Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Photofunctionalization of Materials to Promote Protein and Cell Interactions for Tissue-Engineering Applications

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Biological Interactions on Materials Surfaces

Abstract

Photofunctionalization has been utilized extensively for cell and tissue-engineering research, most commonly in the form of photopolymerization and photografting. Photopolymerization can be performed in vivo, in a minimally invasive manner, and with spatial and temporal control permitting the fabrication of complex scaffolds. A number of natural as well as synthetic polymers have been photofunctionalized to engineer tissues such as bone, cartilage, and skin. In this chapter, we describe the basic mechanism of photofunctionalization and different photoinitiators utilized in the biomedical field. The chapter also focuses on the different photofunctionalization strategies including photopolymerization, photografting, and some advanced techniques, and how these techniques have been explored to study cell, protein, and scaffold interactions. Some of the applications of photofunctionalization in the field of neural, bone, and cartilage tissue engineering are also discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

BDNF:

brain-derived neurotrophic factor

CaM:

calmodulin CQcamphorquinone

CS:

chondroitin sulphate CTNFciliary neurotrophic factor

DMPA:

2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone

DTC:

dithiocarbamate ECMextracellular matrix

GAG:

glycosaminoglycans HAhyaluronic acid

HAp:

hydroxyapatite I2959irgacure 2959

IPN:

interpenetrating polymeric network

ITX:

isopropyl-thioxanthone LRPliving radical polymerization

MSC:

mesenchymal stem cells NGFnerve growth factor

NT-3:

neurotrophin-3 PAApolyallylamine

PEG:

poly(ethylene glycol)

PGA:

poly(glycolic acid) PIphotoinitiator

PLA:

poly(lactic acid)

PM(PMA-ala):

poly(methacrylated pyromellitylimidoalanine)

RGD:

arginine-glycine-aspartic acid tripeptide

TED:

tetra-ethylthiuram disulfide

TGF:

transforming growth factor

References

  1. Garagorri N, Fermanian S, Thibault R, Ambrose WM, Schein OD, Chakravarti S, Elisseeff J: Keratocyte behavior in three-dimensional photopolymerizable poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels. Acta Biomater 2008, 4:1139–1147.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Carnahan MA, Middleton C, Kim J, Kim T, Grinstaff MW: Hybrid dendritic-linear polyester-ethers for in situ photopolymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2002, 124:5291–5293.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Goldner JS, Bruder JM, Li G, Gazzola D, Hoffman-Kim D: Neurite bridging across micropatterned grooves. Biomaterials 2006, 27:460–472.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Gomez N, Schmidt CE: Nerve growth factor-immobilized polypyrrole: bioactive electrically conducting polymer for enhanced neurite extension. J Biomed Mater Res A 2007, 81:135–149.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Sakai Y, Matsuyama Y, Takahashi K, Sato T, Hattori T, Nakashima S, Ishiguro N: New artificial nerve conduits made with photocrosslinked hyaluronic acid for peripheral nerve regeneration. Biomed Mater Eng 2007, 17:191–197.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Onuki Y, Nishikawa M, Morishita M, Takayama K: Development of photocrosslinked polyacrylic acid hydrogel as an adhesive for dermatological patches: involvement of formulation factors in physical properties and pharmacological effects. Int J Pharm 2008, 349:47–52.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Moon JJ, Lee SH, West JL: Synthetic biomimetic hydrogels incorporated with ephrin-A1 for therapeutic angiogenesis. Biomacromolecules 2007, 8:42–49.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Baier Leach J, Bivens KA, Patrick CW Jr, Schmidt CE: Photocrosslinked hyaluronic acid hydrogels: natural, biodegradable tissue engineering scaffolds. Biotechnol Bioeng 2003, 82:578–589.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Kilambi H, Cramer NB, Schneidewind LH, Shah P, Stansbury JW, Bowman CN: Evaluation of highly reactive mono-methacrylates as reactive diluents for BisGMA-based dental composites. Dent Mater 2008, 25:33–38.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Tilbrook DA, Clarke RL, Howle NE, Braden M: Photocurable epoxy-polyol matrices for use in dental composites I. Biomaterials 2000, 21:1743–1753.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Suggs LJ, Mikos AG: Development of poly(propylene fumarate-co-ethylene glycol) as an injectable carrier for endothelial cells. Cell Transplant 1999, 8:345–350.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Chen CH, Liu HW, Tsai CL, Yu CM, Lin IH, Hsiue GH: Photoencapsulation of bone morphogenetic protein-2 and periosteal progenitor cells improve tendon graft healing in a bone tunnel. Am J Sports Med 2008, 36:461–473.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Li H, Chen Y, Xie Y: Photo-crosslinking polymerization to prepare polyanhydride/needle-like hydroxyapatite biodegradable nanocomposite for orthopedic application. Mater Lett 2003, 57:2848–2854.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Young JS, Gonzales KD, Anseth KS: Photopolymers in orthopedics: characterization of novel crosslinked polyanhydrides. Biomaterials 2000, 21:1181–1188.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Sawhney AS, Pathak CP, Hubbell JA: Modification of islet of langerhans surfaces with immunoprotective poly(ethylene glycol) coatings via interfacial photopolymerization. Biotechnol Bioeng 1994, 44:383–386.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Fouassier JP: Photoinitiation, photopolymerization, and photocuring: fundamentals and applications. Munich, New York, Cincinnati: Hanser, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Peiffer RW: Applications of photopolymer technology. Washington, DC, American Chemical Society, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Salamone JC: Polymeric materials encyclopedia. Boca Raton: CRC, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Sharma B, Williams CG, Khan M, Manson P, Elisseeff JH: In vivo chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells in a photopolymerized hydrogel. Plast Reconstr Surg 2007, 119:112–120.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Bryant SJ, Nuttelman CR, Anseth KS: Cytocompatibility of UV and visible light photoinitiating systems on cultured NIH/3T3 fibroblasts in vitro. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 2000, 11:439–457.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Li Q, Wang J, Shahani S, Sun DD, Sharma B, Elisseeff JH, Leong KW: Biodegradable and photocrosslinkable polyphosphoester hydrogel. Biomaterials 2006, 27:1027–1034.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Atsumi T, Murata J, Kamiyanagi I, Fujisawa S, Ueha T: Cytotoxicity of photosensitizers camphorquinone and 9-fluorenone with visible light irradiation on a human submandibular-duct cell line in vitro. Arch Oral Biol 1998, 43:73–81.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Williams CG, Malik AN, Kim TK, Manson PN, Elisseeff JH: Variable cytocompatibility of six cell lines with photoinitiators used for polymerizing hydrogels and cell encapsulation. Biomaterials 2005, 26:1211–1218.