Abstract
This chapter is meant to provide a backdrop for some of the issues taken up in the chapters that follow. Also, it presents some analytical terms that are useful in science policy analysis, particularly dealing with motivations and the practice of polar research, with special reference to the Antarctic. It introduces a concept of institutional motives, reviews some or the driving factors in modem polar research and considers some similarities and differences between Arctic and Antarctic science, in order to highlight the latter. External political conditions that form the framework within which polar research is done today, differ considerably in the two regions. In the Arctic the exertion of national sovereignty, as well as military and economic interests in a number of countries have hindered the far-reaching international cooperation in science found in the Antarctic.
At the same time these factors have contributed to a fragmentation of knowledge production, while in the Antarctic, an international treaty arrangement which suspends territorial claims and emphasizes research has created conditions favorable to basic research. The focus is mainly on the tradeoff between science and politics in the Antarctic, and it is suggested that research there has a symbolic instrumental function, as distinct from a practical instrumental function which is most prominent in the Arctic.
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Notes
Science Council of Canada. 1988. Water 2020. SCC Discussion Paper No. 40. Ottawa, p. 23.
Brundtland Commission. 1987. Our Common future. The World Commission on Environment and Development. Oxford, 287 p.
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In a recent paper, Willy Østreng gives a very interesting description of the rationale for scientific cooperation in the polar regions, based on the concepts of symbolical and practical utility of science which I. Bohlin has developed in the articles cited in notes 4, 21 and 22. Østreng, W. Polar Science and Politics Close Twins or Opposite Poles in International Cooperation. Paper to the International Symposium “The Management of International Resources: Scientific Input and the Role of Scientific Cooperation,” Oslo 10–12 October, 1988. A short version of this paper has appeared as “International Cooperation in the Polar Regions: the Role of Science”, International Challenges (Oslo)8, p. 20–25.
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Greenpeace. 1988. Expedition Report 1987–88. Greenpeace Antarctic Expedition. Stichting Greenpeace Council. Lewes, East Sussex, UK.
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Young, O. 1986. The age of the Arctic. Oceanus 2910–17, which deals with new technologies in the military sector.
Science Council of Canada. 1988. Water 2020. SCC Discussion Paper No. 40 Ottawa, p. 16.
Olausson, E., Department of Marine Geology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (personal communication — interview).
Fifield, R. 1987. International Research in the Antarctic. SCAR/ICSU Press, Oxford.
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Walton, D.W.H. (ed.). 1987. Antarctic Science. Cambridge University Press, 250 p.
For a discussion, see Irvine, J. and Martin, B. 1984. Foresight in Science. Picking the Winners. Francis Pinter, London.
Bohlin, I. The Motive Structure in Contemporary Polar Science. Paper presented at “The Study of Science and Technology in the 1990’s”, joint conference of the Society for Social Studies of Science and the European Association for the Study of Science and Technology, Amsterdam, November 16–19,1988.
Bohlin, I. “Modern polarforskning. Anteckningar om dess samhalleliga roll”, VEST. Tidskrift forvetenskapsstudier (Göteborg) 8, 25–35. (In Swedish)
Walton, D.W.H. (ed). 1987. Antarctic Science. Cambridge University Press, p. 61–64.
Further discussion in Elzinga, A. 1985. “Research, bureaucracy, and the drift of epistemic criteria”, in The University Research System. The Public Policies of the Home of Scientists. Wittrock, B. and Elzinga, A. (eds). Almqvist and Wiksell International, Stockholm, p. 191–220.
Walton, D.W.H. (ed.). 1987. Antarctic Science. Cambridge University Press, p. 59.
For a survey of the various fields of science that are spurred by jurisdictional, economic, military and other motives, see Arctic Research in the United States 1, (Fall 1987) and 2 (Spring 1988).
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Elzinga, A., Bohlin, I. (1993). The Politics of Science in Polar Regions. In: Elzinga, A. (eds) Changing Trends in Antarctic Research. Environment and Assessment, vol 3. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-585-28849-9_2
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