Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Principles and Concepts of Behavioral Medicine pp 137–179Cite as

Research Approaches of Education, Applied Psychology, and Behavioral Science and Their Application to Behavioral Medicine

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

This chapter describes the range of different research strategies, designs, and methods derived from education, applied psychology, and behavioral science that are used in behavioral medicine. Section one examines seven key questions that are typically addressed in behavioral medicine and illustrates how the research and program evaluation methods, including qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods, are utilized in answering each of these questions. Section two discusses community engagement in the research process as an integral element of conducting research and evaluation in behavioral medicine, including both the basic concepts and principles of community-based participatory research. Section three explores the concepts and issues in the translation of research into practice, a topic of growing interest as a next-generation challenge to those working in both the public health and behavioral medicine communities. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the emerging challenges of conducting behavioral medicine research and their implications for the future.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Notes

  1. 1.

    When referring to the effects of intervention, the terms impact and outcome are used somewhat differently in the behavioral and social sciences than in clinical medicine. In public health, proximal effects are often referred to as impacts, whereas more distal effects are called outcomes. In clinical medicine, however, proximal effects are outcomes and the longer-term effects of treatments are thought of as the impact.

References

  • Abel-Smith, B., & Rawal, P. (1992). Can the poor afford ‘free’ health services? A case study of Tanzania. Health Policy and Planning, 7(4), 329–341.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aday, L. A., & Cornelius, L. J. (2009). Designing and conducting health surveys: A comprehensive guide (3rd ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adler, M., & Ziglio, E. (1996). Gazing into the oracle: The Delphi method and its application to social policy and public health. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alkin, M. C. (2004). Evaluation roots: Tracing theorists’ views and influences. Thousand Oaks: SAGE.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Allegrante, J. P., & Livingood, W. C. (2013). IOM report redefines the assessment and value of community-based health prevention. Health Education & Behavior, 40(1), 3–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Altman, D. G., Schulz, K. F., Moher, D., Egger, M., Davidoff, F., Elbourne, D., et al. (2001). The revised CONSORT statement for reporting randomized trials: Explanation and elaboration. Annals of Internal Medicine, 134(8), 663–694.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Altman, D. G., Simera, I., Hoey, J., Moher, D., & Schulz, K. (2008). EQUATOR: Reporting guidelines for health research. Lancet, 371(9619), 1149–1150.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, K. K., Sebaldt, R. J., Lohfeld, L., Karwalajtys, T., Ismaila, A. S., Goeree, R., et al. (2008). Patient views on reminder letters for influenza vaccinations in an older primary care patient population – A mixed methods study. Canadian Journal of Public Health-Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique, 99(2), 133–136.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Andersen, P. A., Buller, D. B., Walkosz, B. J., Maloy, J., Scott, M. D., Cutter, G. R., & Dignan, M. B. (2009). Testing a theory-based health communication program: A replication of Go Sun Smart in outdoor winter recreation. Journal of Health Communication, 14(4), 346–365.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, E. A., Homan, S., Schonhoff, R., & Kreuter, M. (1999). Principles of practice for academic/practice/community research partnerships. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 16(3 Suppl), 86–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bakken, S., Holzemer, W. L., Brown, M. A., Powell-Cope, G. M., Turner, J. G., Inouye, J., et al. (2000). Relationships between perception of engagement with health care provider and demographic characteristics, health status, and adherence to therapeutic regimen in persons with HIV/AIDS. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 14(4), 189–197.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Begg, C., Cho, M., Eastwood, S., Horton, R., Moher, D., Olkin, I., et al. (1996). Improving the quality of reporting of randomized trials. The CONSORT statement. Journal of the American Medical Association, 276(8), 637–639.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benning, A., Ghaleb, M., Suokas, A., Dixon-Woods, M., Dawson, J., Barber, N., et al. (2011). Large scale organisational intervention to improve patient safety in four UK hospitals: Mixed method evaluation. British Medical Journal, 342, d195.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bonuck, K. A., & Kahn, R. (2002). Prolonged bottle use and its association with iron deficiency anemia and overweight: A preliminary study. Clinical Pediatrics, 41(8), 603–607.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Borawski, E. A., Trapl, E. S., Adams-Tufts, K., Hayman, L. L., Goodwin, M. A., & Lovegreen, L. D. (2009). Taking be proud! Be responsible! To the suburbs: A replication study. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 41(1), 12–22.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Borland, R., Yong, H. H., Wilson, N., Fong, G. T., Hammond, D., Cummings, K. M., Hosking, W., & McNeill, A. (2009). How reactions to cigarette packet health warnings influence quitting: Findings from the ITC Four-Country survey. Addiction, 104(4), 669–675.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bryson, J. M., Patton, M. Q., & Bowman, R. A. (2011). Working with evaluation stakeholders: A rationale, step-wise approach and toolkit. Evaluation and Program Planning, 34(1), 1–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bullinger, M. (1995). German translation and psychometric testing of the SF-36 Health Survey: Preliminary results from the IQOLA project. International Quality of Life Assessment. Social Science & Medicine, 41(10), 1359–1366.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burney, P., Luczynska, C., Chinn, S., & Jarvis, D. (1994). The European Community Respiratory Health Survey. European Respiratory Journal, 7(5), 954–960.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Canadian Institutes of Health Research. (2014). CIHR open access policy. Retrieved from http://www.cihr-irsc.gc.ca/e/32005.html

  • Carleton, R. A., Lasater, T. M., Assaf, A. R., Feldman, H. A., & McKinlay, S. (1995). The Pawtucket Heart Health Program: Community changes in cardiovascular risk factors and projected disease risk. American Journal of Public Health, 85(6), 777–785.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, S. (2012). Psychology’s bold initiative. Science, 335(6076), 1558–1561.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014). HIV among youth. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/risk/age/youth/index.html?s_cid=tw_std0141316

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015a). National Health Interview Survey. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015b). Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Retrieved from: http://www.cdc.gov/brfss/data_documentation/index.htm

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015c). National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes.htm

