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Mitochondrial Regulation of Plant Programmed Cell Death

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Plant Mitochondria

Part of the book series: Advances in Plant Biology ((AIPB,volume 1))

Abstract

Programmed cell death is a cellular process that is an essential component of a plants normal growth and development, its defence mechanism to counter pathogen attack and its response to stress conditions. In both plant and animal cells there are various recognized types of programmed cell death; apoptosis or apoptotic-like, autophagy, or necrosis, and there is a certain amount of overlap between these different cell death processes. This overlap is unsurprising when one considers that a recurrent common feature between several types of programmed cell death is the role of the mitochondria in orchestrating the cascade of events that lead to the death of the cell. It has been shown that the mitochondria can coordinate death signals that lead to the initiation of cell death and subsequently release molecules that drive the destruction of the cell. For example, intermembrane space molecules such as cytochrome c are released from the mitochondria, into the cytoplasm, at an extremely early stage of the death process in both plant and animal cells. This release appears to be controlled in part by selective opening of the permeability transition pore in the mitochondria, and the magnitude of the opening of the permeability transition pore may be a determining factor in the type of programmed cell death a cell undergoes. Similarly, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by mitochondria (possibly as a result of cytochrome c release) has been identified as a driver of cell death in plant cells and again the type of death program that is activated may be due to the levels of ROS produced in the dying cell as apoptosis, autophagy, or necrosis can be initiated by oxidative stress.

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Abbreviations

AIF:

Apoptosis inducing factor

ANT:

Adenine nucleotide transporter

AOX:

Alternative oxidase

CsA:

Cyclosporine A

CypD:

Cyclophilin D

HR:

Hypersensitive response

IMS:

Intermembrane space

MPT:

Mitochondrial permeability transition

OMM:

Outer mitochondrial membrane

PCD:

Programmed cell death

PTP:

Permeability transition pore

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

TE:

Tracheary element

TMV:

Tobacco mosaic virus

VDAC:

Voltage-dependent anion channel

VIGS:

Virus induced gene silencing

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, 4, Ireland

    Paul F. McCabe

Authors
  1. Mark Diamond
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  2. Paul F. McCabe
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Correspondence to Paul F. McCabe .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Botanisches Institut, Universität Kiel, Olshausenstr. 40, Kiel, 24098, Germany

    Frank Kempken

Glossary

Apoptosis:

A caspase-dependent form of programmed cell death in animal cells.

Apoptotic-like programmed cell death:

A regulated form of cell death in plants that results in a characteristic cell morphology caused by cell shrinkage.

Autophagy:

“Self-eating” – lysosome or vacuole-dependent processing and recycling of macromolecules.

Intermembrane space (IMS):

The intermembrane space (space between outer and inner mitochondrial membranes) contains a number of proteins that can be released to activate cell death cascades.

Mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT):

An increase in the permeability of the mitochondrial membranes that can lead to collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential, production of ROS, termination of ATP synthesis, and release of matrix solutes. MPT results from opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pores.

Necrosis:

An unregulated form of cell death – often as a result of severe stress.

Outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM):

Localization site for a number of PCD controlling proteins.

Permeability transition pore (PTP):

A polyprotein complex formed at contact sites between the mitochondrial inner and outer membranes.

Programmed cell death (PCD):

The process of organized destruction of the cell.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS):

Any of a number of highly reactive forms of oxygen. At low levels, ROS may function in cell signaling processes. At higher levels, ROS will damage cellular macromolecules.

Tracheary element (TE):

Xylem cells, which die at maturity, leaving their lignified remains, which conduct water and minerals throughout plant.

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Diamond, M., McCabe, P.F. (2011). Mitochondrial Regulation of Plant Programmed Cell Death. In: Kempken, F. (eds) Plant Mitochondria. Advances in Plant Biology, vol 1. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-89781-3_17

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