 52.
Ibid., p. 53.
Ibid., p. 54.
Ibid., pp. 54–55.
Ibid., p. 56.
Ibid.
Ibid., p. 58.
Ibid., p. 59.
Bush, “Ceremonial Encapsulation,”
Bush, “An Exploration,” p. 8.
Bush, “Ceremonial Encapsulation,” p. 29.
Ibid.
Ibid., p. 30.
Ibid., p. 31.
Ibid.
Ibid., pp. 33–37.
Ibid., pp. 33–34.
Cited by Bush, ibid. See Louis J. Junker, “Nutrition and Economy: Some Observations on Diet and Disease in the American Food Power System,” The Review of Institutional Thought 2 (December 1982): 27–58.
Staff Report to the Federal Trade Commission, Concentration Levels and Trends in the Energy Sector of the U.S. Economy, March 1974. [Thanks to Professor Ken Nowotny for this citation.]
Discussed by Bush, “Ceremonial Encapsulation,” p. 34.
Ibid., pp. 35–37; “Theory of Institutional Change,” pp. 150–151.
Bush, “Theory of Institutional Change,” p. 151.
Ibid.
(New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1964).
Bush, “Theory of Institutional Change,” p. 153.
Bush, “Concept of ‘Progressive’ Change,” p. 459.
Ibid., pp. 457–459.
Foster, “Papers,” pp. 933–934, 941, 1001–1002, 1005–1006.
Bush, “Concept of ‘Progressive’ Change,” p. 457.
Ibid., p. 479.
Ibid., p. 460.
A somewhat longer version of this section appeared in the Journal of Economic Issues 24 (December 1990).
Wendell C. Gordon, “The Role of Institutional Economics,” Journal of Economic Issues 18 (June 1984): 369–381; with John Adams Economics as Social Science: An Evolutionary Approach (Riverdale, MD: The Riverdale Company, 1989), Chapter VII, “Theory of Valuation (Value Theory),” pp. 83–99; “The Role of Tool’s Social Value Principle,” Journal of Economic Issues 24 (September 1990): 879–885.
Gordon, “Role of Institutional Economics,” p. 377.
Gordon and Adams, Economics as Social Science, p. 92.
Ibid., p. 380.
Gordon, “Role of Tool’s … Principle,” p. 879.
Ibid., pp. 880–881.
Ibid., p. 881.
Gordon, “Role of Institutional Economics,” p. 378.
Ibid.
Gordon and Adams, Economics as Social Science, p. 92; Tool, Discretionary Economy, p. 292.
Gordon, “Role of Institutional Economics,” p. 372.
Ibid., p. 379.
Ibid., p. 371.
Gordon, “Role of Institutional Economics,” p. 376.
Gordon and Adams, Economics as Social Science.
Edythe S. Miller, “Review of Wendell Gordon and John Adams,” Journal of Economic Issues 24 (March 1990): 276–277.
Gordon, “Role of Institutional Economics,” p. 375.
Gordon, “Role of Tool’s … Principle,” passim.
Ibid., p. 880.
A somewhat longer version of this section appeared in the Journal of Economic Issues, 24 (December 1990).
Anne Mayhew, “Culture: Core Concept Under Attack,” Journal of Economic Issues 21 (June 1987): 587–603; “A Critical Analysis of Tool’s Essays in Social Value Theory,” paper presented at the Western Social Science Association, El Paso, Texas, April 1987. See also a critique of these papers by F. Gregory Hayden, “Institutionalism for What: To Understand Inevitable Progress or For Policy Relevance?” Journal of Economic Issues 23 (June 1989): 633–645.
Mayhew, “Culture: Core Concept Under Attack,” p. 599.
Tool, Discretionary Economy, pp. 73–82.
Mayhew, “Culture: Core Concept Under Attack,” p. 597.
Ibid., p. 596.
Walter C. Neale, “Institutions,” Journal of Economic Issues 21 (September 1987): 1195. Republished in Tool, ed., Evolutionary Economics I, pp. 227–256.
Walter C. Neale, “Absolute Cultural Relativism: Firm Foundation for Valuing and Policy,” Journal of Economic Issues 24 (June 1990): 333–344.