  • Chatterji, M. (2004). Evidence on “what works”: An argument for extended-term mixed-method (ETMM) evaluation designs. Educational Researcher, 33(9), 3–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chatterji, M., Green, L. W., & Kumanyika, S. (2001). L.E.A.D.: A prevention framework for evidence gathering and use for the prevention of obesity and other complex health problems. Health Education & Behavior, 41(1), 85–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chatterji, M., Kwon, Y. A., & Sng, C. (2006). Gathering evidence on an after-school supplemental instruction program: Design challenges and early findings in light of NCLB. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 14(12), 1–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, V. L. P. (2010). The adoption and practice of mixed methods: US trends in federally funded health-related research. Qualitative Inquiry, 16(6), 428–440.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cochrane Collaboration. (2015). Retrieved from http://www.cochrane.org/

  • Cohall, A. T., Dini, S., Senathirajah, Y., Nye, A., Neu, N., Powell, D., et al. (2008). Feasibility of using computer-assisted interviewing to enhance HIV test counseling in community settings. Public Health Reports, 123(Suppl 3), 70–77.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, D. J., Crabtree, B. F., Etz, R. S., Balasubramanian, B. A., Donahue, K. E., Leviton, L. C., et al. (2008). Fidelity versus flexibility: Translating evidence-based research into practice. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 35(5 Suppl), S381–S389.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Commission on the Social Determinants of Health. (2008). Closing the gap in a generation: Health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Final report of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Geneva: World Health Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coons, S. J., Alabdulmohsin, S. A., Draugalis, J. R., & Hays, R. D. (1998). Reliability of an Arabic version of the RAND-36 Health Survey and its equivalence to the US-English version. Medical Care, 36(3), 428–432.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Creswell, J. W., Klassen, A. C., Plano Clark, V. L., & Smith, K. C. for the Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research. (2011). Best practices for mixed methods research in the health sciences. Retrieved from www.obssr.od.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Best_Practices_for_Mixed_Methods_Research.pdf

  • Curry, L. A., Nembhard, I. M., & Bradley, E. H. (2009). Qualitative and mixed methods provide unique contributions to outcomes research. Circulation, 119(10), 1442–1452.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Vries, H., Weijts, W., Dijkstra, M., & Kok, G. (1992). The utilization of qualitative and quantitative data for health education program planning, implementation, and evaluation: A spiral approach. Health Education & Behavior, 19(1), 101–115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dehar, M. A., Casswell, S., & Duignan, P. (1993). Formative and process evaluation of health promotion and disease prevention programs. Evaluation Review, 17(2), 204–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Denny-Smith, T., Bairan, A., & Page, M. C. (2006). A survey of female nursing students’ knowledge, health beliefs, perceptions of risk, and risk behaviors regarding human papillomavirus and cervical cancer. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners, 18(2), 62–69.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Des Jarlais, D. C., Lyles, C., Crepaz, N., & Grp, T. (2004). Improving the reporting quality of nonrandomized evaluations of behavioral and public health interventions: The TREND statement. American Journal of Public Health, 94(3), 361–366.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dillman, D. A., Smyth, J. D., & Christian, L. M. (2008). Internet, mail, and mixed-mode surveys: The tailored design method (3rd ed.). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dorfman, L. E., Derish, P. A., & Cohen, J. B. (1992). Hey girlfriend: An evaluation of AIDS prevention among women in the sex industry. Health Education & Behavior, 19(1), 25–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dubois-Arber, F., Jeannin, A., & Spencer, B. (1999). Long term global evaluation of a national AIDS prevention strategy: The case of Switzerland. AIDS, 13(18), 2571–2582.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duke University Health System. (2018). Duke patient safety center. Retrieved from: http://www.dukepatientsafetycenter.com/