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Odian GG: Principles of polymerization. 4th edn. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Park YD, Tirelli N, Hubbell JA: Photopolymerized hyaluronic acid-based hydrogels and interpenetrating networks. Biomaterials 2003, 24:893–900.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Burdick JA, Ward M, Liang E, Young MJ, Langer R: Stimulation of neurite outgrowth by neurotrophins delivered from degradable hydrogels. Biomaterials 2006, 27:452–459.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Fujisawa S, Kadoma Y, Masuhara E: Effects of photoinitiators for the visible-light resin system on hemolysis of dog erythrocytes and lipid peroxidation of their components. J Dent Res 1986, 65:1186–1190.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Elisseeff J, Anseth K, Sims D, McIntosh W, Randolph M, Langer R: Transdermal photopolymerization for minimally invasive implantation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999, 96:3104–3107.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Guan J, Gao C, Feng L, Sheng J: Surface photo-grafting of polyurethane with 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate for promotion of human endothelial cell adhesion and growth. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 2000, 11:523–536.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Gomez N, Lu Y, Chen S, Schmidt CE: Immobilized nerve growth factor and microtopography have distinct effects on polarization versus axon elongation in hippocampal cells in culture. Biomaterials 2007, 28:271–284.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Tessmar JK, Gopferich AM: Customized PEG-derived copolymers for tissue-engineering applications. Macromol Biosci 2007, 7:23–39.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Andreopoulos FM, Deible CR, Stauffer MT, Weber SG, Wagner WR, Beckman EJ, Russell AJ: Photoscissable hydrogel synthesis via rapid photopolymerization of novel PEG-based polymers in the absence of photoinitiators. J Am Chem Soc 1996, 118:6235–6240.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Cramer NB, Scott JP, Bowman CN: Photopolymerizations of thiol-ene polymers without photoinitiators. Macromolecules 2002, 35:5361–5365.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Sawhney AS, Pathak CS, Hubbell JA: Bioerodible hydrogels based on photopolymerized poly(ethylene glycol)-co-poly(α-hydroxy acid) diacrylate macromers. Macromolecules 1993, 26:581–587.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Dikovsky D, Bianco-Peled H, Seliktar D: The effect of structural alterations of PEG-fibrinogen hydrogel scaffolds on 3-D cellular morphology and cellular migration. Biomaterials 2006, 27:1496–1506.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Leach JB, Bivens KA, Patrick CW, Schmidt CE: Photocrosslinked hyaluronic acid hydrogels: natural biodegradable tissue engineering scaffolds. Biotechnol Bioeng 2003, 82:578–589.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. van Dijk-Wolthuis WNE, Franssen O, Talsma H, van Steenbergen MJ, Kettenes-van den Bosch JJ, Hennink WE: Synthesis, characterization, and polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate derivatized dextran. Macromolecules 1995, 28:6317–6322.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Li Q, Wang DA, Elisseeff JH: Heterogeneous-phase reaction of glycidyl methacrylate and chondroitin sulphate: mechanism of ring-opening-transesterificationcompetition. Macromolecules 2003, 36:2556–2562.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Chou AI, Nicoll SB: Characterization of photocrosslinked alginate hydrogels for nucleus pulposus cell encapsulation. J Biomed Mater Res A 2008, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Ono K, Saito Y, Yura H, Ishikawa K, Kurita A, Akaike T, Ishihara M: Photocrosslinkable chitosan as a biological adhesive. J Biomed Mater Res 2000, 49:289–295.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Matsuda T, Magushi T: Preparation of vinylated polysaccharides and photofabrication of tubular scaffolds as potential use in tissue engineering. Biomacromolecules 2002, 3:942–950.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. West DC, Hampson IN, Arnold F, Kumar S: Angiogenesis induced by degradation products of hyaluronic acid. Science 1985, 228:1324–1326.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Halstenberg S, Panitch A, Rizzi S, Hall H, Hubbell JA: Biologically engineered protein-graft-poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels: a cell adhesive and plasmin-degradable biosynthetic material for tissue repair. Biomacromolecules 2002, 3:710–723.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Hahn MS, Miller JS, West JW: Three-dimensional biochemical and biomechanical patterning of hydrogels for guiding cell behavior. Adv Mater 2006, 18:2679–2684.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Sebra RP, Kasko AM, Anseth KS, Bowman CS: Synthesis and photografting of highly pH-responsive polymer chains. Sens Actuators B Chem 2006, 119:127–134.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Sebra RP, Reddy SK, Masters KS, Bowman CN, Anseth KS: Controlled polymerization chemistry to graft architectures that influence cell-material interactions. Acta Biomater 2007, 3:151–161.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Sebra RP, Masters KS, Bowman CN, Anseth KS: Surface grafted antibodies: controlled architecture permits enhanced antigen detection. Langmuir 2005, 21:10907–10911.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Nakayama Y, Anderson JM, Matsuda T: Laboratory-scale mass production of a multi-micropatterned grafted surface with different polymer regions. J Biomed Mater Res 2000, 53:584–591.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Nakayama Y, Matsuda T: Photo induced surface heparin immobilization. ASAIO J 1993, 39:M754–M757.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Nakayama Y, Matsuda T, Irie M: A novel surface photo-graft polymerization method for fabricated devices. ASAIO J 1993, 39:M542–M544.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Nakayama Y, Matsuda T: Surface macromolecular architectural designs using photo-graft copolymerization based on photochemistry of benzyl N,N-diethyldithiocarbamate. Macromolecules 1996, 29:8622–8630.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Otsu T, Yoshida M: Role of initiator-transfer agent-terminator (iniferter) in radical polymerizations: polymer design by organic disulfides as iniferters. Macromol Rapid Commun1982, 26:127–132.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Yang W, Ranby B: Bulk surface photografting process and its applications. II. Principal factors affecting surface photografting. J Appl Polym Sci 1996, 62:545–555.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Luo Y, Shoichet MS: A photolabile hydrogel for guided three-dimensional cell growth and migration. Nat Mater 2004, 3:249–253.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Gomez N, Chen S, Schmidt CE: Polarization of hippocampal neurons with competitive surface stimuli: contact guidance cues are preferred over chemical ligands. J R Soc Interface 2007, 4:223–233.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Peng T, Cheng YL: PNIPAAm and PMAA co-grafted porous PE membranes: living radical co-grafting mechanism and multi-stimuli responsive permeability. Polymer 2001, 42:2091–2100.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Wang P, Tan KL, Kang ET: Surface modification of poly(tetrafluoroethylene) films via grafting of poly(ethylene glycol) for reduction in protein adsorption. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 2000, 11:169–186.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Ehrick JD, Deo SK, Browning TW, Bachas LG, Madou MJ, Daunert S: Genetically engineered protein in hydrogels tailors stimuli-responsive characteristics. Nat Mater 2005, 4:298–302.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Asoh TA, Kaneko T, Matsusaki M, Akashi M: Rapid and precise release from nano-tracted poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogels containing linear poly (acrylic acid). Macromol Biosci 2006, 6:959–965.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Hasirci V, Lewandrowski K, Gresser JD, Wise DL, Trantolo DJ: Versatility of biodegradable biopolymers: degradability and an in vivo application. J Biotechnol 2001, 86:135–150.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Desai NP, Sojomihardjo A, Yao Z, Ron N, Soon-Shiong P: Interpenetrating polymer networks of alginate and polyethylene glycol for encapsulation of islets of Langerhans. J Microencapsul 2000, 17:677–690.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Zawko SA, Suri S, Trong Q, Schmidt CE: Photopatterned anisotropic swelling of dual-crosslinked hyaluronic acid hydrogels. Acta Biomaterialia 2008. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2008.09.012.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Zawko SA, Truong Q, Schmidt CE: Drug-binding hydrogels of hyaluronic acid functionalized with beta-cyclodextrin. J Biomed Mater Res A 2008, 87:1044–1052.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Ward JH, Peppas NA: Preparation of controlled release systems by free-radical UV polymerizations in the presence of a drug. J Control Release 2001, 71:183–192.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Dumanian GA, Dascombe W, Hong C, Labadie K, Garrett K, Sawhney AS, Pathak CP, Hubbell JA, Johnson PC: A new photopolymerizable blood vessel glue that seals human vessel anastomoses without augmenting thrombogenicity. Plast Reconstr Surg 1995, 95:901–907.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. West JL, Chowdhury SM, Sawhney AS, Pathak CP, Dunn RC, Hubbell JA: Efficacy of adhesion barriers. Resorbable hydrogel, oxidized regenerated cellulose and hyaluronic acid. J Reprod Med 1996, 41:149–154.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. West JL, Hubbell JA: Comparison of covalently and physically cross-linked polyethylene glycol-based hydrogels for the prevention of postoperative adhesions in a rat model. Biomaterials 1995, 16:1153–1156.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. West JL, Hubbell JA: Separation of the arterial wall from blood contact using hydrogel barriers reduces intimal thickening after balloon injury in the rat: the roles of medial and luminal factors in arterial healing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996, 93:13188–13193.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Elisseeff J, McIntosh W, Anseth K, Riley S, Ragan P, Langer R: Photoencapsulation of chondrocytes in poly(ethylene oxide)-based semi-interpenetrating networks. J Biomed Mater Res 2000, 51:164–171.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Albrecht DR, Tsang VL, Sah RL, Bhatia SN: Photo- and electropatterning of hydrogel-encapsulated living cell arrays. Lab Chip 2005, 5:111–118.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Hern DL, Hubbell JA: Incorporation of adhesion peptides into nonadhesive hydrogels useful for tissue resurfacing. J Biomed Mater Res 1998, 39:266–276.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Miki D, Dastgheib K, Kim T, Pfister-Serres A, Smeds KA, Inoue M, Hatchell DL, Grinstaff MW: A photopolymerized sealant for corneal lacerations. Cornea 2002, 21:393–399.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Orive G, Hernandez RM, Gascon AR, Calafiore R, Chang TM, De Vos P, Hortelano G, Hunkeler D, Lacik I, Shapiro AM, et al: Cell encapsulation: promise and progress. Nat Med 2003, 9:104–107.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Pathak CP, Sawhney AS, Hubbell JA: Rapid photopolymerization of immunoprotective gels in contact with cells and tissues. J Am Chem Soc 1992, 114:8311–8312.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Marra KG: Biodegradable polymers and microspheres in tissue engineering. Boca Raton: CRC, 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Salgado AJ, Coutinho OP, Reis RL: Bone tissue engineering: state of the art and future trends. Macromol Biosci 2004, 4:743–765.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Fedorowicz Z, Nasser M, Newton JT, Oliver RJ: Resorbable versus titanium plates for orthognathic surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007:CD006204.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Eppley BL, Morales L, Wood R, Pensler J, Goldstein J, Havlik RJ, Habal M, Losken A, Williams JK, Burstein F, et al: Resorbable PLLA-PGA plate and screw fixation in pediatric craniofacial surgery: clinical experience in 1883 patients. Plast Reconstr Surg 2004, 114:850–856; discussion 857.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Hutmacher DW, Schantz JT, Lam CX, Tan KC, Lim TC: State of the art and future directions of scaffold-based bone engineering from a biomaterials perspective. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2007, 1:245–260.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Anseth KS, Shastri VR, Langer R: Photopolymerizable degradable polyanhydrides with osteocompatibility. Nat Biotechnol 1999, 17:156–159.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Timmer MD, Ambrose CG, Mikos AG: Evaluation of thermal- and photo-crosslinked biodegradable poly(propylene fumarate)-based networks. J Biomed Mater Res A 2003, 66:811–818.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Timmer MD, Carter C, Ambrose CG, Mikos AG: Fabrication of poly(propylene fumarate)-based orthopaedic implants by photo-crosslinking through transparent silicone molds. Biomaterials 2003, 24:4707–4714.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Timmer MD, Ambrose CG, Mikos AG: In vitro degradation of polymeric networks of poly(propylene fumarate) and the crosslinking macromer poly(propylene fumarate)-diacrylate. Biomaterials 2003, 24:571–577.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Burkoth AK, Anseth KS: A review of photocrosslinked polyanhydrides: in situ forming degradable networks. Biomaterials 2000, 21:2395–2404.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Li H, Chen Y, Xie Y: Nanocomposites of cross-linking polyanhydrides and hydroxyapatite needles: mechanical and degradable properties. Mater Lett 2004, 58:2819–2823.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Mankin HJ: The reaction of articular cartilage to injury and osteoarthritis (second of two parts). N Engl J Med 1974, 291:1335–1340.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Mankin HJ: The reaction of articular cartilage to injury and osteoarthritis (first of two parts). N Engl J Med 1974, 291:1285–1292.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Cao Y, Vacanti JP, Paige KT, Upton J, Vacanti CA: Transplantation of chondrocytes utilizing a polymer-cell construct to produce tissue-engineered cartilage in the shape of a human ear. Plast Reconstr Surg 1997, 100:297–302; discussion 303–294.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Freed LE, Grande DA, Lingbin Z, Emmanual J, Marquis JC, Langer R: Joint resurfacing using allograft chondrocytes and synthetic biodegradable polymer scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res 1994, 28:891–899.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Freed LE, Marquis JC, Nohria A, Emmanual J, Mikos AG, Langer R: Neocartilage formation in vitro and in vivo using cells cultured on synthetic biodegradable polymers. J Biomed Mater Res 1993, 27:11–23.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Freed LE, Langer R, Martin I, Pellis NR, Vunjak-Novakovic G: Tissue engineering of cartilage in space. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997, 94:13885–13890.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Bryant SJ, Bender RJ, Durand KL, Anseth KS: Encapsulating chondrocytes in degrading PEG hydrogels with high modulus: engineering gel structural changes to facilitate cartilaginous tissue production. Biotechnol Bioeng 2004, 86:747–755.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Burkoth AK, Burdick J, Anseth KS: Surface and bulk modifications to photocrosslinked polyanhydrides to control degradation behavior. J Biomed Mater Res 2000, 51:352–359.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Poshusta AK, Burdick JA, Mortisen DJ, Padera RF, Ruehlman D, Yaszemski MJ, Anseth KS: Histocompatibility of photocrosslinked polyanhydrides: a novel in situ forming orthopaedic biomaterial. J Biomed Mater Res A 2003, 64:62–69.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Hoshikawa A, Nakayama Y, Matsuda T, Oda H, Nakamura K, Mabuchi K: Encapsulation of chondrocytes in photopolymerizable styrenated gelatin for cartilage tissue engineering. Tissue Eng 2006, 12:2333–2341.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Anseth KS, Metters AT, Bryant SJ, Martens PJ, Elisseeff JH, Bowman CN: In situ forming degradable networks and their application in tissue engineering and drug delivery. J Control Release 2002, 78:199–209.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Bruder SP, N, Jaiswal NS, Ricalton JD, Mosca KH, Kraus S: Kadiyala 1998: Mesenchymal stem cells in osteobiology and applied bone regeneration. Clin Orthop Relat Res S247–S256.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Lutolf MP, Weber FE, Schmoekel HG, Schense JC, Kohler T, Muller R, Hubbell JA: Repair of bone defects using synthetic mimetics of collagenous extracellular matrices. Nat Biotechnol 2003, 21:513–518.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Alhadlaq A, Elisseeff JH, Hong L, Williams CG, Caplan AI, Sharma B, Kopher RA, Tomkoria S, Lennon DP, Lopez A et al: Adult stem cell driven genesis of human-shaped articular condyle. Ann Biomed Eng 2004, 32:911–923.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. Fawcett JW, Asher RA: The glial scar and central nervous system repair. Brain Res Bull 1999, 49:377–391.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Gamez E, Ikezaki K, Fukui M, Matsuda T: Photoconstructs of nerve guidance prosthesis using photoreactive gelatin as a scaffold. Cell Transplant 2003, 12:481–490.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Sarig-Nadir O, Seliktar D: Compositional alterations of fibrin-based materials for regulating in vitro neural outgrowth. Tissue Eng Part A 2008, 14:401–411.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Gunn JW, Turner SD, Mann BK: Adhesive and mechanical properties of hydrogels influence neurite extension. J Biomed Mater Res A 2005, 72:91–97.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Piantino J, Burdick JA, Goldberg D, Langer R, Benowitz LI: An injectable, biodegradable hydrogel for trophic factor delivery enhances axonal rewiring and improves performance after spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2006, 201:359–367.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Mahoney MJ, Anseth KS: Three-dimensional growth and function of neural tissue in degradable polyethylene glycol hydrogels. Biomaterials 2006, 27:2265–2274.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Gomez N, Lee JY, Nickels JD, Schmidt CE: Micropatterned polypyrrole: a combination of electrical and topographical characteristics for the stimulation of cells. Adv Funct Mater 2007, 17:1645–1653.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank and recognize Maeve Cooney for assistance with editing. We would like to thank Tera Sherrard for assistance with copyright permission and for obtaining high-resolution images. We would like to acknowledge Jeffrey A. Hubbell, Kristi S. Anseth, Sylvia Daunert, and Jose Luis Pedraz for contributions of figures used in this chapter. We would also like to thank Scott Zawko for his valuable feedback and input on this project.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA

    Shalu Suri, Ankur Singh & Christine E. Schmidt

Authors
  1. Shalu Suri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ankur Singh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Christine E. Schmidt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

    Rights and permissions

    Reprints and permissions

    Copyright information

    © 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

    About this chapter

    Cite this chapter

    Suri, S., Singh, A., Schmidt, C.E. (2009). Photofunctionalization of Materials to Promote Protein and Cell Interactions for Tissue-Engineering Applications. In: Puleo, D., Bizios, R. (eds) Biological Interactions on Materials Surfaces. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-98161-1_15

    Download citation

    Publish with us

    Policies and ethics

    Search

    Navigation