I have attempted a provisional listing of continuing economic functions, Neale’s comment notwithstanding. See my The Discretionary Economy, p. 108. It is of interest, in this connection, to recall that Bronislaw Malinowski formulated a tableau entitled a “List of Universal Institutional Types” in which fundamental integrative principles (somewhat corollary to my continuing functions) are presented as common cultural categories of any social order. Institutional forms are listed as varying over time and from culture to culture. The integrative principles represent “a set of universal problems,” that are resolved by differing institutional forms. Institutional adjustment is affirmed; institutional structures are potentially discontinuous. See his A Scientific Theory of Culture (New York: Oxford University, 1960), pp. 62–66 and passim.
Neale, “Institutions,” pp. 244–245.
Neale, “Absolute Cultural Relativism,” p. 341.
Hayden, “Institutionalism for What?” p. 637.
Mayhew, “A Critical Analysis,” p. 3.
Ibid., p. 11.
Ibid., p. 4.
Ibid.
Ibid., p. 5.
Ibid., p. 10.
Ibid., p. 11.
Bush, “Concept of Ceremonial Encapsulation,” pp. 37–41.
Paul D. Bush, “Analyzing the Energy Problem: Pecuniary Logic Versus Institutional Analysis,” paper presented at the Western Social Science Association, Albuquerque, New Mexico, April, 1980, pp. 25–37 & passim.
Louis J. Junker, “Nutrition and Economy: Some Observations on Diet and Disease in the American Food Power System,” Review of Institutional Thought 2 (December 1982): 27, 29, and passim.
F. Gregory Hayden, “A Geobased National Agricultural Policy for Rural Community Enhancement, Environmental Vitality, and Income Stabilization” in Tool, ed., An Institutionalist Guide, pp. 251 and passim.
James A. Swaney, “Building Instrumental Environmental Control Institutions,” Journal of Economic Issues 21 (March 1987): 295–298 and passim.
John R. Munkirs, “Centralized Private Sector Planning: An Institutionalises Perspective on the Contemporary U.S. Economy,” Journal of Economic Issues 17 (December 1983): 932. The definitive work published later is his The Transformation of American Capitalism, (cited above). His argument is reiterated in “The Existence and Exercise of Corporate Power: An Opaque Fact,” Journal of Economic Issues 21 (December 1987): 1700–1701. Republished in Tool, ed., Evolutionary Economics II, pp. 261–288.
Notes
We have noted elsewhere that scholars in critical rhetoric, feminist philosophy of science and literary criticism all grapple with these same issue. See William Waller and Linda Robertson, “Why Johny (Ph.D., Economics) Can’t Read,” Journal of Economic Issues 24, (December 1990): 1027–1044.
Susan Bordo, The Flight to Objectivity (Albany: SUNY Press, 1987).
William Waller, “Criticism of Institutionalism, Methodology and Value Theory: A Comment of Langlois,” Journal of Economic Issues 23 (September 1989): 876–877.
James A. Swaney, “Our Obsolete Technology Mentality,” Journal of Economic Issues 23 (June 1989): 569–578. See especially Swaney’s endnote number 9 on page 578.
Charles Whalen, “The Pre-analytic Visions of Institutional Economics,” A paper presented at the annual meetings of the Association of Institutional Thought and the Western Social Science Association, Albuquerque, New Mexico, April 28, 1989.
Charles Peirce, “How We Make Our Ideas Clear,” in Philip Wiener, ed., Values in a Universe of Chance: Selected Writings of Charles S. Peirce (Stanford, CA: Stanford University press, 1958), pp. 113–136. See also “Issues in Pragmatism,” pp. 203–227, of the same volume.
Walter C. Neale, “Absolute Cultural Relativism: Firm Foundation for Valuing and Policy,” Journal of Economic Issues (September 1990): 333–344.
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Tool, M.R. (1993). The Theory of Instrumental Value: Extensions, Clarifications. In: Tool, M.R. (eds) Institutional Economics: Theory, Method, Policy. Recent Economic Thought, vol 31. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-585-29604-3_4
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