Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Promoting Early Detection and Screening for Disease

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Principles and Concepts of Behavioral Medicine

Abstract

Many disease outcomes are more promising when diseases are identified and treated early. This chapter overviews three broad categories of behaviour that bring about early detection and treatment: (a) increasing screening uptake, (b) self-testing, and (c) seeking medical care in response to symptoms. The chapter shows that there is opportunity for improving morbidity and mortality via all three behaviours, but research has tended to neglect theory. Beliefs and other social cognitions appear relevant for all three behaviours. For screening attendance, generic theories of behaviour have been successfully applied. Constructs within theories of risk, such as perceived susceptibility, self-efficacy and response efficacy, seem important for self-testing, whereas help-seeking in response to symptoms seems to rely on expectations about symptoms and illness schemata. Context is important for all three behaviours, where the usefulness of constructs varies between settings. It is important that, based on evidence, future work adequately theorises the different processes that are important in different contexts to allow future interventions to benefit more from existing work.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ajzen, I. (1988). Attitudes, personality, and behavior. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alberts, M. J., Perry, A., Dawson, D. V., & Bertels, C. (1992). Effects of public and professional education on reducing the delay in presentation and referral of stroke patients. Stroke, 23(3), 352–356.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Allaby, M., Mulhall, C., & Lines, C. (2009). Analyses of inequality in national screening programmes using existing data systems. A supplementary report for the UK National Screening Committee. Oxford: Public Health Resource Unit.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andersen, B., Cacioppo, J., & Roberts, D. (1995). Delay in seeking a cancer diagnosis: Delay stages and psychophysiological comparison processes. British Journal of Social Psychology, 34(1), 33–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Andersen, R. S., Paarup, B., Vedsted, P., Bro, F., & Soendergaard, J. (2010). ‘Containment’ as an analytical framework for understanding patient delay: A qualitative study of cancer patients’ symptom interpretation processes. Social Science & Medicine, 71(2), 378–385.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Austoker, J., Bankhead, C., Forbes, L. J. L., Atkins, L., Martin, F., Robb, K., Wardle, J., et al. (2009). Interventions to promote cancer awareness and early presentation: Systematic review. British Journal of Cancer, 101(Suppl 2), S31–S39.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bais, A. G., van Kemenade, F. J., Berkhof, J., Verheijen, R. H. M., Snijders, P. J. F., Voorhorst, F., et al. (2007). Human papillomavirus testing on self-sampled cervicovaginal brushes: An effective alternative to protect nonresponders in cervical screening programs. International Journal of Cancer, 120, 1505–1510.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baughan, P., O’Neill, B., & Fletcher, E. (2009). Auditing the diagnosis of cancer in primary care: The experience in Scotland. British Journal of Cancer, 101(Suppl 2), S87–S91.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Becker, K., Fruin, M., Gooding, T., Tirschwell, D., Love, P., & Mankowski, T. (2001). Community-based education improves stroke knowledge. Cerebrovascular Diseases, 11(1), 34–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bett, J., Tonkin, A., Thompson, P., & Aroney, C. (2005). Failure of current public educational campaigns to impact on the initial response of patients with possible heart attack. Internal Medicine Journal, 35(5), 279–282.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bish, A., Ramirez, A., Burgess, C., & Hunter, M. (2005). Understanding why women delay in seeking help for breast cancer symptoms. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 58(4), 321–326.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Braun, K., Mokuau, N., Hunt, G., Kaanoi, M., & Gotay, C. (2002). Supports and obstacles to cancer survival for Hawaii’s native people. Cancer Practice, 10(4), 192–200.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Breen, N., Wagener, D. K., Brown, M. L., Davis, W. W., & Ballard-Barbash, R. (2001). Progress in cancer screening over a decade: Results of cancer screening from the 1987, 1992, and 1998 National Health Interview Surveys. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 93, 1704–1713.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brett, J., & Austoker, J. (2001). Women who are recalled for further investigation for breast screening: Psychological consequences 3 years after recall and factors affecting re-attendance. Journal of Public Health Medicine, 23, 292–300.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Broadbent, E., & Petrie, K. J. (2007). Symptom perception. In S. Ayers, A. Baum, C. McManus, S. Newman, K. Wallston, J. Weinman, & R. West (Eds.), Cambridge handbook of psychology, health and medicine (2nd ed., pp. 219–223). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Brouwers, M. C., De Vito, C., Bahirathan, L., Carol, A., Carroll, J. C., Cotterchio, M., Dobbins, M., Lent, B., Levitt, C., Lewis, N., McGregor, S. E., Paszat, L., Rand, C., & Wathen, N. (2011). What implementation interventions increase cancer screening rates? A systematic review. Implementation Science, 6, 111.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burgess, C. C., Bish, A. M., Hunter, H. S., Salkovskis, P., Michell, M., Whelehan, P., & Ramirez, A. J. (2008). Promoting early presentation of breast cancer: Development of a psycho-educational intervention. Chronic Illness, 4(1), 13–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burman, M. E. (1996). Daily symptoms and responses in adults: A review. Public Health Nursing, 13(4), 294–301.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cacioppo, J. T., Andersen, B. L., Turnquist, D. C., & Tassinary, L. G. (1989). Psychophysiological comparison theory: On the experience, description, and assessment of signs and symptoms. Patient Education and Counseling, 13(3), 257–270.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caldwell, M., & Miaskowski, C. (2002). Mass media interventions to reduce help-seeking delay in people with symptoms of acute myocardial infarction: Time for a new approach? Patient Education and Counseling, 46(1), 1–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cameron, L. D., Leventhal, E. A., & Leventhal, H. (1993). Symptom representations and affect as determinants of care seeking in a community-dwelling adult sample population. Health Psychology, 12, 171–179.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cameron, L., Leventhal, E., & Leventhal, H. (1995). Seeking medical care in response to symptoms and life stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 57(1), 37–47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, S., & Klein, R. (2006). Home testing to detect human immunodeficiency virus: Boon or bane? Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 44(10), 3473–3476.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, R., Mills, N., Sanford, E., Graham, A., Low, N., Peters, T. J., et al. (2006). Does population screening for Chlamydia trachomatis raise anxiety among those tested? Findings from a population based chlamydia screening study. BMC Public Health, 6, 106.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cancer Research UK. (2011). Ovarian cancer statistics UK. http://info.cancerresearchuk.org/cancerstats/types/ovary/. Accessed June 2011.

  • CDC. (2007). Human papillomavirus: HPV information for clinicians: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, April 2007. Retrieved August 26, 2011, from http://www.cdc.gov/std/hpv/hpv-clinicians-brochure.htm

  • Chacko, M. R., Wiemann, C. M., Kozinetz, C. A., DiClemente, R. J., Smith, P. B., Velasquez, M. M., et al. (2006). New sexual partners and readiness to seek screening for chlamydia and gonorrhoea: Predictors among minority young women. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 82(1), 75–79.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cioffi, D. (1991). Beyond attentional strategies: Cognitive-perceptual model of somatic interpretation. Psychological Bulletin, 109(1), 25–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, L., Bellam, S., Shah, A., & Feldman, J. (1992). Analysis of prehospital delay among inner-city patients with symptoms of myocardial infarction: Implications for therapeutic intervention. Journal of the National Medical Association, 84(11), 931–937.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cole, A. (2008). Young people carry a disproportionate burden of sexually transmitted infections in the UK. BMJ, 337, a854.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Colfax, G. N., Lehman, J. S., Bindman, A. B., Vittinghoff, E., Vranizan, K., Fleming, P. L., et al. (2002). What happened to home HIV test collection kits? Intent to use kits, actual use, and barriers to use among persons at risk for HIV infection. AIDS Care, 14(5), 675–682.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, R. E., Lopez, L. M., & Marteau, T. M. (2011). Emotional impact of screening: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health, 11, 603.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Compton, M. T., & Esterberg, M. L. (2005). Treatment delay in first-episode nonaffective psychosis: A pilot study with African American family members and the theory of planned behavior. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 46(4), 291–295.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cook, R. L., Østergaard, L., Hillier, S. L., Murray, P. J., Chang, C. C. H., Comer, D. M., et al. (2007). Home screening for sexually transmitted diseases in high-risk young women: Randomised controlled trial. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 83(4), 286–291.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cooke, R., & French, D. P. (2008). How well do the theory of reasoned action and theory of planned behaviour predict intentions and attendance at screening programmes? A meta-analysis. Psychology and Health, 23, 745–765.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cornford, C. S., & Cornford, H. M. (1999). ‘I’m only here because of my family.’ A study of lay referral networks. The British Journal of General Practice, 49(445), 617–620.

    PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • De Alba, I., Anton-Culver, H., Hubbell, F. A., Ziogas, A., Hess, J. R., Bracho, A., et al. (2008). Self-sampling for human papillomavirus in a community setting: Feasibility in Hispanic women. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, 17(8), 2163–2168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Nooijer, J., Lechner, L., Candel, M., & de Vries, H. (2004). Short- and long-term effects of tailored information versus general information on determinants and intentions related to early detection of cancer. Preventive Medicine, 38(6), 694–703.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dein, S. (2004). Explanatory models of and attitudes towards cancer in different cultures. Lancet Oncology, 5(2), 119–124.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Department of Health. (2000). The NHS cancer plan: A plan for investment, a plan for reform. London: Department of Health.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diefenbach, M. A., & Leventhal, H. (1996). The common-sense model of illness representation: Theoretical and practical considerations. Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless, 5(1), 11–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dormandy, E. (2007). Screening: Antenatal. In S. Ayers, A. Baum, C. McManus, S. Newman, K. Wallston, J. Weinman, & R. West (Eds.), Cambridge handbook of psychology, health and medicine (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dormandy, E., Hooper, R., Michie, S., & Marteau, T. M. (2002). Informed choice to undergo prenatal screening: A comparison of routine testing versus separate visit testing. Journal of Medical Screening, 9, 109–114.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dracup, K., Alonzo, A. A., Atkins, J. M., Bennett, N. M., Braslow, A., Clark, L. T., Eisenberg, M., et al. (1997). The physician’s role in minimizing prehospital delay in patients at high risk for acute myocardial infarction: Recommendations from the National Heart Attack Alert Program. Working Group on Educational Strategies To Prevent Prehospital Delay in Patients at High Risk for Acute Myocardial Infarction. Annals of Internal Medicine, 126(8), 645–651.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Drossaert, C. H. C., Boer, H., & Seydel, E. R. (2003). Prospective study on the determinants of repeat attendance and attendance patterns in breast cancer screening using the theory of planning behaviour. Psychology and Health, 18, 551–565.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eborall, H. C., Griffin, S. J., Prevost, A. T., Kinmonth, A. L., French, D. P., & Sutton, S. (2007). Psychological impact of screening for type 2 diabetes: Controlled trial and comparative study embedded in the ADDITION (Cambridge) randomised controlled trial. BMJ, 335, 486–493.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Eisinger, F., Cals, L., Calazel-Benque, A., Blay, J. Y., Coscas, Y., Dolbeault, S., Namer, M., Pivot, X., Rixe, O., Serin, D., Roussel, C., Morère, J. F., & for the EDIFICE committee. (2008). Impact of organised programs on colorectal cancer screening. BMC Cancer, 8(104).

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, J., Ziebland, S., & McPherson, A. (2007). Minimizing delays in ovarian cancer diagnosis: An expansion of Andersen’s model of ‘total patient delay’. Family Practice, 24(1), 48–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • FDA. (1995). Home specimen collection kit systems intended for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1 and/or HIV-2) antibody testing; revisions to previous guidance. Federal Register, 60(36), 10087–10088.

    Google Scholar 

  • FDA. (2005). Quick minutes for the Blood Advisory Committee, 3–4 November 2005. Gaithersburg: FDA. Retrieved April 7, 2011, from http://www.fda.gov.ohrms/dockets/ac/cber05.html#BloodProducts

  • FDA. (2006). Quick summary for the Blood Products Advisory Committee, 9–10 March 2006. Washington, DC/Gaithersburg: FDA. Retrieved April 7, 2011, from http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/cber06.html#BloodProducts

  • FDA. (2012). FDA approves first over-the-counter home-use rapid HIV test. Retrieved January 10, 2013, from http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm310542.htm

  • FDA Consumer Health Information. (2008). Vital facts about HIV home test kits. FDA Consumer Health Information, U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved April 5, 2011, from www.fda.gov/consumer/updates/hivtestkit012908.html

  • Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Beliefs, attitude, intention and behavior. Reading: Addison-Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fitzpatrick, P., Fleming, P., O’Neill, S., Kiernan, D., & Mooney, T. (2011). False-positive mammographic screening: Factors influencing re-attendance over a decade of screening. Journal of Medical Screening, 18, 30–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ford, C. A., Jaccard, J., Millstein, S. G., Viadro, C. I., Eaton, J. L., & Miller, W. C. (2004). Young adults’ attitudes, beliefs, and feelings about testing for curable STDs outside of clinic settings. Journal of Adolescent Health, 34, 266–269.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • French, D. P., & Marteau, T. M. (2007). Communicating risk. In S. Ayers, A. Baum, C. McManus, S. Newman, K. Wallston, J. Weinman, & R. West (Eds.), Cambridge handbook of psychology, health and medicine (2nd ed., pp. 431–435). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • French, D. P., Maissi, E., & Marteau, T. M. (2004). Psychological costs of inadequate cervical smear test results. British Journal of Cancer, 91, 1887–1892.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • French, D. P., Maissi, E., & Marteau, T. M. (2006). The psychological costs of inadequate cervical smear test results: Three-month follow-up. Psycho-Oncology, 15, 498–508.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gabram, S. G., Lund, M. J., Gardner, J., Hatchett, N., Bumpers, H. L., Okoli, J., Rizzo, M., Johnson, B. J., Kirkpatrick, G. B., & Brawley, O. W. (2008). Effects of an outreach and internal navigation program on breast cancer diagnosis in an urban cancer center with a large African-American population. Cancer, 113, 602–607.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geers, A. L., Wellman, J. A., Fowler, S. L., Rasinski, H. M., & Helfer, S. G. (2010). Placebo expectations and the detection of somatic information. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 34(3), 208–217.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gök, M., Heideman, D. A. M., van Kemenade, F. J., Berkhof, J., Rozendaal, L., Spruyt, J. W. M., et al. (2010). HPV testing on self collected cervicovaginal lavage specimens as screening method for women who do not attend cervical screening: Cohort study. BMJ, 340, c1040.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gøtzsche, P. C., & Jørgensen, K. J. (2011). The breast screening programme and misinforming the public. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 104, 361–369.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gøtzsche, P. C., & Nielsen, M. (2011). Screening for breast cancer with mammography. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2011(1), CD001877.

    Google Scholar 

  • Government Response to the House of Lords Report of Session 2010–12. (2011). No vaccine, no cure: HIV and AIDS in the United Kingdom. Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for Health by Command of Her Majesty. London: TSO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray, J. A. M. (2004). New concepts in screening. British Journal of General Practice, 54, 292–298.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gray, J. A. M., Patnick, J., & Blanks, R. (2008). Maximising benefit and minimising harm of screening. BMJ, 336, 480–483.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Greenwood, M., & Lowry, R. (2001). Primary care clinicians’ knowledge of oral cancer: A study of dentists and doctors in the North East of England. British Dental Journal, 191(9), 510–512.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, A. (2008). Monitoring the uptake of chlamydia screening – Vital signs indicator 2008/09. Gateway: 9952. London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, W. (2009a). Five misconceptions in cancer diagnosis. The British Journal of General Practice, 59(563), 441–445.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, W. (2009b). The CAPER studies: Five case-control studies aimed at identifying and quantifying the risk of cancer in symptomatic primary care patients. British Journal of Cancer, 101(Suppl 2), S80–S86.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hannay, D. (1979). The symptom iceberg. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hardeman, W., Johnston, M., Johnston, D. W., Bonetti, D., Wareham, N. J., & Kinmonth, A. L. (2000). Application of the theory of planned behaviour in behaviour change interventions: A systematic review. Psychology and Health, 17, 123–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hay, M. (2008). Reading sensations: Understanding the process of distinguishing ‘fine’ from ‘sick’. Transcultural Psychiatry, 45(2), 198–229.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hedges, J., Mann, N., Meischke, H., Robbins, M., Goldberg, R., & Zapka, J. (1998). Assessment of chest pain onset and out-of-hospital delay using standardized interview questions: The REACT pilot study. Rapid Early Action for Coronary Treatment (REACT) study group. Academic Emergency Medicine, 5(8), 773–780.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hislop, J., Quayyum, J. Z., Flett, G., Boachie, C., Fraser, C., & Mowatt, G. (2010). Systematic review of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of rapid point-of-care tests for the detection of genital chlamydia infection in women and men. Health Technology Assessment, 14, 29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hofvind, S. S. H., Wang, H., & Thoresen, S. (2003). The Norwegian breast cancer screening program: Re-attendance related to the women’s experiences, intentions and previous screening results. Cancer Causes and Control, 14, 391–398.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holt, M. R., & Hand, M. M. (1999). The pharmacist’s role in reducing patient delay in seeking treatment for acute myocardial infarction. Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association, 39(6), 752–757.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Horne, R., James, D., Petrie, K., Weinman, J., & Vincent, R. (2000). Patients’ interpretation of symptoms as a cause of delay in reaching hospital during acute myocardial infarction. Heart, 83(4), 388–393.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Horner, P. (2008). Chlamydia (uncomplicated, genital). BMJ Clinical Evidence, 6, 1607.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunter, M., Grunfeld, E., & Ramirez, A. (2003). Help-seeking intentions for breast-cancer symptoms: A comparison of the self-regulation model and the theory of planned behaviour. British Journal of Health Psychology, 8(3), 319–333.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hurley, S. F., Huggins, R. M., Jolley, D. J., & Reading, D. (1994). Recruitment activities and sociodemographic factors that predict attendance at a mammographic screening program. American Journal of Public Health, 84, 1655–1658.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Huynh, J., Howard, M., & Lytwyn, A. (2010). Self-collection for vaginal human papillomavirus testing: Systematic review of studies asking women their perceptions. Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease, 14(4), 356–362.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jepson, R., Clegg, A., Forbes, C., Lewis, R., Sowden, A., & Kleijnen, J. (2000). The determinants of screening uptake and interventions for increasing uptake: A systematic review. Health Technology Assessment, 4(14).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiwa, M., & Saunders, C. (2007). Fast track referral for cancer. BMJ, 335(7614), 267–268.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, R. A. (1990). Expectations and delay in seeking medical care. Journal of Social Issues, 46(2), 81–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jørgensen, K. J., & Gøtzsche, P. C. (2006). Content of invitations for publicly funded screening mammography. BMJ, 332(7540), 538–541.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kaftarian, S., & Safer, M. A. (1987). Determinants of seeking timely and necessary pediatric care. Current Psychology, 6(4), 289–300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kainth, A., Hewitt, A., Sowden, A., Duffy, S., Pattenden, J., Lewin, R., Watt, I., et al. (2004). Systematic review of interventions to reduce delay in patients with suspected heart attack. Emergency Medicine Journal, 21(4), 506–508.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • King, E. S., Rimer, B. K., Seay, J., Balshem, A., & Engstrom, P. F. (1994). Promoting mammography use through progressive interventions: Is it effective? American Journal of Public Health, 84, 104–106.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kolk, A., Hanewald, G., Schagen, S., & Gijsbers van Wijk, C. (2003). A symptom perception approach to common physical symptoms. Social Science & Medicine, 57(12), 2343–2354.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kroenke, K., Taylor-Vaisey, A., Dietrich, A. J., & Oxman, T. E. (2000). Interventions to improve provider diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders in primary care: A critical review of the literature. Psychosomatics, 41(1), 39–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Langille, D. B., Proudfoot, K., Rigby, J., Aquino-Russell, C., Strang, R., & Forward, K. (2008). A pilot project for chlamydia screening in adolescent females using self-testing. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 99(2), 117–120.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leventhal, H. (1970). Findings and theory in the study of fear communications. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 5, 119–186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leventhal, H., Safer, M. A., & Panagis, D. M. (1983). The impact of communications on the self-regulation of health beliefs, decisions, and behavior. Health Education Quarterly, 10(1), 3–29.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leventhal, E., Easterling, D., Leventhal, H., & Cameron, L. (1995). Conservation of energy, uncertainty reduction, and swift utilization of medical care among the elderly: Study II. Medical Care, 33(10), 988–1000.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leventhal, H., Weinman, J., Leventhal, E. A., & Phillips, L. A. (2008). Health psychology: The search for pathways between behavior and health. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 477–505.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Linsell, L., Forbes, L. J. L., Kapari, M., Burgess, C., Omar, L., Tucker, L., & Ramirez, A. J. (2009). A randomised controlled trial of an intervention to promote early presentation of breast cancer in older women: Effect on breast cancer awareness. British Journal of Cancer, 101(Suppl 2), S40–S48.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Littlewood, J., & Elias, E. (2000). Risky shifts or shifting risk: African and African-Caribbean women’s narratives on delay in seeking help for breast cancer. Risk, Decision and Policy, 5(03), 215–224.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Low, N., McCarthy, A., Macleod, J., Salisbury, C., Campbell, R., Roberts, T. E., et al. (2007). Epidemiological, social, diagnostic and economic evaluation of population screening for genital chlamydial infection. Health Technology Assessment, 11(8). see: https://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/hta/hta11080#/abstract

  • Macleod, U., Mitchell, E. D., Burgess, C., Macdonald, S., & Ramirez, A. J. (2009). Risk factors for delayed presentation and referral of symptomatic cancer: Evidence for common cancers. British Journal of Cancer, 101(Suppl 2), S92–S101.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Marteau, T. M., & Kinmonth, A. L. (2002). Screening for cardiovascular risk: Public health imperative or matter for individual informed choice? BMJ, 325(7355), 78–80.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Marteau, T. M., Mann, E., Prevost, A. T., Vasconcelos, J. C., Kellar, I., Sanderson, S., Parker, M., Griffin, S., Sutton, S., & Kinmonth, A. L. (2010). Impact of an informed choice invitation on uptake of screening for diabetes in primary care (DICISION): Randomised trial. BMJ, 340, c2138.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mathews, H., Lannin, D., & Mitchell, J. (1994). Coming to terms with advanced breast cancer: Black women’s narratives from eastern North Carolina. Social Science and Medicine, 38(6), 789–800.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCartney, M. (2010). Selling health to the public. BMJ, 341, c6639.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McDowell, I., Newell, C., & Rosser, W. (1989). Computerized reminders to encourage cervical screening in family practice. Journal of Family Practice, 28, 420–424.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McPherson, K. (2010). Should we screen for breast cancer? BMJ, 341, 233–235.

    Google Scholar 

  • McQuitty, M., McFarland, W., Kellogg, T. A., White, E., & Katz, M. H. (1999). Home collection versus publicly funded HIV testing in San Francisco: Who tests where? Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 21, 417–422.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mechanic, D. (1982). The epidemiology of illness behaviour and its relationship to physical and psychological distress. In D. Mechanic (Ed.), Symptoms, illness behaviour and helpseeking (pp. 1–24). New York: Prodist Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michie, S., & Prestwich, A. (2010). Are interventions theory based? Development of a theory coding scheme. Health Psychology, 29, 1–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Michie, S., Dormandy, E., French, D. P., & Marteau, T. M. (2004). Using the theory of planned behaviour to predict screening uptake in two contexts. Psychology and Health, 19, 705–718.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miles, A., Cockburn, J., Smith, R. A., & Wardle, J. (2004). A perspective from countries using organized screening programs. Cancer, 101(Suppl 5), 1201–1213.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mills, N., Daker-White, G., Graham, A., Campbell, R., & Chlamydia Screening Studies (ClaSS) Group. (2006). Population screening for Chlamydia trachomatis infection in the UK: A qualitative study of the experiences of those screened. Family Practice, 23(5), 550–557.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mittra, I. (2011). Breast cancer screening in developing countries. Preventive Medicine, 53, 121–122.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Monk, B. J., & Tewari, K. S. (2007). The spectrum and clinical sequelae of human papillomavirus infection. Gynecologic Oncology, 107, S6–S13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, R. D. (2011). Epidemiology of HIV infection in the United States: Implications for linkage to care. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 52(S2), S208–S213.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, P., Sickel, A., Malat, J., Williams, D., Jackson, J., & Adler, N. (2004). Psychosocial factors in medical and psychological treatment avoidance: The role of the doctor-patient relationship. Journal of Health Psychology, 9(3), 421–433.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, A. S. (1998). Screening. In K. J. Rothman & S. Greenland (Eds.), Modern epidemiology (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moser, K., Patnick, J., & Beral, V. (2009). Inequalities in reported use of breast and cervical screening in Great Britain: Analysis of cross-sectional survey data. BMJ, 338, b2025.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mulholland, E., & Van Wersch, A. (2007). Stigma, sexually transmitted infections and attendance at the GUM clinic. Journal of Health Psychology, 12(1), 17–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • National Chlamydia Screening Programme. (2007). Maintaining momentum: Annual report of the National Chlamydia Screening Programme in England 2006/07: NHS. Retrieved August 26, 2011, from http://www.chlamydiascreening.nhs.uk/ps/assets/pdfs/publications/reports/NCSPa-rprt-06_07.pdf

  • National Chlamydia Screening Programme. (2011). England quarters 1–3 April–December 2010. National Chlamydia Screening Programme, NHS. Retrieved June 6, 2011, from http://www.chlamydiascreening.nhs.uk/ps/assets/pdfs/data/sha_presentations11/Q1-3_2010_National.pdf

  • National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. (2005). Referral guidelines for suspected cancer. London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nightingale, S. L. (1996). HIV home test system approved. Journal of the American Medical Association, 276(1), 14–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Norman, P., & Conner, M. (1993). The role of social cognition models in predicting attendance at health checks. Psychology and Health, 8, 447–462.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Connor, A. M., Bennett, C. L., Stacey, D., Barry, M., Col, N. F., Eden, K. B., Entwistle, V. A., Fiset, V., Holmes-Royner, M., Khangura, S., Llewellyn-Thomas, H., & Royner, D. (2009). Decision aids for people facing health treatment or screening decisions. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2009(3), Art. No.: CD001431. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001431.pub2.

  • Office for National Statistics. (2010). United Kingdom Health Statistics 2010. Edition No. 4. Smith, M. P., Sweet, D., Holley, R. (Eds). A National Statistics Publication. Retrieved August 24, 2011, from http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_health/ukhs4/ukhs4-2010.pdf

  • Omar, L., Burgess, C., Tucker, L., Whelehan, P., & Ramirez, A. (2010). Can radiographers be trained to deliver an intervention to raise breast cancer awareness, and thereby promote early presentation of breast cancer, in older women? Radiography, 16(2), 101–107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Orbell, S., & Sheeran, P. (1998). ‘Inclined abstainers’: A problem for predicting health-related behaviour. British Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 151–165.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Østergaard, L., Andersen, B., Olesen, F., & Møller, J. K. (1998). Efficacy of home sampling for screening of Chlamydia trachomatis: Randomised study. BMJ, 317, 26–27.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Paine, P., & Wright, M. G. (1989). With free health services, why does the Brazilian working class delay in seeing the doctor? Tropical Doctor, 19(3), 120–123.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, E., Douglas, A., Patterson, P., & Bradle, J. (1992). Symptoms of preterm labor and self-diagnostic confusion. Nursing Research, 41(6), 367–372.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pavlin, N. L., Gunn, J. M., Parker, R., Fairley, C. K., & Hocking, J. (2006). Implementing chlamydia screening: What do women think? A systematic review of the literature. BMC Public Health, 6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Penchansky, R., & Thomas, J. (1981). The concept of access: Definition and relationship to consumer satisfaction. Medical Care, 19(2), 127–140.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pennebaker, J. W. (1982). The psychology of physical symptoms. New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Petrie, K., & Weinman, J. (2003). More focus needed on symptom appraisal. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 54(5), 401–403.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petti, S., & Scully, C. (2007). Oral cancer knowledge and awareness: Primary and secondary effects of an information leaflet. Oral Oncology, 43(4), 408–415.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pitts, M., Woolliscroft, J., Cannon, S., Johnson, I., & Singh, G. (2000). Factors influencing delay in treatment seeking by first-time attenders at a genitourinary clinic. International Journal of STD & AIDS, 11(6), 375–378.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Porter, T. (2008). Interventions to reduce inequity and inequality in accessing national screening programmes. A report for the UK National Screening Committee. Oxford: Public Health Resource Unit.

    Google Scholar 

  • Powell, R., Pattison, H. M., & Francis, J. J. (2016). An online study combining the constructs from the theory of planned behaviour and protection motivation theory in predicting intention to test for chlamydia in two testing contexts. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 21(1), 38–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Powell, R., Pattison, H. M., & Marriott, J. F. (2016). Perceptions of self-testing for chlamydia: Understanding and predicting self-test use. Healthcare, 4(2), 25.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Power, E., Miles, A., von Wagner, C., Robb, K., & Wardle, J. (2009). Uptake of colorectal screening: System, provider and individual factors and strategies to improve participation. Future Oncology, 5, 1371–1388.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prasad, A., Wright, C., McCartney, M., Green, A., Hallworth, M., Freedman, D., et al. (2008). Making sense of testing. London: Sense about Science.

    Google Scholar 

  • Price, R. A., Zapka, J., Edwards, H., & Taplin, S. H. (2010). Organizational factors and the cancer screening process. Journal of the National Cancer Institute Monographs, 40, 38–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prohaska, T. R., Funch, D., & Blesch, K. S. (1990). Age patterns in symptom perception and illness behavior among colorectal cancer patients. Behavior, Health & Aging, 1(1), 27–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raasch, B. A., Hays, R., & Buettner, P. G. (2000). An educational intervention to improve diagnosis and management of suspicious skin lesions. Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions, 20(1), 39–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raffle, A. E., Alden, B., Quinn, M., Babb, P. J., & Brett, M. T. (2003). Outcomes of screening to prevent cancer: Analysis of cumulative incidence of cervical abnormality and modelling of cases and deaths prevented. BMJ, 326, 901.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rakowski, W. P., Julius, M. S., Hickey, T. D., Verbrugge, L. M., & Halter, J. B. (1988). Daily symptoms and behavioral responses: Results of a health diary with older adults. Medical Care, 26(3), 278–297.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Richards, M. A. (2009). The size of the prize for earlier diagnosis of cancer in England. British Journal of Cancer, 101(Suppl 2), S125–S129.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, R. W. (1975). A protection motivation theory of fear appeals and attitude change. The Journal of Psychology, 91, 93–114.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, R. W. (1983). Cognitive and physiological processes in fear appeals and attitude change: A revised theory of protection motivation. In J. T. Cacioppo & R. E. Petty (Eds.), Social psychophysiology (pp. 153–176). New York: The Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ronda, G., Portegijs, P., Dinant, G. J., Buntinx, F., Norg, R., & van der Weijden, T. (2009). Use of diagnostic self-tests on body materials among Internet users in the Netherlands: Prevalence and correlates of use. BMC Public Health, 9, 100.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rose, S. B., Smith, M. C., & Lawton, B. A. (2008). “If everyone does it, it’s not a big deal.” Young people talk about chlamydia testing. New Zealand Medical Journal, 121(1271), 33–42.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rothman, A. (2004). “Is there nothing more practical than a good theory?” Why innovations and advances in health behavior change will arise if interventions are used to test and refine theory. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 1(11).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruston, A., Clayton, J., & Calnan, M. (1998). Patients’ action during their cardiac event: Qualitative study exploring differences and modifiable factors. British Medical Journal, 316(7137), 1060–1064.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rutter, D. R. (2000). Attendance and re-attendance for breast cancer screening: A prospective 3-year test of the theory of planned behaviour. British Journal of Health Psychology, 5, 1–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, A., Wilson, S., Greenfield, S., Clifford, S., McManus, R. J., & Pattison, H. M. (2006). Range of self-tests available to buy in the United Kingdom: An internet study. Journal of Public Health, 28(4), 370–374.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Safer, M. A., Tharps, Q. J., Jackson, T. C., & Leventhal, H. (1979). Determinants of three stages of delay in seeking care at a medical clinic. Medical Care, 17(1), 11–29.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sarafino, E. P. (2004). Context and perspectives in health psychology. In S. Sutton, A. Baum, & M. Johnston (Eds.), Sage handbook of health psychology. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sasieni, P., & Adams, J. (1999). Effect of screening on cervical cancer mortality in England and Wales: Analysis of trends with an age period cohort model. BMJ, 318, 1244–1245.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, S. E., & Walter, F. (2010). Studying help-seeking for symptoms: The challenges of methods and models. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4(8), 531–547.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, S. E., McGurk, M., & Grunfeld, E. (2007). The process of symptom appraisal: Cognitive and emotional responses to detecting potentially malignant oral symptoms. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 62(6), 621–630.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, S. E., Weinman, J., & Grunfeld, E. A. (2011). Developing ways to encourage early detection and presentation of oral cancer: What do high-risk individuals think? Psychology & Health, 26, 1392–1405.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, S. E., Walter, F. M., Webster, A., Sutton, S., & Emery, J. (2013). The model of pathways to treatment: Conceptualization and integration with existing theory. British Journal of Health Psychology, 18, 45–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seoane-Lestón, J., Velo-Noya, J., Warnakulasuriya, S., Varela-Centelles, P., Gonzalez-Mosquera, A., Villa-Vigil, M., Rodríguez-Lozano, F., et al. (2010). Knowledge of oral cancer and preventive attitudes of Spanish dentists. Primary effects of a pilot educational intervention. Medicina Oral, Patología Oral y Cirugía Bucal, 15(3), e422–e426.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, C., Abrams, K., & Marteau, T. M. (1999). Psychological impact of predicting individuals’ risk of illness: A systematic review. Social Science and Medicine, 49, 1571–1598.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, C., Brittain, K., Tansey, R., & Williams, K. (2008). How people decide to seek health care: A qualitative study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 45(10), 1516–1524.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skidmore, S., Randall, S., & Mallinson, H. (2007). Testing for Chlamydia trachomatis: Self-test or laboratory-based diagnosis? Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care, 33(4), 231–232.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, L., Pope, C., & Botha, J. (2005). Patients’ help-seeking experiences and delay in cancer presentation: A qualitative synthesis. Lancet, 366(9488), 825–831.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J., Braunack-Mayer, A., Wittert, G., & Warin, M. (2008). “It’s sort of like being a detective”: Understanding how Australian men self-monitor their health prior to seeking help. BMC Health Services Research, 8(1), 56.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Stanley, M. (2010). Pathology and epidemiology of HPV infection in females. Gynecologic Oncology, 117, S5–S10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steele, R. J. C., Kostourou, I., McClements, P., Watling, C., Libby, G., Weller, D., Brewster, D. H., Black, R., Carey, F. A., & Fraser, C. (2010). Effect of repeated invitations on uptake of colorectal cancer screening using faecal occult blood testing: Analysis of prevalence and incidence screening. BMJ, 341, c5531.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Stoller, E. P., Pollow, R., & Forster, L. E. (1994). Older People’s recommendations for treating symptoms: Repertoires of lay knowledge about disease. Medical Care, 32(8), 847–862.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stone, E. G., Morton, S. C., Hulscher, M. E., Maglione, M. A., Roth, E. A., Grimshaw, J. M., Mittman, B. S., Rubenstein, L. V., Rubenstein, L. Z., & Shekelle, P. G. (2002). Interventions that increase use of adult immunization and cancer screening services: A meta-analysis. Annals of Internal Medicine, 136, 641–651.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stubbings, S., Robb, K., Waller, J., Ramirez, A., Austoker, J., Macleod, U., Hiom, S., et al. (2009). Development of a measurement tool to assess public awareness of cancer. British Journal of Cancer, 101(Suppl 2), S13–S17.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Szarewski, A., Cadman, L., Mallett, S., Austin, J., Londesborough, P., Waller, J., et al. (2007). Human papillomavirus testing by self-sampling: Assessment of accuracy in an unsupervised clinical setting. Journal of Medical Screening, 14, 34–42.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Szarewski, A., Cadman, L., Mesher, D., Austin, J., Ashdown-Barr, L., Edwards, R., et al. (2011). HPV self-sampling as an alternative strategy in non-attenders for cervical screening – A randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Cancer, 104, 915–920.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Szczepura, A., Price, C., & Gumber, A. (2008). Breast and bowel cancer screening uptake patterns over 15 years for UK south Asian ethnic minority populations, corrected for differences in socio-demographic characteristics. BMC Public Health, 8(346).

    Google Scholar 

  • The HIV Testing Kits and Services Regulations 1992. (1992). Public Health, England and Wales. Public Health, Scotland. (1992 No. 460).

    Google Scholar 

  • UK National Screening Committee. (2011). UK NSC annual report (April 2009–March 2010) turning evidence into policy. London: National Screening Committee.

    Google Scholar 

  • UK National Screening Committee. (2013). Screening programmes annual report (2011–2012). Screening in England. London: National Screening Committee.

    Google Scholar 

  • Underwood, S., Hoskins, D., Cummins, T., Morris, K., & Williams, A. (1994). Obstacles to cancer care: Focus on the economically disadvantaged. Oncology Nursing Forum, 21(1), 47–52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walter, F. M., Humphrys, E., Tso, S., Johnson, M., & Cohn, S. (2010). Patient understanding of moles and skin cancer, and factors influencing presentation in primary care: A qualitative study. BMC Family Practice, 11, 62.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Walter, F. M., Webster, A., Scott, S. E., & Emery, J. (2012). The Andersen model of total patient delay: A systematic review of its application in cancer diagnosis. Journal of Health Services Research & Policy, 17, 110–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waters, W. E., Nichols, S., Wheeller, M. J., Fraser, J. D., & Hayes, A. J. (1983). Evaluation of a health education campaign to reduce the delay in women presenting with breast symptoms. Journal of Public Health, 5(2), 104–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weller, D. P., & Campbell, C. (2009). Uptake in cancer screening programmes: A priority in cancer control. British Journal of Cancer, 101(Suppl 2), S55–S59.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Weller, D. P., Patnick, J., McIntosh, H. M., & Dietrich, A. J. (2009). Uptake in cancer screening programmes. Lancet Oncology, 10, 693–699.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, T. C., Denny, L., Kuhn, L., Pollack, A., & Lorincz, A. (2000). HPV DNA testing of self-collected vaginal samples compared with cytologic screening to detect cervical cancer. JAMA, 283(1), 81–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xu, F., Stoner, B. P., Taylor, S. N., Mena, L., Tian, L. H., Papp, J., et al. (2011). Use of home-obtained vaginal swabs to facilitate rescreening for Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 118(2/1), 231–239.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Rachael Powell is grateful to Helen Pattison for inspiring her interest in self-testing and the many interesting and influential discussions on this topic.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Manchester Centre for Health Psychology, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

    David P. French & Rachael Powell

  2. Population and Patient Health Division, Dental Institute, King’s College London, London, UK

    Suzanne E. Scott

Authors
  1. David P. French
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Suzanne E. Scott
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Rachael Powell
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to David P. French .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

    Edwin B. Fisher

  2. Psychological Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, USA

    Linda D. Cameron

  3. Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA

    Alan J. Christensen

  4. Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland

    Ulrike Ehlert

  5. School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China

    Yan Guo

  6. Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia

    Brian Oldenburg

  7. Departments of Medical Psychology, Academic Medical Center (AMC) and VU University Medical Center (VUMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Frank J. Snoek

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer Science+Business Media LLC

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

French, D.P., Scott, S.E., Powell, R. (2018). Promoting Early Detection and Screening for Disease. In: Fisher, E., et al. Principles and Concepts of Behavioral Medicine. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-93826-4_18

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation