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Iodine and Brain Development

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Handbook of Behavior, Food and Nutrition

Abstract

Iodine is an essential component of thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) that play a fundamental role in brain development and maturation. During gestation, the maternal thyroid has to increase the synthesis of thyroid hormones since the mother is the principal source of T4 and iodine for the fetus and of iodine during lactation. This doubles the needs of maternal iodine intake to 250–300 µg per day. After starvation, iodine deficiency remains the most frequent cause worldwide of preventable mental retardation in children. Severe iodine deficiency results in wide spectrum of disorders including cretinism. Mild iodine deficiency causes maternal hypothyroxinemia, which affects pregnant women even in apparently iodine-sufficient areas. Maternal hypothyroxinemia often goes unnoticed because T3 levels remain within the normal range and thyrotropin (TSH) is not increased. Recent epidemiological data have found that mild maternal hypothyroxinemia during the first month of pregnancy increases the risk of neurodevelopmental abnormalities in children. Experimental data in animal models have shown altered brain cortical cytoarchitecture in pups born to hypothyroxinemic dams. To prevent iodine deficiency during gestation and lactation, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a supplement of 250 µg iodine per day for every expectant woman, in addition to the use of iodized salt in households and a diet comprising iodine rich foods. The importance of iodine supplementation to ensure adequately elevated T4 levels in all women considering conception and during pregnancy and lactation is discussed and fully recommended.

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Abbreviations

T2:

3,5-Diiodo-L-thyronine or diiodothyronine

T3:

3′,3,5-Triiodo-L-thyronine or triiodothyronine

T4:

3′,5′,3,5-Tetraiodo-L-thyronine or thyroxine

rT3:

3′,5′,3-Triiodo-L-thyronine or reverse-T3

BrdU:

5-Bromo-2′-deoxyuridine

5-HTT:

5-HT transporter

DAG:

Diacyl glycerol

DiI:

1,1′-Dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate

DIT:

Diiodotyrosine

E:

Embryonic day

GABA:

Gamma-aminobutyric acid

HAS:

Human serum albumin

IP3:

Inositol triphosphate

ICCIDD:

International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders

D:

Iodothyronine deiodinase

LID:

Low-iodine diet

MMI:

Methimazole

MAP:

Mitogen-associated protein

MCT:

Monocarboxylate transporter

MIT:

Monoiodotyrosine

NHANES:

National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys

OATP:

Organic anion transporting polypeptide

PLC:

Phospholipase C

P:

Postnatal day

PTU:

Propylthiouracil

PKC:

Protein kinase C

5-HT:

Serotonin

TR:

T3 receptor

TBG:

Thyroid-binding globulin

TSH:

Thyrotropin

TTR:

Transthyretin

UI:

Urinary iodine

WHO:

World Health Organization

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Acknowledgments

Supported by a Spanish MICINN Grant: PN I+D+I SAF2009-10689. We thank Prof. J. Bernal for helpful comments.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Sant Joan, Apartado de Correos 18, Sant Joan d’Alacant, 03550, Alicante, Spain

    Pere Berbel

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  1. Pere Berbel
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  2. Gabriella Morreale de Escobar
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Correspondence to Pere Berbel .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. Nutrition & Dietetics, King's College, Stamford St. 150, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom

    Victor R. Preedy

  2. Arizona Health Science Center, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Ave. Room 4335, Tucson, 85724-5155, Arizona, USA

    Ronald Ross Watson

  3. University of the West of Scotland, Ayr Campus, Ayr, KA8 0SR, United Kingdom

    Colin R. Martin

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Berbel, P., Escobar, G.M.d. (2011). Iodine and Brain Development. In: Preedy, V., Watson, R., Martin, C. (eds) Handbook of Behavior, Food and Nutrition. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-92271-3_135

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