Abstract
To maintain constant body weight, an organism must be able to sense and counterbalance different aspects of energy homeostasis including food intake, energy stores, and energy expenditure. The central nervous system is responsible for integrating peripheral signals of food intake and adiposity, and transforming these signals into the conscious feelings of appetite or satiety. These function to modulate eating behavior. While there remains much to be understood about the central regulation of appetite and satiety behaviors, there is some insight into the effects of peripheral signals on central networks. This review will discuss the effects of peripheral signals on specific brain circuits as a means to understand the CNS regulation of eating behavior. First, the effects of gastrointestinal signals such as cholecystokinin and ghrelin on vagal signaling to the hindbrain will be examined as an example of the effect of autonomic signaling on eating behavior. Second, secreted factors which act directly on CNS neurons will be discussed, including the effects of leptin and insulin on arcuate-hypothalamic circuits which influence appetite and satiety behavior. Additional peripheral signals with anorexic or orexogenic effects will be outlined. Finally, higher order brain circuits will be examined, and the areas in which our understanding of the central regulation of feeding are as yet poorly understood will be highlighted.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Abbreviations
- 3v:
-
Third ventricle
- AGRP:
-
Agouti related protein
- Arc:
-
Arcuate nucleus
- CART:
-
Cocaine-and amphetamine regulated transcript
- CCK:
-
Cholecystokinin
- CCK-1R:
-
Cholecystokinin-1 receptor
- CN:
-
Cranial nerve
- CNS:
-
Central nervous system
- CNTF:
-
Ciliary neutrotrophic factor
- CRH:
-
Corticotropin-releasing hormone
- DMV:
-
Dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus
- LHA:
-
Lateral hypothalamic area
- MCH:
-
Melanin concentrating hormone
- α-MSH:
-
α-Melanocyte stimulating hormone
- NAc:
-
Nucleus accumbens
- NPY:
-
Neuropeptide Y
- NTS:
-
Nucleus of the solitary tract
- OB-Rb:
-
Leptin receptor b (longest isoform)
- OXY:
-
Oxytocin
- POMC:
-
Proopiomelanocrotin
- PVN:
-
Paraventricular nucleus
- STAT:
-
Signal transducers and activators of transcription
- TRH:
-
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
- VMN:
-
Ventromedial nucleus
- VTA:
-
Ventral tegmental area
References
Abizaid A, Liu ZW, Andrews ZB, Shanabrough M, Borok E, Elsworth JD, Roth RH, Sleeman MW, Picciotto MR, Tschop MH, Gao XB, Horvath TL J Clin Invest. 2006;116:3229–39.
Ahima RS, Flier JS Annu Rev Physiol. 2000;62:413–37.
Ahima RS, Lazar MA Mol Endocrinol. 2008;22:1023–31.
Ahima RS, Prabakaran D, Mantzoros C, Qu D, Lowell B, Maratos-Flier E, Flier JS Nature. 1996;382:250–2.
Ahima RS, Saper CB, Flier JS, Elmquist JK Front Neuroendocrinol. 2000;21:263–307.
Air EL, Benoit SC, Clegg DJ, Seeley RJ, Woods SC Endocrinology. 2002;143:2449–52.
Baicy K, London ED, Monterosso J, Wong ML, Delibasi T, Sharma A, Licinio J Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007;104:18276–9.
Bailey AR, Von Englehardt N, Leng G, Smith RG, Dickson SL J Neuroendocrinol. 2000;12:191–7.
Bi S, Chen J, Behles RR, Hyun J, Kopin AS, Moran TH Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2007;293:R55–63.
Bruning JC, Gautam D, Burks DJ, Gillette J, Schubert M, Orban PC, Klein R, Krone W, Muller-Wieland D, Kahn CR Science. 2000;289:2122–5.
Buchanan JB, Johnson RW Neuroendocrinology. 2007;86:183–90.
Chua SC, Jr., Chung WK, Wu-Peng XS, Zhang Y, Liu SM, Tartaglia L, Leibel RL Science. 1996;271:994–6.
Clegg DJ, Brown LM, Woods SC, Benoit SC Diabetes. 2006;55:978–87.
Coope A, Milanski M, Araujo EP, Tambascia M, Saad MJ, Geloneze B, Velloso LA FEBS Lett. 2008;582:1471–6.
Dallman MF, Warne JP, Foster MT, Pecoraro NC J Physiol. 2007;583:431–6.
Diano S, Farr SA, Benoit SC, McNay EC, da Silva I, Horvath B, Gaskin FS, Nonaka N, Jaeger LB, Banks WA, Morley JE, Pinto S, Sherwin RS, Xu L, Yamada KA, Sleeman MW, Tschop MH, Horvath TL Nat Neurosci. 2006;9:381–8.
Dourish CT, Rycroft W, Iversen SD Science. 1989;245:1509–11.
Elias CF, Aschkenasi C, Lee C, Kelly J, Ahima RS, Bjorbaek C, Flier JS, Saper CB, Elmquist JK Neuron. 1999;23:775–86.
Emond M, Schwartz GJ, Ladenheim EE, Moran TH Am J Physiol. 1999;276:R1545–9.
Farooqi IS, Bullmore E, Keogh J, Gillard J, O’Rahilly S, Fletcher PC Science. 2007;317:1355.
Fry M, Smith PM, Hoyda TD, Duncan M, Ahima RS, Sharkey KA, Ferguson AV J Neuroscience. 2006;26:9695–702.
Fulton S, Pissios P, Manchon RP, Stiles L, Frank L, Pothos EN, Maratos-Flier E, Flier JS Neuron. 2006;51:811–22.
Gibbs J, Young RC, Smith GP J Comp Physiol Psychol. 1973;84:488–95.
Guan XM, Yu H, Palyha OC, McKee KK, Feighner SD, Sirinathsinghji DJ, Smith RG, Van der Ploeg LH, Howard AD Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 1997;48: 23–9.
Hervey GR. J Physiol. 1959;145:336–52.
Hill JW, Williams KW, Ye C, Luo J, Balthasar N, Coppari R, Cowley MA, Cantley LC, Lowell BB, Elmquist JK J Clin Invest. 2008;118:1796–805.
Hommel JD, Trinko R, Sears RM, Georgescu D, Liu ZW, Gao XB, Thurmon JJ, Marinelli M, DiLeone RJ Neuron. 2006;51:801–10.
Hoyda TD, Fry M, Ahima RS, Ferguson AV J Physiol. 2007;585:805–16.
Kawai K, Sugimoto K, Nakashima K, Miura H, Ninomiya Y Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000;97:11044–9.
Kokoeva MV, Yin H, Flier JS Science. 2005;310:679–83.
Konner AC, Janoschek R, Plum L, Jordan SD, Rother E, Ma X, Xu C, Enriori P, Hampel B, Barsh GS, Kahn CR, Cowley MA, Ashcroft FM, Bruning JC Cell Metab. 2007;5:438–49.
Kopin AS, Mathes WF, McBride EW, Nguyen M, Al-Haider W, Schmitz F, Bonner-Weir S, Kanarek R, Beinborn M J Clin Invest. 1999;103:383–91.
Kraly FS, Carty WJ, Resnick S, Smith GP J Comp Physiol Psychol. 1978;92:697–707.
Kubota N, Yano W, Kubota T, Yamauchi T, Itoh S, Kumagai H, Kozono H, Takamoto I, Okamoto S, Shiuchi T, Suzuki R, Satoh H, Tsuchida A, Moroi M, Sugi K, Noda T, Ebinuma H, Ueta Y, Kondo T, Araki E, Ezaki O, Nagai R, Tobe K, Terauchi Y, Ueki K, Minokoshi Y, Kadowaki T Cell Metab. 2007;6:55–68.
Kunos G. Am J Med. 2007;120:S18–24; discussion S24.
Kusminski CM, McTernan PG, Schraw T, Kos K, O’Hare JP, Ahima R, Kumar S, Scherer PE Diabetologia. 2007;50:634–42.
Liebling DS, Eisner JD, Gibbs J, Smith GP J Comp Physiol Psychol. 1975;89:955–65.
Lutter M, Sakata I, Osborne-Lawrence S, Rovinsky SA, Anderson JG, Jung S, Birnbaum S, Yanagisawa M, Elmquist JK, Nestler EJ, Zigman JM. Nat Neurosci. 2008;11:752–3.
Morley JE. Endocr Rev. 1987;8:256–87.
Myers MG, Cowley MA, Munzberg H Annu Rev Physiol. 2008;70:537–56.
Myers MG, Jr., Munzberg H, Leinninger GM, Leshan RL Cell Metab. 2009;9:117–23.
Naleid AM, Grace MK, Cummings DE, Levine AS Peptides. 2005;26:2274–9.
Niswender KD, Schwartz MW Front Neuroendocrinol. 2003;24:1–10.
Qi Y, Takahashi N, Hileman SM, Patel HR, Berg AH, Pajvani UB, Scherer PE, Ahima RS Nat Med. 2004;10:524–9.
Regard M, Landis T Neurology. 1997;48:1185–90.
Rosenbaum M, Sy M, Pavlovich K, Leibel RL, Hirsch J J Clin Invest. 2008;118:2583–91.
Schwartz GJ. Nutrition. 2000;16:866–73.
Schwartz GJ. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2006;361:1275–80.
Shimomura Y, Bray GA, Lee M Horm Metab Res. 1987;19:295–9.
Smith GP, Jerome C, Norgren R Am J Physiol. 1985;249:R638–41.
South EH, Ritter RC Peptides. 1988;9:601–12.
Spranger J, Verma S, Gohring I, Bobbert T, Seifert J, Sindler AL, Pfeiffer A, Hileman SM, Tschop M, Banks WA Diabetes. 2006;55:141–7.
Treece BR, Covasa M, Ritter RC, Burns GA Brain Res. 1998;810:34–40.
Tschop M, Smiley DL, Heiman ML Nature. 2000;407:908–13.
Wang PY, Caspi L, Lam CK, Chari M, Li X, Light PE, Gutierrez-Juarez R, Ang M, Schwartz GJ, Lam TK Nature. 2008;452:1012–6.
Wiedmer P, Nogueiras R, Broglio F, D’Alessio D, Tschop MH Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2007;3:705–12.
Woods SC, Porte D, Jr. Adv Metab Disord. 1983;10:457–68.
Woolley JD, Gorno-Tempini ML, Seeley WW, Rankin K, Lee SS, Matthews BR, Miller BL Neurology. 2007;69:1424–33.
Xu AW, Kaelin CB, Takeda K, Akira S, Schwartz MW, Barsh GS J Clin Invest. 2005;115:951–8.
Zhang Y, Proenca R, Maffei M, Barone M, Leopold L, Friedman JM Nature. 1994;372:425–32.
Acknowledgements
Support was provided by National Institute of Health grants Ro1-DK-062348, Po1-DK-049210 (R.S. Ahima), and T32-AG-00255 (E.B. Lee).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lee, E.B., Ahima, R.S. (2011). Central Regulation of Appetite and Satiety Behavior. In: Preedy, V., Watson, R., Martin, C. (eds) Handbook of Behavior, Food and Nutrition. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-92271-3_67
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-92271-3_67
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-92270-6
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-92271-3
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)