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Sustainable Energy Systems and Applications pp 431–478Cite as

Energy Storage

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Abstract

Any energy system includes at least two essential entities, namely, energy generators and energy consumers. Each of these elements has its associated characteristics, and it is not necessary that at all times the energy generated is the same as the energy consumed. Moreover, it is not necessary that the energy is generated at the same location where it is consumed. The transmission grid is a medium that interconnects the energy generators with the energy consumers.

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Abbreviations

A :

Area, m2

C :

Electric capacity, F

c p :

Specific heat, J/kg K

d :

Distance, m

D :

Diameter, m

E :

Energy, J

Ex :

Exergy, J

\( {{\dot{\it E}x}} \) :

Exergy rate, W

d:

Distance, m

f :

Friction factor

H :

Enthalpy, kJ or height, m

h :

Specific enthalpy, J/kg, or heat transfer coefficient, W/m2K

i :

Electric current intensity, A

I :

Maximum current intensity, A or moment of inertia, kg⋅m2

k :

Thermal conductivity, W/mK

K :

Flywheel constant

L :

Length, m

LHV:

Lower heating value, MJ/kg

m :

Mass, kg

\( \dot{m} \) :

Mass flow rate, kg/s

N :

Number of heat transfer units

P :

Pressure, bar

C :

Electric capacity, F

q :

Heat, kJ

\( \dot{Q} \) :

Heat rate, W

R :

Electric resistance, Ω

R, r :

Radius, m

t :

Time, m

T :

Temperature, K

V :

Volume, m3, or velocity m/s or electric potential, V

W :

Width, m or work, kJ

\( \dot{W} \) :

Work rate, W

y :

Coordinate, m

\( \delta \) :

Thickness, m

\( \varepsilon \) :

Electric permittivity, F/m

\( \xi \) :

Friction factor

\( \eta \) :

Energy efficiency

\( \psi \) :

Exergy efficiency

\( \rho \) :

Density, kg/m3

\( \sigma \) :

Tensile stress, N/m2

\( \tau \) :

Time constant, s

\( \theta \) :

Dimensionless temperature

\( \omega \) :

Angular velocity, rad/s

\( \infty \) :

Surroundings

0:

Initial

c:

Charging or capacitor or coolant

ch:

Charging

d:

Destroyed

dsch:

Discharging

e:

Exterior

i:

Interior

ice:

Ice

in:

Inner

inp:

Input

L:

Lateral

loss:

Losses

LS:

Melting

m:

Per unit of mass

max:

Maximum

opt:

Optimal

out:

Outer

R:

Retrieved

ref:

Reference

ret:

Retrieved

s:

System or storage or source

tot:

Total

T:

Total

w:

Wall

References

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Engineering & Applied Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology (UOIT), Oshawa, ON, L1H 7K4, Canada

    İbrahim Dinçer & Calin Zamfirescu

Authors
  1. İbrahim Dinçer
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  2. Calin Zamfirescu
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to İbrahim Dinçer .

Study Questions/Problems

Study Questions/Problems

  1. 11.1

    Describe the role and the general layout of energy storage systems.

  2. 11.2

    For an average house (three to four people), calculate the need for electrical energy storage in batteries if all electricity is supplied by photovoltaic cells.

  3. 11.3

    Explain the features of energy demand.

  4. 11.4

    List the main methods for energy storage.

  5. 11.5

    Describe the principle of capacitors and the range of storage time in these devices.

  6. 11.6

    Describe the principle of the flywheel and its optimal geometry.

  7. 11.7

    Consider a system for compressed air storage from Fig. 11.9. Make reasonable assumptions and determine its efficiency.

  8. 11.8

    Calculate the standard reaction heat for thermochemical energy storage according to the process described in Eq. (11.19).

  9. 11.9

    Give a categorization of thermal energy storage systems.

  10. 11.10

    Redo the analysis from Case Study 11.7.1 for a surrounding temperature of 35°C and cooling of water from 95° to 40°C.

  11. 11.11

    Repeat the fundamental analysis from Section 11.7.3 and determine the maximum dimensionless heat transfer for a dimensionless tube length of 100, dimensionless fan power of 300, \( {\theta_{\rm{in}}} = 1.05 \), \( \tilde{D} = 0.25 \), f = 0.02, and N = 0.01.

  12. 11.12

    Repeat the fundamental analysis from Section 11.7.4 and determine the optimum dimensionless length of a charging time of 0.2 (dimensionless).

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Dinçer, İ., Zamfirescu, C. (2011). Energy Storage. In: Sustainable Energy Systems and Applications. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-95861-3_11

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-95861-3_11

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-387-95860-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-387-95861-3

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

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