  • Edwards, P. K. (1987). Conceptual and methodological issues in evaluating emergent programs. Evaluation and Program Planning, 10(1), 27–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eidsdottir, S. T., Kristjansson, A. L., Sigfusdottir, I. D., & Allegrante, J. P. (2008). Trends in physical activity and participation in sports clubs among Icelandic adolescents. European Journal of Public Health, 18(3), 289–293.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eidsdottir, S. T., Kristjansson, A. L., Sigfustottir, I. D., Garber, C. E., & Allegrante, J. P. (2010). Trends in body mass index among Icelandic adolescents and young adults from 1992 to 2007. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 7(5), 2191–2207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eidsdottir, S. T., Kristjansson, A. L., Sigfusdottir, I. D., Garber, C. E., & Allegrante, J. P. (2013). Secular trends in overweight and obesity among Icelandic adolescents: Does socioeconomic status and family structure matter? Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 41(4), 384–391.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eidsdottir, S. T., Kristjansson, A. L., Sigfusdottir, I. D., Garber, C. E., & Allegrante, J. P. (2014). Association between higher BMI and depressive symptoms in Icelandic adolescents: The mediational function of body image. European Journal of Public Health, 24(6), 888–892.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Epping-Jordan, J. (2004). Research to practice: International dissemination of evidence-based behavioral medicine. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 28(2), 81–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, R. I., Raines, B. E., & Owen, A. E. (1989). Formative evaluation in school-based health promotion investigations. Preventive Medicine, 18(2), 229–234.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farquhar, J. W., Fortmann, S. P., Flora, J. A., Taylor, C. B., Haskell, W. L., Williams, P. T., et al. (1990). Effects of communitywide education on cardiovascular disease risk factors. The Stanford Five-City project. Journal of the American Medical Association, 264(3), 359–365.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fenton, K. A., Chinouya, M., Davidson, O., Copas, A., & Team, M. S. (2002). HIV testing and high risk sexual behaviour among London’s migrant African communities: A participatory research study. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 78(4), 241–245.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fetterman, D. M. (2000). Foundations of empowerment evaluation. Thousand Oaks: SAGE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, E. B. (2008). The importance of context in understanding behavior and promoting health. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 35(1), 3–18.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, E. B., Fitzgibbon, M. L., Glasgow, R. E., Haire-Joshu, D., Hayman, L. L., Kaplan, R. M., Nanney, M. S., & Ockene, J. K. (2011). Behavior matters. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 40(5), e15–e30.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Flowers, P., Duncan, B., & Knussen, C. (2003). Re-appraising HIV testing: An exploration of the psychosocial costs and benefits associated with learning one’s HIV status in a purposive sample of Scottish gay men. British Journal of Health Psychology, 8(2), 179–194.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fortmann, S. P., & Varady, A. N. (2000). Effects of a community-wide health education program on cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality – The Stanford Five-City project. American Journal of Epidemiology, 152(4), 316–323.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fowler, F. J., Jr. (2014). Survey research methods (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks: SAGE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freudenberg, N. (1982). Health education for social change: A strategy for public health in the US. International Journal of Health Education, 24(3), 138–145.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freudenberg, N., & Tsui, E. (2014). Evidence, power, and policy change in community-based participatory research. American Journal of Public Health, 104(1), 11–14.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Freudenberg, N., Franzosa, E., Chisholm, J., & Libman, K. (2015). New approaches for moving upstream: How state and local health departments can transform practice to reduce health inequalities. Health Education & Behavior, 42(Suppl 1), 46S–56S.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fukuhara, S., Bito, S., Green, J., Hsiao, A., & Kurokawa, K. (1998). Translation, adaptation, and validation of the SF-36 Health Survey for use in Japan. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 51(11), 1037–1044.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gabriele, J. M., Carpenter, B. D., Tate, D. F., & Fisher, E. B. (2011). Directive and nondirective e-coach support for weight loss in overweight adults. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 41(2), 252–263.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Galuska, D. A., Will, J. C., Serdula, M. K., & Ford, E. S. (1999). Are health care professionals advising obese patients to lose weight? Journal of the American Medical Association, 282(16), 1576–1578.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gandek, B., Ware, J. E., Aaronson, N. K., Alonso, J., Apolone, G., Bjorner, J. B., et al. (1998). Cross-validation of item selection and scoring for the SF-12 Health Survey in nine countries: Results from the IQOLA project. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 51(11), 1171–1178.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gevers, D. W. M., Kremers, S. P. J., de Vries, N. K., & van Assema, P. (2014). Clarifying concepts of food parenting practices. A Delphi study with an application to snacking behavior. Appetite, 79, 51–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gignac, M. A. M., Davis, A. M., Hawker, G., Wright, J. G., Mahomed, N., Fortin, P. R., & Bradley, E. M. (2006). “What do you expect? You’re just getting older”: A comparison of perceived osteoarthritis-related and aging-related health experiences in middle- and older-age adults. Arthritis and Rheumatism, 55(6), 905–912.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gittelsohn, J., Steckler, A., Johnson, C. C., Pratt, C., Grieser, M., Piclcrel, J., et al. (2006). Formative research in school and community-based health programs and studies: “state of the art” and the TAAG approach. Health Education & Behavior, 33(1), 25–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glasgow, R. E. (2008). What types of evidence are most needed to advance behavioral medicine? Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 35(1), 19–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glasgow, R. E. (2013). What does it mean to be pragmatic? Pragmatic methods, measures, and model to facilitate research translation. Health Education & Behavior, 40(3), 257–265.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glasgow, R. E., & Emmons, K. M. (2007). How can we increase translations of research into practice? Types of evidence needed. Annual Review of Public Health, 28, 413–433.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glasgow, R. E., Vogt, T. M., & Boles, S. M. (1999). Evaluating the public health of health promotion interventions: The RE-AIM framework. American Journal of Public Health, 89(9), 1322–1327.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Glasgow, R. E., Eakin, E. G., Fisher, E. B., Bacak, S. J., & Brownson, R. C. (2001). Physician advice and support for physical activity: Results from a national survey. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 21(3), 189–196.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glasgow, R. E., Bull, S. S., Gillette, C., Klesges, L. M., & Dzewaltowski, D. A. (2002). Behavior change intervention research in healthcare settings – A review of recent reports with emphasis on external validity. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 23(1), 62–69.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glasgow, R. E., Kurz, D., King, D., Dickman, J. M., Faber, A. J., et al. (2010). Outcomes of minimal and moderate support versions of an internet-based diabetes self-management support program. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 25(1), 1315–1322.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Glass, T. A., & McAtee, M. J. (2006). Behavioral science at the crossroads in public health: Extending horizons, envisioning the future. Social Science & Medicine, 62(7), 1650–1671.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Golden, S. D., & Earp, J. L. (2012). Social ecological approaches to individuals and their contexts: Twenty years of health education & behavior health promotion interventions. Health Education & Behavior, 39(3), 364–372.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gottlieb, N. H., Lovato, C. Y., Weinstein, R., Green, L. W., & Eriksen, M. P. (1992). The implementation of a restrictive worksite smoking policy in a large decentralized organization. Health Education & Behavior, 19(1), 77–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, A. L., Papandonatos, G. D., DePue, J. D., Pinto, B. M., Borrelli, B., Neighbors, C. J., et al. (2008). Lifetime characteristics of participants and non-participants in a smoking cessation trial: Implications for external validity and public health impact. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 35(3), 295–307.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Green, L. W. (2004). Ethics and community-based participatory research: Commentary on Minkler. Health Education & Behavior, 31(6), 698–701.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Green, L. W. (2006). Public health asks of systems science: To advance our evidence-based practice, can you help us get more practice-based evidence? American Journal of Public Health, 96(3), 406–409.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Green, L. W. (2008). Making research relevant: If it is an evidence-based practice, where’s the practice-based evidence? Family Practice, 25(Suppl 1), i20–i44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Green, L. W. (2014). The PRECEDE-PROCEED model of health program planning and evaluation. Bibliography. Published Applications of the Precede Model. Retrieved from http://www.lgreen.net/precede%20apps/preapps-NEW.htm

  • Green, L. W., & Kreuter, M. (2005). Health program planning: An educational and ecological approach (4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, L. W., & Mercer, S. L. (2001). Can public health researchers and agencies reconcile the push from funding bodies and the pull from communities? American Journal of Public Health, 91(12), 1926–1929.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Greene, J. C. (1987). Stakeholder participation in evaluation design: Is it worth the effort? Evaluation and Program Planning, 10(4), 379–394.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenhalgh, T., Helman, C., & Chowdhury, A. M. (1998). Health beliefs and folk models of diabetes in British Bangladeshis: A qualitative study. British Medical Journal, 316(7136), 978–983.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Greenwald, A. G. (1976). Within-subjects designs: To use or not to use? Psychological Bulletin, 83(2), 314–320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1989). Fourth generation evaluation. Newbury Park: SAGE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hallfors, D., Cho, H., Sanchez, V., Khatapoush, S., Kim, H. M., & Bauer, D. (2006). Efficacy vs effectiveness trial results of an indicated “model” substance abuse program: Implications for public health. American Journal of Public Health, 96(12), 2254–2259.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hammond, D., Fong, G., McDonald, P. W., Brown, S., & Cameron, R. (2004). Graphic Canadian cigarette warning labels and adverse outcomes: Evidence from Canadian smokers. American Journal of Public Health, 94(8), 1442–1445.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hanson, D. W., Finch, C. F., Allegrante, J. P., & Sleet, D. (2012). Closing the gap between injury prevention research and community safety promotion practice: Revisiting the public health model. Public Health Reports, 127(2), 147–155.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • HealthIT.gov. How do I use a rapid-cycle improvement strategy? Retrieved from http://www.healthit.gov/providers-professionals/faqs/how-do-i-use-rapid-cycle-improvement-strategy

  • Helft, P. R., Hlubocky, F., & Daugherty, C. K. (2003). American oncologists’ views of internet use by cancer patients: A mail survey of American Society of Clinical Oncology members. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 21(5), 942–947.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Higgins, D. L., Oreilly, K., Tashima, N., Crain, C., Beeker, C., Goldbaum, G., et al. (1996). Using formative research to lay the foundation for community level HIV prevention efforts: An example from the AIDS community demonstration projects. Public Health Reports, 111(Suppl 1), 28–35.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Higgins, J. P., Altman, D. G., Gøtzsche, P. C., Jüni, P., Moher, D., Oxman, A. D., Savovic, J., Schulz, K. F., Weeks, L., Sterne, J. A., & Cochrane Bias Methods Group; Cochrane Statistical Methods Group. (2011). The Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. British Medical Journal, 343, d5928.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Homer, J., Milstein, B., Wile, K., Pratibhu, P., Farris, R., & Orenstein, D. (2008). Modeling the local dynamics of cardiovascular health: Risk factors, context, and capacity. Preventing Chronic Disease, 5(2), A63.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Homer, J., Milstein, B., Wile, K., Trogdon, J., Huang, P., Labarthe, D., & Orenstein, D. (2010). Simulating and evaluating local interventions to improve cardiovascular health. Preventing Chronic Disease, 7(1), A18.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Honeycutt, A. A., Wile, K., Dove, C., Hawkins, J., & Orenstein, D. (2015). Strategic planning for chronic disease prevention in rural America: Looking through a PRISM lens. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 21(4), 392–329.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hyden, C., Kahn, R., & Bonuck, K. (2013). Bottle-weaning intervention tools: The “how” and “why” of a WIC-based educational flipchart, parent brochure, and website. Health Promotion Practice, 14(1), 75–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • IOM (Institute of Medicine). (2011). Finding what works in health care: Standards for systematic reviews. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • IOM (Institute of Medicine). (2012). An integrated framework for assessing the value of community-based prevention. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Isaac, S., & Michael, W. B. (1995). Handbook in research and evaluation: A collection of principles, methods, and strategies useful in the planning, design, and evaluation of studies in education and the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). San Diego: EdITS.

    Google Scholar 

  • Israel, B. A., Schulz, A. J., Parker, E. A., & Becker, A. B. (1998). Review of community based research: Assessing partnership approaches to improve public health. Annual Review of Public Health, 19(1), 173–202.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Israel, B. A., Schulz, A. J., Parker, E. A., Becker, A. B., & Community-Campus Partnerships for Health. (2001). Community-based participatory research: Policy recommendations for promoting a partnership approach in health research. Education for Health, 14(2), 182–197.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, C. L., Dehue, F., Vollink, T., & Lechner, L. (2014). Determinants of adolescents’ ineffective and improved coping with cyberbullying: A Delphi study. Journal of Adolescence, 37(4), 373–385.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jarvandi, S., Davidson, N. O., Jeffe, D. B., & Schootman, M. (2012). Influence of lifestyle factors on inflammation in men and women with type 2 diabetes: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2004. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 44(3), 399–407.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jasny, B. R., Chin, G., Chong, L., & Vignieri, S. (2011). Data replication & reproducibility. Again, and again, and again …. Introduction. Science, 334(6060), 1225.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, B., & Christensen, L. B. (2004). Educational research: Quantitative, qualitative and mixed approaches (2nd ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, J. A., Nowatzi, T. E., & Coons, S. J. (1996). Health-related quality of life of diabetic Pima Indians. Medical Care, 34(2), 97–102.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Katz, D. L., Murimi, M., Gonzalez, A., Njike, V., & Green, L. W. (2011). From controlled trial to community adoption: The multisite translational community trial. American Journal of Public Health, 101(8), e17–e27.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kelley, K., Clark, B., Brown, V., & Sitzia, J. (2003). Good practice in the conduct and reporting of survey research. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 15(3), 261–266.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kenny, S. J., Smith, P. J., Goldschmid, M. G., Newman, J. M., & Herman, W. H. (1993). Survey of physician practice behaviors related to diabetes mellitus in the U.S.: Physician adherence to consensus recommendations. Diabetes Care, 16(11), 1507–1510.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, Y. S., Park, Y. S., Allegrante, J. P., Marks, R., Ok, H., Cho, K., & Garber, C. E. (2012). Relationship between physical activity and general mental health. Preventive Medicine, 55(5), 458–463.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kisker, E. E., & Brown, R. S. (1997). Nonexperimental designs and program evaluation. Children and Youth Services Review, 19(7), 541–566.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kitzinger, J. (1994). The methodology of focus groups: The importance of interaction between research participants. Sociology of Health & Illness, 16(1), 103–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knickman, J., & Jellinek, P. (1997). Epilogue: Four lessons from evaluating controversial programs. Children and Youth Services Review, 19(7), 607–614.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knuth, A. G., Malta, D. C., Dumith, S. C., Pereira, C. A., Morais-Neto, O. L., Temporao, J. G., et al. (2011). Practice of physical activity and sedentarism among Brazilians: Results of the National Household Sample Survey-2008. Ciencia & Saude Coletiva, 16(9), 3697–3705.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kobeissi, L., Nakkash, R., Ghantous, Z., Abou Saad, M., & Yassin, N. (2011). Evaluating a community based participatory approach to research with disadvantaged women in the southern suburbs of Beirut. Journal of Community Health, 36(5), 741–747.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kolata, G. (2013, November 25). Bumps in the road to new cholesterol guidelines. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/26/health/heart-and-stroke-study-hit-by-a-wave-of-criticism.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0

  • Korelitz, J. J., Fernandez, A. A., Uyeda, V. J., Spivey, G. H., Browdy, B. L., & Schmidt, R. T. (1993). Health habits and risk factors among truck drivers visiting a health booth during a trucker trade show. American Journal of Health Promotion, 8(2), 117–123.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kreuger, R. A., & Casey, M. A. (2015). Focus groups: A practical guide for applied research (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks: SAGE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kristjansson, A. L., James, J. E., Allegrante, J. P., Sigfusdottir, I. D., & Helgason, A. R. (2010). Adolescent substance use, parental monitoring, and leisure-time activities: 12-year outcomes of primary prevention in Iceland. Preventive Medicine, 51(2), 168–171.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kristjansson, A. L., Sigfusson, J., Sigfusdottir, I. D., & Allegrante, J. P. (2013). Data collection procedures for school-based surveys among adolescents: The Youth in Europe Study. Journal of School Health, 83(9), 662–667.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kristjansson, A. L., Sigfusdottir, I. D., Sigfusson, J., & Allegrante, J. P. (2014). Self-generated identification codes in longitudinal prevention research with adolescents: A pilot study of matched and unmatched subjects. Prevention Science, 15(2), 205–212.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kurth, B. M., Kamtsiuris, P., Holling, H., Schlaud, M., Dolle, R., Ellert, U., et al. (2008). The challenge of comprehensively mapping children’s health in a nation-wide health survey: Design of the German KiGGS-Study. BMC Public Health, 8, 196.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Langley, C., Nolan, K., Nolan, T., Norman, C., & Provost, L. (1996). The improvement guide: A practical approach to improving organizational performance. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lantz, P. M., House, J. S., Lepkowski, J. M., Williams, D. R., Mero, R. P., & Chen, J. M. (1998). Socioeconomic factors, health behaviors, and mortality: Results from a nationally representative prospective study of US adults. Journal of the American Medical Association, 279(21), 1703–1708.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lear, J. G., Gleicher, H. B., St Germaine, A., & Porter, P. J. (1991). Reorganizing health care for adolescents: The experience of the school-based adolescent health care program. Journal of Adolescent Health, 12(6), 450–458.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levy, R. I. (1982). The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute overview 1980. The director’s report to the NHLBI Advisory Council. Circulation, 65(2), 217–225.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li, L., Wang, H. M., & Shen, Y. (2003). Chinese SF-36 Health Survey: Translation, cultural adaptation, validation, and normalisation. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 57(4), 259–263.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Li, Y., Ehiri, J., Hu, D., Zhang, Y., Wang, Q., Zhang, S., & Cao, J. (2014). Framework of behavioral indicators for outcome evaluation of TB health promotion: A Delphi study of TB suspects and Tb patients. BMC Infectious Diseases, 14, 268.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lieberman, L., Golden, S. D., & Earp, J. A. (2013). Structural approaches to health promotion: What do we need to know about policy and environmental change? Health Education & Behavior, 40(5), 520–525.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay, A. C. (2002). Integrating quantitative and qualitative methods to assess the impact of child survival programs in developing countries: The case of a program evaluation in Ceara, Northeast Brazil. Health Education & Behavior, 29(5), 570–584.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Linstone, H. A., & Turoff, M. (Eds.). (1975). The Delphi method: Techniques and applications. Reading: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company/Advanced Book Program.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linstone, H. A., & Turoff, M. (2011). Delphi: A brief look backward and forward. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 78(9), 1712–1719.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Livingood, W. C., Allegrante, J. P., Airhihenbuwa, C. O., Clark, N. M., Windsor, R. C., Zimmerman, M. A., & Green, L. W. (2011). Applied social and behavioral science to address complex health problems. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 41(5), 525–531.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Livingood, W. C., Allegrante, J. P., & Green, L. W. (2016). Culture change from tobacco accommodation to intolerance: Time to connect the dots. Health Education & Behaviour, 43(2), 133–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luepker, R. V., Murray, D. M., Jacobs, D. R., Jr., Mittelmark, M. B., Bracht, N., Carlaw, R., et al. (1994). Community education for cardiovascular disease prevention: Risk factor changes in the Minnesota Heart Health Program. American Journal of Public Health, 84(9), 1383–1393.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Luostarinen, T., Hakulinen, T., & Pukkala, E. (1995). Cancer risk following a community-based programme to prevent cardiovascular diseases. International Journal of Epidemiology, 24(6), 1094–1099.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Macaulay, A. C., Jagosh, J., Seller, R., Henderson, J., Cargo, M., Greenhalgh, T., et al. (2011). Assessing the benefits of participatory research: A rationale for a realist review. Global Health Promotion, 18(2), 45–48.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Manca, D. P., Aubrey-Bassler, K., Kandola, K., Aquilar, C., Campbell-Scherer, D., Sopcak, N., et al. (2014). Implementing and evaluating a program to facilitate chronic disease prevention and screening in primary care: A mixed methods program evaluation. Implementation Science, 9, 135.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Marcoux, M. F., Sallis, J. F., McKenzie, T. L., Marshall, S., Armstrong, C. A., & Goggin, K. J. (1999). Process evaluation of a physical activity self-management program for children: SPARK. Psychology & Health, 14(4), 659–677.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McBurney, D. H., & White, T. L. (2010). Research methods (8th ed.). Belmont: Thomson/Wadsworth.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGraw, S. A., McKinlay, S. M., McClements, L., Lasater, T. M., Assaf, A., & Carleton, R. A. (1989). Methods in program evaluation: The process evaluation system of the Pawtucket Heart Health Program. Evaluation Review, 13(5), 459–483.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meadows, G., Harvey, C., Fossey, E., & Burgess, P. (2000). Assessing perceived need for mental health care in a community survey: Development of the Perceived Need for Care Questionnaire (PNCQ). Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 35(9), 427–435.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mermelstein, R. (1999). Explanations of ethnic and gender differences in youth smoking: A multi-site, qualitative investigation. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 1(Suppl 1), S91–S98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Minkler, M., Blackwell, A. G., Thompson, M., & Tamir, H. (2003). Community-based participatory research: Implications for public health funding. American Journal of Public Health, 93(8), 1210–1213.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Minkler, M., Vasquez, V. B., Warner, J. R., Steussey, H., & Facente, S. (2006). Sowing the seeds for sustainable change: A community-based participatory research partnership for health promotion in Indiana, USA and its aftermath. Health Promotion International, 21(4), 293–300.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Minkler, M., Lee, P. T., Tom, A., Chang, C., Morales, A., Liu, S. S., et al. (2010). Using community-based participatory research to design and initiate a study on immigrant worker health and safety in San Francisco's Chinatown restaurants. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 53(4), 361–371.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moen, R. D., Nolan, T. W., & Provost, L. P. (1999). Quality improvement through planned experimentation. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & PRISMA Group. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. British Medical Journal, 339, b2535.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Montgomery, P., Grant, S., Hopewell, S., Macdonald, G., Moher, D., Michie, S., & Mayo-Wilson, E. (2013). Protocol for CONSORT-SPI: An extension for social and psychological interventions. Implementation Science, 8, 99.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, D. L. (1996). Focus groups. Annual Review of Sociology, 22(1), 129–152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Narang, R. (2011). Determining quality of public health care services in rural India. Clinical Governance: An International Journal, 16(1), 35–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Institutes of Health. (2014). Public access policy. Retrieved from http://publicaccess.nih.gov/

  • Nature. (2006). Overview: Nature’s peer review trial. Retrieved from http://www.nature.com/nature/peerreview/debate/nature05535.html

  • NCI (National Cancer Institute). (2015). Health information nationial trends survey. Retrieved from http://hints.cancer.gov/

  • Newhouse, J. P. (1982). A summary of the Rand Health Insurance Study. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 387, 111–114.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ngo-Metzger, Q., Sorkin, D. H., Mangione, C. M., Gandek, B., & Hays, R. D. (2008). Evaluating the SF-36 Health Survey (Version 2) in older Vietnamese Americans. Journal of Aging and Health, 20(4), 420–436.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nicklas, T. A., & O’Neil, C. E. (2000). Process of conducting a 5-a-day intervention with high school students: Gimme 5 (Louisiana). Health Education & Behavior, 27(2), 201–212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien, K. (1993). Using focus groups to develop health surveys: An example from research on social relationships and AIDS-preventive behavior. Health Education & Behavior, 20(3), 361–372.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien, B. C., Harris, I. B., Beckman, T. J., Reed, D. A., & Cook, D. A. (2014). Standards for reporting qualitative research: A synthesis of recommendations. Academic Medicine, 89(9), 1245–1251.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oldenburg, B. F., Sallis, J. F., Efrench, M. L., & Owen, N. (1999). Health promotion research and the diffusion and institutionalization of interventions. Health Education Research, 14, 121–130.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Owen, L., & Penna, G. (2001). Smoking and pregnancy: A survey of knowledge attitudes and behaviour 1992–1999. London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker, R., Baker, D., Williams, M., & Nurss, J. (1995). The test of functional health literacy in adults. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 10(10), 537–541.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patton, M. Q. (1984). An alternative evaluation approach for the problem-solving training program: A utilization-focused evaluation process. Evaluation and Program Planning, 7(2), 189–192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patton, M. Q. (1987). How to use qualitative methods in evaluation. Newbury Park: SAGE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks: SAGE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patton, M. Q. (2008). Utilization-focused evaluation (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks: SAGE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patton, M. Q. (2012). Essentials of utilization-focused evaluation. Thousand Oaks: SAGE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pazoki, R., Nabipour, I., Seyednezami, N., & Imami, S. R. (2007). Effects of a community-based healthy heart program on increasing healthy women’s physical activity: A randomized controlled trial guided by Community-based Participatory Research (CBPR). BMC Public Health, 7, 216.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Perneger, T. V., Leplège, A., Etter, J.-F., & Rougemont, A. (1995). Validation of a French-language version of the MOS 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) in young healthy adults. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 48(8), 1051–1060.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Persson, L.-O., Karlsson, J., Bengtsson, C., Steen, B., & Sullivan, M. (1998). The Swedish SF-36 Health Survey II. Evaluation of clinical validity: Results from population studies of elderly and women in Gothenborg. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 51(11), 1095–1103.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, J. C., Charlson, M. E., Hoffman, Z., Wells, M. T., Wong, S. C., Hollenberg, J. P., et al. (2012). A randomized controlled trial of positive-affect induction to promote physical activity after percutaneous coronary intervention. Archives of Internal Medicine, 172(4), 329–336.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, J. C., Czajkowski, S., Charlson, M. E., Link, A. R., Wells, M. T., Isen, A. M., et al. (2013). Translating basic behavioral and social science research to clinical application: The EVOLVE mixed methods approach. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 81(2), 217–230.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, J. C., Link, A. R., Jobe, J. B., Winston, G. J., Marina Limasiewfski, E., & Allegrante, J. P. (2014). Developing self-management education in coronary artery disease. Heart & Lung: The Journal of Critical Care, 43(2), 133–139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Petrie, K. J., Cameron, L. D., Ellis, C. J., Buick, D., & Weinman, J. (2002). Changing illness perceptions after myocardial infarction: An early intervention randomized controlled trial. Psychosomatic Medicine, 64(4), 580–586.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pinto, R. M., & McKay, M. M. (2006). A mixed-method analysis of African-American women’s attendance at an HIV prevention intervention. Journal of Community Psychology, 34(5), 601–616.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pole, M., Einarson, A., Pairaudeau, N., Einarson, T., & Koren, G. (2000). Drug labeling and risk perceptions of teratogenicity: A survey of pregnant Canadian women and their health professionals. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 40(6), 573–577.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2008). Nursing research: Generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice (8th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Posavac, E. J. (2011). Program evaluation: Methods and case studies (8th ed.). Boston: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Puska, P., Nissinen, A., Tuomilehto, J., Salonen, J. T., Koskela, K., McAlister, A., et al. (1985). The community-based strategy to prevent coronary heart disease: Conclusions from the ten years of the North Karelia project. Annual Review of Public Health, 6, 147–193.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Puska, P., Vartiainen, E., Tuomilehto, J., Salomaa, V., & Nissinen, A. (1998). Changes in premature deaths in Finland: Successful long-term prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 76(4), 419–425.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Raudenbush, S. W., & Bryk, A. S. (2002). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: SAGE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rea, L. M., & Parker, R. M. (2014). Designing and conducting survey research: A comprehensive guide (4th ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, N. (1999). The use of focus group methodology with selected examples from sexual health research. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 29(4), 905–913.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rou, K. M., Wu, Z. Y., Sullivan, S. G., Li, F., Guan, J. H., Xu, C., et al. (2007). A five-city trial of a behavioural intervention to reduce sexually transmitted disease/HIV risk among sex workers in China. AIDS, 21(Suppl 8), S95–S101.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sandelowski, M. (1995). Sample size in qualitative research. Research in Nursing & Health, 18(2), 179–183.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Santos, I., Victora, C. G., Martines, J., Gonçalves, H., Gigante, D. P., Valle, N. J., & Pelto, G. (2001). Nutrition counseling increases weight gain among Brazilian children. The Journal of Nutrition, 131(11), 2866–2873.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, S., Maul, H., Freerksen, N., & Potschke-Langer, M. (2008). Who smokes during pregnancy? An analysis of the German Perinatal Quality Survey 2005. Public Health, 122(11), 1210–1216.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schumacher, K. L., Koresawa, S., West, C., Dodd, M., Paul, S. M., Tripathy, D., et al. (2005). Qualitative research contribution to a randomized clinical trial. Research in Nursing & Health, 28(3), 268–280.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Secginli, S., & Nahcivan, N. O. (2006). Factors associated with breast cancer screening behaviours in a sample of Turkish women: A questionnaire survey. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 43(2), 161–171.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seifer, S. (2006). Building and sustaining community-institutional partnerships for prevention research: Findings from a national collaborative. Journal of Urban Health, 84(3), 461–474.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shain, R. N., Piper, J. M., Newton, E. R., Perdue, S. T., Ramos, R., Champion, J. D., & Guerra, F. A. (1999). A randomized, controlled trial of a behavioral intervention to prevent sexually transmitted disease among minority women. New England Journal of Medicine, 340(2), 93–100.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sigfusdottir, I. D., Kristjansson, A. L., Thorlindsson, T., & Allegrante, J. P. (2008). Trends in prevalence of substance use among Icelandic adolescents, 1995–2006. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 3, 12.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sigfusdottir, I. D., Thorlindsson, T., Kristjansson, A. L., Roe, K. M., & Allegrante, J. P. (2009). Substance use prevention for adolescents: The Icelandic Model. Health Promotion International, 24(1), 16–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sigfusdottir, I. D., Kristjansson, A. L., Gudmundsdottir, M. L., & Allegrante, J. P. (2011). Substance use prevention through school and community-based health promotion: A transdisciplinary approach from Iceland. Global Health Promotion, 18(3), 23–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, L., Sharma, A., Kumar, M., & Shinwari, S. (2012). Public health care in Afghanistan: An investigation in suboptimal utilization of facilities. Health, 4(10), 794–801.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sirois, F. M. (2007). “I’ll look after my health, later”: A replication and extension of the procrastination-health model with community-dwelling adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 43(1), 15–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snijders, T. A. B., & Bosker, R. J. (2012). Multilevel analysis: An introduction to basic and advanced multilevel modeling (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: SAGE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stangor, C. (2007). Research methods for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanwood, N. L., Garrett, J. M., & Konrad, T. R. (2002). Obstetrician-gynecologists and the intrauterine device: A survey of attitudes and practice. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 99(2), 275–280.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steckler, A., & McLeroy, K. R. (2008). The importance of external validity. American Journal of Public Health, 98(1), 9–10.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Steckler, A., McLeroy, K. R., Goodman, R. M., Bird, S. T., & McCormick, L. (1992). Toward integrating qualitative and quantitative methods: An introduction. Health Education Quarterly, 19(1), 1–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, K. E., Wright, P. B., Sims, D., Tyner, K. R., & Montgomery, B. E. E. (2012). The “translators”: Engaging former drug users as key research staff to design and implement a risk reduction program for rural cocaine users. Substance Use & Misuse, 47(5), 547–554.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Story, M. T., Neumark-Sztainer, D. R., Sherwood, N. E., Holt, K., Sofka, D., Trowbridge, F. L., & Barlow, S. E. (2002). Management of child and adolescent obesity: Attitudes, barriers, skills, and training needs among health care professionals. Pediatrics, 110(1), 210–214.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tellado, G. S. (1984). An evaluation case: The implementation and evaluation of a problem-solving training program for adolescents. Evaluation and Program Planning, 7(2), 179–188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tews, D. S, Heany, J., Jones, J., VanDerMoere, R, & Madamala, K. (2012). Embracing quality in public health: A practitioner’s quality improvement guide-book. Retrieved from https://www.mphiaccredandqi.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/2012_02_28_Guidebook_web_v2.pdf

  • Thorisdottir, I. E., Kristjansson, A. L., Sigfustottir, I. D., & Allegrante, J. P. (2012). The landscape of overweight and obesity in Icelandic adolescents: Geographic variation in body-mass index between 2000 and 2009. Journal of Community Health, 37(1), 234–241.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thorpe, K. E., & Yang, Z. (2011). Enrolling people with prediabetes ages 60–64 in a proven weight loss program could save Medicare $7 billion or more. Health Affairs, 30(9), 1673–1679.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsugane, S., & Sobue, T. (2001). Baseline survey of JPHC study—Design and participation rate. Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study on Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases. Journal of Epidemiology, 11(6 Suppl), S24–S29.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Retrieved from www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org

  • UK Research and Innovation (2018). Open access. Retrieved from https://www.ukri.org/funding/information-for-award-holders/open-access/

  • Van Rossem, R., & Meekers, D. (2000). An evaluation of the effectiveness of targeted social marketing to promote adolescent and young adult reproductive health in Cameroon. AIDS Education and Prevention, 12(5), 383–404.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vartiainen, E., Puska, P., Jousilahti, P., Korhonen, H. J., Tuomilehto, J., & Nissinen, A. (1994). Twenty-year trends in coronary risk factors in North Karelia and in other areas of Finland. International Journal of Epidemiology, 23(3), 495–504.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Victora, C. G., Habicht, J.-P., & Bryce, J. (2004). Evidence-based public health: Moving beyond randomized trials. American Journal of Public Health, 94(3), 400–405.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Viswanathan, M., Ammerman, A., Eng, E., Gartlehner, G., Lohr, K. N., Griffith, D., et al. (2004). Community based participatory research: Assessing the evidence (AHRQ Publication No. 04–E022-2). Rockville: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services/Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Retrieved from http://archive.ahrq.gov/downloads/pub/evidence/pdf/cbpr/cbpr.pdf

  • Wallerstein, N. B., & Duran, B. (2006). Using community-based participatory research to address health disparities. Health Promotion Practice, 7(3), 312–323.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wallerstein, N. B., & Duran, B. (2010). Community-based participatory research contributions to intervention research: The intersection of science and practice to improve health equity. American Journal of Public Health, 100(Suppl 1), S40–S46.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ware, J., Kosinski, M., & Keller, S. D. (1996). A 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey: Construction of scales and preliminary tests of reliability and validity. Medical Care, 34(3), 220–233.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Warnecke, R. B., Johnson, T. P., Chavez, N., Sudman, S., Orourke, D. P., Lacey, L., & Horm, J. (1997). Improving question wording in surveys of culturally diverse populations. Annals of Epidemiology, 7(5), 334–342.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, C. H. (1972). Evaluation research: Methods for assessing program effectiveness. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitby, M., McLaws, M.-L., Slater, K., Tong, E., & Johnson, B. (2008). Three successful interventions in health care workers that improve compliance with hand hygiene: Is sustained replication possible? American Journal of Infection Control, 36(5), 349–355.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • White, K. P., Speechley, M., Harth, M., & Ostbye, T. (1995). Fibromyalgia in rheumatology practice: A survey of Canadian rheumatologists. Journal of Rheumatology, 22(4), 722–726.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, A. M. (2010). Evaluating Canada’s compassionate care benefit using a utilization-focused evaluation framework: Successful strategies and prerequisite conditions. Evaluation and Program Planning, 33(2), 91–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, D. L., Valdez, R. B., Hayashi, T., & Shen, A. (1990). Health of homeless children and housed, poor children. Pediatrics, 86(6), 858–866.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, W., Lu, J., Weng, J., Jia, W., Ji, L., Xiao, J., He, J., & China National Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders Study Group. (2010). Prevalence of diabetes among men and women in China. New England Journal of Medicine, 362(12), 1090–1101.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yong, E. (2012). Replication studies: Bad copy. Nature. Retrieved from http://www.nature.com/news/replication-studies-bad-copy-1.10634

  • Yong, H., Borland, R., Thrasher, J. F., Thompson, M. E., Nagelhout, G. E., Fong, G. T., Hammmond, D., & Cummings, K. M. (2014). Mediational pathways of the impact of cigarette warning labels on quit attempts. Health Psychology, 33(11), 1410–1420.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Young, S. D., Cumberland, W. G., Nianogo, R., Menacho, L. A., Galea, J. T., & Coates, T. (2015). The HOPE social media intervention for global HIV prevention in Peru: A cluster randomised controlled trial. The Lancet HIV, 2(1), e27–e32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zapka, J. G., Fletcher, K. E., Ma, Y., & Pbert, L. (1997). Physicians and smoking cessation. Development of survey measures. Evaluation & the Health Professions, 20(4), 407–427.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zapka, J. G., Pbert, L., Stoddard, A. M., Ockene, J. K., Goins, K. V., & Bonollo, D. (2000). Smoking cessation counseling with pregnant and postpartum women: A survey of community health center providers. American Journal of Public Health, 90(1), 78–84.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We thank Edwin Fisher at the Gillings School of Global Public Health of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Linda Cameron at the University of California, Merced, for the helpful comments, attention to detail, and expert editorial guidance they provided throughout the writing of this chapter. We also thank Naomi Arbit, Madhabi Chatterji, Alexandra DeSorbo, and Miguel Marshall at Teachers College, Columbia University; Aduragbemi Banke-Thomas at the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine; and Altyn Aringazina, MD, at the Kazakstan School of Public Health for reading and commenting on drafts.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Health and Behavior Studies, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA

    John P. Allegrante

  2. Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA

    John P. Allegrante

  3. Department of Family and Social Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, New York, NY, USA

    Christel Hyden

  4. Harlem Health Promotion Center, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA

    Christel Hyden

  5. Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA

    Alfgeir L. Kristjansson

Authors
  1. John P. Allegrante
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Christel Hyden
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Alfgeir L. Kristjansson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to John P. Allegrante .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

    Edwin B. Fisher

  2. Psychological Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, USA

    Linda D. Cameron

  3. Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA

    Alan J. Christensen

  4. Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland

    Ulrike Ehlert

  5. School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China

    Yan Guo

  6. Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia

    Brian Oldenburg

  7. Departments of Medical Psychology, Academic Medical Center (AMC) and VU University Medical Center (VUMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Frank J. Snoek

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer Science+Business Media LLC

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Allegrante, J.P., Hyden, C., Kristjansson, A.L. (2018). Research Approaches of Education, Applied Psychology, and Behavioral Science and Their Application to Behavioral Medicine. In: Fisher, E., et al. Principles and Concepts of Behavioral Medicine. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-93826-4_6

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation