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Sustainable Energy Systems and Applications pp 633–662Cite as

Carbon Dioxide Technologies

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Abstract

Besides being a greenhouse gas and a major component of the carbon cycle in nature, carbon dioxide (CO2, CAS 124-38-9) is a substance of major industrial importance. It has a stable linear molecule in which each atom of oxygen is linked with two strong covalent bonds to the atom of carbon. The number of industrial processes using carbon dioxide is very large; it is used for welding; plastics; synthetic fuel processing; oil, gas, and coal-bed methane recovery; refrigerant; heat transfer fluid (e.g., in refrigeration applications and for gas-cooled nuclear reactors); cryogenic cooling (e.g., dry ice); working fluid in power and heat pump cycles, beverage and food processing and preservation; pharmaceutical and processing industry; pneumatic systems; fighting; fire; powder processing; spray painting and coating; polymerization; separation technologies; crystallization processes; dyeing and dry cleaning of textiles; chemical extractions; various chemical reactions; and so on.

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Abbreviations

A :

Area, m2

C :

Concentration

COP:

Coefficient of performance

d :

Diameter, m

D :

Diffusion coefficient, m2/s

g :

Specific Gibbs energy, kJ/kg

j :

Mass velocity, kg/s.m2

K :

Equilibrium constant

m :

Mass, kg

m :

Mass flow rate, kg/s

h :

Specific enthalpy, kJ/kg

HHV:

Higher heating value, MJ/kg

R :

Universal gas constant, J/kmol.K

P :

Pressure, Pa

q :

Mass specific heat, kJ/kg

s :

Specific entropy, kJ/kg.K

S :

Entropy, kJ/K

T :

Temperature, K

v :

Specific volume, m3/kg

\( \dot{V} \) :

Volume flow rate, m3/s

w :

Specific work, kJ/kg

x :

Vapor quality or hydrogen fraction

y :

Ice fraction

α :

Membrane permeability

δ :

Solubility parameter, N0.5/m or thickness, m

η :

Efficiency or dynamic viscosity, Ns/m2

ν :

Kinematic viscosity, m2/s

ψ :

Exergetic efficiency

ρ :

Density, kg/m3

σ :

Surface tension, g/s2

τ :

Reduced temperature

0:

Reference state

c:

Critical

comp:

Compression

ex:

Exergy

ext:

Extracted

F:

Feed

i:

Input

inp:

Input

L:

Liquid

L,V:

Liquid–vapor

mem:

Membrane

o:

Output

p:

Permeate

ref:

Refrigeration

res:

Removal

sub:

Sublimation

V:

Vapor

t:

Triple

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Engineering & Applied Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology (UOIT), Oshawa, ON, L1H 7K4, Canada

    İbrahim Dinçer & Calin Zamfirescu

Authors
  1. İbrahim Dinçer
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  2. Calin Zamfirescu
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to İbrahim Dinçer .

Study Questions/Problems

Study Questions/Problems

  1. 14.1

    Present a classification of carbon dioxide technologies.

  2. 14.2

    What feature makes carbon dioxide an excellent working fluid and process separation medium?

  3. 14.3

    What is supercritical carbon dioxide?

  4. 14.4

    What is dry ice and how it is obtained?

  5. 14.5

    Define the solubility strength.

  6. 14.6

    Calculate the cycle from Fig. 14.6 such that you obtain the diagram from Fig. 14.7.

  7. 14.7

    Calculate a supercritical power cycle with carbon dioxide operating at 120 bar and with 200°C maximum temperature in the cycle. Take the isentropic efficiency of the turbine 0.8.

  8. 14.8

    Calculate the process illustrated in Fig. 14.11 such that you obtain the diagram from Fig. 14.12.

  9. 14.9

    Calculate the cycle represented in Fig. 14.18.

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Dinçer, İ., Zamfirescu, C. (2011). Carbon Dioxide Technologies. In: Sustainable Energy Systems and Applications. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-95861-3_14

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-95861-3_14

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-387-95860-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-387-95861-3

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

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