Abstract
There are approximately 3500 known minerals, varying from the simple (native iron) to the complex (mcgovernite has approximately 1200 atoms in its unit cell) and spanning a wide range in bond type, from metallic (native gold) through ‘covalent’ (pyrite), to ‘ionic’ (halite). Most of us unconsciously divide the minerals into two groups: rock-forming and other. The rock-forming minerals are quantitatively dominant but numerically quite minor, whereas the other minerals are the reverse. Although this may seem a rather frivolous basis for such a division, there are actually some fairly important features to it that bear further examination.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Akao, M. and Iwai S. (1977) The hydrogen bonding of artinite. Acta Crystallographica B33, 3951–3.
Albright, T. A., Burdett, J. K., and Whangbo, M. H. (1985) Orbital Interactions in Chemistry, Wiley-Interscience, New York.
Allmann, R. (1975) Beziehungen zwischen Bindungslangen und Bindungsstarken in Oxidstrukturen. Monatschefte für Chemie 106, 779–93.
Baur, W. H. (1970) Bond length variation and distorted coordination polyhedra in inorganic crystals. Transactions of the American Crystallographic Association, 6, 129–55.
Baur, W. H. (1971) The prediction of bond length variations in silicon-oxygen bonds. American Mineralogist, 56, 1573–99.
Baur, W. H. (1987) Effective ionic radii in nitrides. Crystallography Reviews, 1, 59–83.
Brown, I. D. (1976) On the geometry of O-H …O hydrogen bonds. Acta Crystallographica, A32, 24–31.
Brown, I. D. (1981) The bond-valence method: an empirical approach to chemical structure and bonding, in Structure and Bonding in Crystals II, (eds M. O’Keeffe and A. Navrotsky), Academic Press, New York, pp. 1–30.
Brown, I. D. and Shannon, R. D. (1973) Empirical bond-strength-bond-length curves for oxides. Acta Crystallographica, A29, 266–82.
Burdett, J. K. (1980) Molecular Shapes, John Wiley, New York.
Burdett, J. K. (1986) Structural-electronic relationships in the solid state, in Molecular Structure and Energetics, (eds A. Greenberg and J. F. Liebman), VCH Publishers, Boca Raton, pp. 209–75.
Burdett, J. K. (1987) Some structural problems examined using the method of moments. Structure and Bonding, 65, 29–89.
Burdett, J. K. and Hawthorne, F. C. (1992) An orbital approach to the theory of bond-valence. American Mineralogist, (submitted).
Burdett, J. K. and McLarnan, T. M. (1984) An orbital interpretation of Pauling’s rules. American Mineralogist, 69, 601–21.
Burdett, J. K., Lee, S., and Sha, W. C. (1984) The method of moments and the energy levels of molecules and solids. Croatia Chemica Acta, 57, 1193–216.
Cerny, P. and Hawthorne, F. C. (1976) Refractive indices versus alkali contents in beryl: general limitations and applications to some pegmatite types. Canadian Mineralogist, 14, 491–7.
Christ, C. L. (1960) Crystal chemistry and systematic classification of hydrated borate minerals. American Mineralogist, 45, 334–40.
Christ, C. L. and Clark, J. R. (1977) A crystal-chemical classification of borate structures with emphasis on hydrated borates. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 2, 59–87.
Cromer, D. T., Kay, M. I., and Larsen, A. C. (1967) Refinement of the alum structures, II. X-ray and neutron diffraction of NaAl(SO4)2·12H2O. Acta Crystallographica, 22, 182–7.
Ferraris, G. and Franchini-Angela, M. (1972) Survey of the geometry and environment of water molecules in crystalline hydrates studied by neutron diffraction. Acta Crystallographica, B28, 3572–83.
Fisher, D. J. (1958) Pegmatite phosphates and their problems. American Mineralogist, 43, 181–207.
Gibbs, G. V. (1982) Molecules as models for bonding in silicates. American Mineralogist, 67, 421–50.
Gibbs, G. V., Hamil, M. M., and Louisnathan, S. J. et al. (1972) Correlations between Si-O bond length, Si-O-Si angle and bond-overlap populations calculated using extended Huckel molecular orbital theory. American Mineralogist, 57, 1578–613.
Hawthorne, F. C. (1979) The crystal structure of morinite. Canadian Mineralogist, 17, 93–102.
Hawthorne, F. C. (1983) Graphical enumeration of polyhedral clusters. Acta Crystallographica, A39, 724–36.
Hawthorne, F. C. (1984a) The crystal structure of stenonite and the classification of the aluminofluoride minerals. Canadian Mineralogist, 22, 245–51.
Hawthorne, F. C. (1984b) The crystal structure of mandarinoite, Fe 3+2 Se3O9·6H2O. Canadian Mineralogist, 22, 475–80.
Hawthorne, F. C. (1985a) Towards a structural classification of minerals: the viMivT2On minerals. American Mineralogist, 70, 455–73.
Hawthorne, F. C. (1985b) The crystal structure of stringhamite. Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen, 34, 15–24.
Hawthorne, F. C. (1986) Structural hierarchy in viM iiix TyOz minerals. Canadian Mineralogist, 24, 625–42
Hawthorne, F. C. (1990) Structural hierarchy in M[6]T[4]Ox minerals. Zeitschrifte für Kristallographie, 192, 1–52.
Hawthorne, F. C. and Cerny, P. (1977) The alkali-metal positions in Cs-Li beryl. Canadian Mineralogist, 15, 414–21.
Hawthorne, F. C. and Ferguson, R. B. (1975a) Anhydrous sulphates: I. Refinement of the crystal structure of celestite, with an appendix on the structure of thenardite. Canadian Mineralogist, 13, 181–7.
Hawthorne, F. C. and Ferguson, R. B. (1975b) Anhydrous sulphates: II. Refinement of the crystal structure of anhydrite. Canadian Mineralogist, 13, 181–7.
Hoffman, R. (1988) Solids and Surfaces: A Chemist’s view of Bonding in Extended Structures, VCH Publishers, New York.
Liebau, F. (1985) Structural Chemistry of Silicates, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Mereiter, K. (1974) Die Kristallstruktur von Rhomboklas, H5O2{Fe[SO4]2·2H2O}-. Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen, 21, 216–32.
Moore, P. B. (1970a) Structural hierarchies among minerals containing octahedrally coordinating oxygen: I. Stereoisomerism among corner-sharing octahedral and tetrahedral chains. Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie Monatschefte, pp. 163–73.
Moore, P. B. (1970b) Crystal chemistry of the basic iron phosphates. American Mineralogist, 55, 135–69.
Moore, P. B. (1973) Pegmatite phosphates: mineralogy and crystal chemistry. Mineralogical, Record, 4, 103–30.
Moore, P. B. (1974) Structural hierarchies among minerals containing octahedrally coordinating oxygen: II. Systematic retrieval and classification of octahedral edge-sharing clusters: an epistemological approach. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie Abhandlungen 120, 205–27.
Moore, P. B. (1975) Laueite, pseudolaueite, stewartite and metavauxite: a study in combinatorial polymorphism. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie Abhandlungen 123, 148–59.
Moore, P. B. (1981) Complex crystal structures related to glaserite, K3Na(SO4)2: evidence for very dense packings among oxysalts. Bulletin de la Societe francaise Mineralogie et Cristallographie 104, 536–47.
Moore, P. B. (1982) Pegmatite minerals of P(V) and B(III). Mineralogical Association of Canada Short Course, 8, 267–91.
Moore, P. B. (1984) Crystallochemical aspects of the phosphate minerals, in Phosphate Minerals, (eds J. O. Niagru and P. B. Moore), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 155–170.
Pabst, A. (1950) A structural classification of fluoaluminates. American Mineralogist, 35, 149–65.
Pauling, L. (1929) The principles determining the structure of complex ionic crystals. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 51, 1010–26.
Pauling, L. (1960) The Nature of the Chemical Bond, 3rd edn, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York.
Ripmeester, J. A., Ratcliffe, C. I., and Dutrizac, J. E. et al. (1986) Hydronium ion in the alunitejarosite group. Canadian Mineralogist, 24, 435–47.
Scordari, F. (1980) Structural considerations of some natural and artificial iron hydrated sulphates. Mineralogical Magazine, 43, 669–73.
Scordari, F. (1981) Crystal chemical implications on some alkali hydrated sulphates. Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen, 28, 207–22.
Shannon, R. D. (1975) Systematic studies of interatomic distances in oxides, in The Physics and Chemistry of Minerals and Rocks, (ed. R. G. J. Sterns), John Wiley & Sons, London, pp. 403–31.
Shannon, R. D. (1976) Revised effective ionic radii and systematic studies of interatomic distances in halides and chalcogenides. Acta Crystallographica, A32, 751–67.
Sutor, D. J. (1967) The crystal and molecular structure of newberyite, MgHPC4·3H2O. Acta Crystallographica, 23, 418–22.
Tossell, J. A. and Gibbs, G. V. (1977) Molecular orbital studies of geometries and spectra of minerals and inorganic compounds. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 2, 21–57.
Trinajstic, N. (1983) Chemical Graph Theory, vol. I, CRC Press, Boca Raton.
Ziman, J. (1965) Principles of the Theory of Solids, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Zoltai, T. (1960) Classification of silicates and other minerals with tetrahedral structures. American Mineralogist, 45, 960–73.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1992 Geoffrey D. Price, Nancy L. Ross and the contributors
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hawthorne, F.C. (1992). Bond topology, bond valence and structure stability. In: Price, G.D., Ross, N.L. (eds) The Stability of Minerals. The Mineralogical Society Series, vol 3. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-585-27578-9_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-585-27578-9_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-0-412-44150-9
Online ISBN: 978-0-585-27578-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive