Abstract
Research in Autistic Spectrum Disorders (ASD) has greatly increased within the past decade. DSM IV TR (APA, 2000) has grouped autism, Rett’s disorder, Asperger’s Disorder (AS), and childhood disintegrative disorder under the umbrella term, Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD). PDD-NOS (not otherwise specified) is a term and diagnosis with no specific criteria which is often used when a child does not meet full criteria for either diagnosis and is generally used when the child shows some, but not all of the symptoms of either AS or autism.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abell, F., Krams, M., Ashburner, J., Passingham, R., Friston, K., Frackowiak, R., et al. (1999). The neuroanatomy of autism: A voxel-based whole brain analysis of structural scans. Cognitive Neuroscience, 10(8), 1647–1651.
Adolphs, R. (2001). The neurobiology of social cognition. Current Opinion in Neurobiology Cognitive Neuroscience, 11(2), 231–239.
Akshoomoff, N. (2005). The neuropsychology of autistic spectrum disorder. Developmental Neuropsychology, 27, 307–310.
Alexander, A. L., Lee, J. E., Lazar, M., Boudos, R., Dubray, M. B., Oakes, T. R., et al. (2007). Diffusion tensor imaging of the corpus callosum in Autism. Neuroimage, 34(1), 61–73.
Allison, T., Puce, A., & McCarthy, G. (2000). Social perception from visual cues: Role of the STS region. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4(7), 1364–1366.
Aman, M. G., Lam, K. S., & Van Bourgondein, M. E. (2005). Medication patterns in patients with autistic disorder: Temporal, regional and demographic influences. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 15, 116–126.
Amaral, D. G., Price, J. L., Pitkanan, A., & Carmichael, S. T. (1992). Anatomical organization of the primate amygdaloid complex. In J. Aggleton (Ed.), The amygdala: Neurobiological aspects of emotion, memory and mental dysfunction. New York: Wiley.
American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (Fourth Text Rev. ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Asano, E., Chugani, D. C., & Muzik, O. (2001). Autism in tuberous sclerosis complex is related to both cortical and subcortical dysfunction. Neurology, 57, 1269–1277.
Ashwin, C., Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., O'Riordan, M., & Bullmore, E. T. (2006). Differential activation of the amygdala and the 'social brain' during fearful face-processing in Asperger Syndrome. Neuropsychologia, 45(1), 2–14.
Ashwin, C., Wheelwright, S., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2006). Attention bias to faces in asperger syndrome: A pictorial emotion Stroop study. Psychological Medicine, 835–843.
Aylward, E. H., Minshew, N. J., Field, K., Sparks, B. F., & Singh, N. (2002). Effects of age on brain volume and head circumference in autism. Neurology, 175–183.
Bailey, A., Le Couteur, A., & Gottesman, I. (1995). Autism as a strongly genetic disorder. Evidence from a British twin study. Psychological Medicine, 25, 63–77.
Bailey, A., Pelferman, S., & Heavey, L. (1998). Autism: The phenotype in relatives. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 28, 369–392.
Barnard, L., Young, A. H., Pearson, J., Geddes, J., & O'Brien, G. (2002). A systematic review of the use of atypical antipsychotics in autistic disorder. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 14, 233–241.
Barnea-Gorly, N., Kwon, H., Menon, V., Eliez, S., Lotspeich, L., & Reiss, A. L. (2004). White matter structure in autism: Preliminary evidence from diffusion tensor imaging. Biological Psychiatry, 55, 323–326.
Baron-Cohen, S., Ring, H. A., Bullmore, E. T., Wheelwright, S., Ashwin, C., & Williams, S. C. R. (2000). The amygdala theory of autism. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 24(3), 355–364.
Baron-Cohen, S., Ring, H. A., Wheelwright, S., Bullmore, E. T., Brammer, M. J., Simmons, A., et al. (1999). Social intelligence in the normal and autistic brain: An fMRI study. European Journal Neuroscience, 11(6), 1891–1898.
Baron-Cohen, S., Scahill, V. L., Izaguirre, J., Hornsey, H., & Robertson, M. M. (1999). The prevalence of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome in children and adolescents with autism: A large scale study. Psychological Medicine, 29, 1151–1159.
Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., & Jolliffe, T. (1997). Is there a "language of the eyes"? Evidence from normal adults, and adults with autism or Asperger syndrome. Visual Cognition, 4(3), 311–331.
Barrett, S., Prior, M., & Manjiviona, J. (2004). Children on the borderlands of autism. Autism, 8(1), 61–87.
Bechara, A., Damasio, H., & Damasio, A. R. (2003). The role of the amygdala in decision making. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 985, 356–369.
Behrman, M., Thomas, C., & Humphreys, K. (2006). Seeing it differently: Visual processing in autism. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10(6), 258–264.
Belmonte, M. K., Allen, G., Beckel-Mitchener, A., Boulanger, L. M., Carper, R. A., & Webb, S. J. (2004). Autism and abnormal development of brain connectivity. Journal of Neuroscience, 24, 9228–9231.
Benjamin, S., Seek, A., Tresise, L., Price, E., & Gagnon M.. (1995). Case study: Paradoxical response to naltrexone treatment of self-injurious behavior. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 238–242.
Bibby, P., Eikeseth, S., Martin, N. T., Mudford, O. C., & Reeves, D. (2001). Progress and outcomes for children with autism receiving parent-managed intensive interventions. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 22, 425–447.
Boger-Megiddo, I. B., Shaw, D. W., Friedman, S. D., Sparks, B. F., Artru, A. A., Giedd, J. N., et al. (2006). Corpus callosum morphometrics in young children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(6), 733–739.
Brimacombe, M., Ming, X., & Parikh, A. (2007). Familial risk factors in autism. Journal of Child Neurology, 22, 593–597.
Canli, T., Sivers, H.,Whitfield, S. L., Gotlib, I. H., & Gabrieli, J. D. (2002). Amygdala response to happy faces as a function of extraversion. Science, 296, 2191.
Carmichael, S. T., & Price, J. L. (1995). Limbic connections of the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex in macaque monkeys. The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 363(4), 615–641.
Casanova, M. F., Buxhoeven, D. P., & Brown, C. (2002). Clinical and macroscopic correlates of minicolumnar pathology in autism. Journal of Child Neurology, 17, 692–695.
Casanova, M. F., Buxhoeven, D. P., Switala, A. E., & Roy, E. (2002). Neuronal density and architecture (Gray Level Index) in the brains of autistic patients. Journal of Child Neurology, 17, 515–521.
Castelli, F. (2005). Understanding emotions from standardized facial expressions in autism and normal development. Autism, 9, 428–449.
Castelli, F., Frith, C., Happe, F., & Frith, U. (2002). Autism, Asperger syndrome and brain mechanisms for the attribution of mental states to animated states. Brain, 125, 1839–1849.
Chakrabarti, S., & Fombonne, E. (2001). Pervasive developmental disorders in preschool children. Journal of the American Medical Association, 285, 3093–3099.
Chakrabarti, S., & Fombonne, E. (2005). Pervasive developmental disorders in preschool children: Confirmation of high prevalence. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 1133–1141.
Chung, M. K., Dalton, K. M., Alexander, A. L., & Davidson, R. J. (2004). Less white matter concentration in autism: 2D voxel-based morphometry. NeuroImage, 23(1), 242–251.
Coben, R., Clarke, A. R., Hudspeth, W., & Barry, R. J. (2008). EEG power and coherence in autistic spectrum disorder. Clinical Neurophysiology, 119, 1002–1009.
Corbett, V. A. (2003). Video modeling: A window into the world of autism. The Behavior Analyst Today, 4, 1–10.
Courchesne, E., Carper, R., & Akshoomoff, N. (2003). Evidence of brain overgrowth in the first year of life in autism. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 290(3), 337–344.
Courchesne, E., Karns, C. M., Davis, H. R., Ziccardi, R., Carper, R. A., Tigue, Z. D., et al. (2001). Unusual brain growth patterns in early life in patients with autistic disorder: An MRI study. Neurology, 57, 245–254.
Courchesne, E., & Pierce, K. (2005). Why the frontal cortex in autism might be talking only to itself: Local over-connectivity but long-distance connection. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 15, 225–230.
Critchley, H. D., Daly, E. M., Bullmore, E. T., Williams, S. C. R., Van Amelsvoort, T., Robertson, D. M., et al. (2000). The functional neuroanatomy of social behavior: Changes in cerebral blood flow when people with autistic disorder process facial expressions. Brain, 123, 2203–2212.
Dahlgren, A. S., Ehlers, S. U., Hagberg, B., & Gillberg, C. (2000). The Rett syndrome complex: Communicative functions in relation to developmental level and autistic features. Autism, 4, 249–267.
Dawson, G., Finley, C., Phillips, S., & Galpert, L. (1986). Hemispheric specialization and the language abilities of autistic children. Child Development, 57, 1440–1453.
Dawson, G., Meltzoff, A. N., Osterling, J., & Rinaldi, J. (1998). Neuropsychological correlates of early symptoms of autism. Child Development, 69, 1276–1285.
Dawson, G., & Webb, S. J. (2005). Understanding the nature of face processing impairment in autism: Insights from behavioral and electrophysiological studies. Developmental Neuropsychology, 27(3), 403–424.
Dawson, G., Webb, S. J., Wijsman, E., Schellenberg, G., Estes, A., Munson, J., et al. (2005). Neurocognitive and electrophysiological evidence of altered face processing in parents of children with autism? Implications for a model of abnormal development of social brain circuitry in autism. Development and Psychopathology, 17, 679–697.
Delprato, D. J. (2001). Comparisons of discrete-trial and normalized behavioural language intervention for young children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31, 315–325.
Dierks, T., Bolte, S., Hubl, D., Lanfermann, H., & Poustka, F. (2004). Alterations of face processing strategies in autism: A fMRI study. NeuroImage, 13(6), 1016–1053.
Drew, A., Baird, G., Baron-Cohen, S., Cox, A., Slonims, V., Wheelwright, S., et al. (2002). A pilot randomized control trial for a parent training intervention for preschool children with autism: Preliminary findings and methodological challenges. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 11, 266–272.
Dunn, M. A., Gomes, H., & Gravel, J. (2008). Mismatch negativity in children with autism and typical development. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38, 52–71.
Dyches, T. T., Wilder, L. K., & Obiakor, F. E. (2001). Autism: Multicultural perspectives. In F. Wahlberg, F. E. Obiakor & S. Burkhardt (Eds.), Educational and clinical interventions. Oxford, England: Elevier Science Ltd.
Ehlers, S. U., Nyden, A., Gillberg, C., Sandberg, A. D., Dahlgren, S. O., Hjelmquist, E., et al. (1997). Asperger syndrome, autism and attention disorders: A comparative study of the cognitive profiles of 120 children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38(2), 207–217.
Erickson, C. A., Stigler, K. A., Posey, D. J., & McDougle, C. J. (2007). Psychopharmacology. In F. R. Volkmar (Ed.), Autism and pervasive developmental disorders (2nd ed., pp. 221–253). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Feldman, H. M., Kolman, B. K., & Gonzaga, A. (1999). Naltexone and communication skills in young children with autism. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 587–593.
Filipek, P. A. (1999). Neuroimaging in the developmental disorders: The state of the science. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 40(1), 113–128.
Findling, R. L., McNamara, N. K., Gracious, B. L., O'Riordan, M., Reed, M. D., Demeter, C., et al. (2004). Quetiapine in nine youths with autistic disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 14, 287–294.
Fombonne, E. (2001). What is the prevalence of Asperger disorder? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31, 363–364.
Fombonne, E. (2003a). Epidemiological surveys of autism and other pervasive developmental disorders: An update. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 33, 365–382.
Fombonne, E. (2003b). The prevalence of autism. Journal of the American Medical Association, 289, 87–89.
Fombonne, E. (2008). Thirmerosal disappears but autism remains. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65, 15–16.
Gadow, K. D., DeVincent, C. J., & Pomeroy, J. (2006). ADHD symptom subtypes in children with pervasive developmental disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(2), 271–283.
Gadow, K. D., DeVincent, C. J., Pomeroy, J., & Azizian, A. (2005). Comparison of DSM-IV symptoms in elementary school-age children with PDD versus clinic and community samples. Autism, 392–415.
Gazzaniga, M. S., Ivry, R. B., & Mangun, G. R. (2002). Cognitive neuroscience: The biology of the mind (2nd ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
Ghaziuddin, M. (2002). Asperger syndrome: Associated psychiatric and medical conditions. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities Asperger Syndrome, 17(3), 138–144.
Ghaziuddin, M., & Mountain-Kimchi, K. (2004). Defining the intellectual profile of Asperger syndrome: Comparison with high-functioning autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34, 279–284.
Ghaziuddin, M., Weidmer-Mikhail, E., & Ghaziuddin, N. (1998). Comorbidity of Asperger syndrome: A preliminary report. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 42(4), 279–283.
Giedd, J. N. (2004). Structural magnetic resonance imaging of the adolescent brain. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1021, 1308–1309.
Gillberg, C. (1999). Neurodevelopmental processes and psychological functioning in autism. Development and Psychopathology, 11(3), 567–587.
Gillberg, C., & Billstedt, E. (2000). Autism and Asperger syndrome: Coexistence with other clinical disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 102(5), 321–330.
Gray, C. A., & Garand, J. (1993). Social stories: Improving responses of students with autism with accurate social information. Focus on Autistic Behavior, 8, 1–10.
Griffith, E. M., Pennington, B. F., Wehner, E. A., & Rogers, S. J. (1999). Executive functions in young children with autism. Child Development, 70, 817–832.
Grossman, J. B., Klin, A., Carter, A. S., & Volkmar, F. R. (2000). Verbal bias in recognition of facial emotions in children with Asperger syndrome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41(3), 369–379.
Gutstein, S. E., & Whitney, T. (2002). Asperger syndrome and the development of social competence. Focus on Autism and other Developmental Disabilities, 17, 161–171.
Handen, B. L., Johnson, C. R., & Lubetsky, M. (2000). Efficacy of methylphenidate among children with autistic disorder and symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30, 245–255.
Hanft, A., & Hendren, R. L. (2004). Pharmacotherapy of children and adolescents with pervasive developmental disorders. Essential Psychopharmacology, 6, 12–24.
Hansen, R. L., & Hagerman, R. J. (2003). Contributions of pediatrics. In S. Ozonoff, S. J. Rogers, & R. L. Hendren (Eds.), Autism spectrum disorders (pp. 87–110). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
Happe, F., & Frith, U. (2006). The weak coherence account: Detail-focused cognitive style in autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(1), 5–25.
Hardan, A. Y., Minshew, N. J., & Keshavan, M. S. (2000). Corpus callosum size in autism. Neurology, 55, 1033–1036.
Hare, T. A., Tottenham, N., Davidson, M. C., Glover, G. H., & Casey, B. J. (2005). Contributions of amygdala and striatal activity in emotion regulation. Biological Psychiatry, 57(6), 624–632.
Hasselmo, M. E., Rolls, E. T., & Baylis, G. C. (1989). The role of expression and identity in the face-selective responses of neurons in the temporal visual cortex of the monkey. Behavioural Brain Research, 32(3), 203–218.
Haxby, J. V., Hoffman, E. A., & Gobbini, M. I. (2000). The distributed human neural system for face perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4(6), 223–233.
Hazell, P. (2007). Drug therapy for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-like symptoms in autistic disorder. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 43, 19–24.
Haznedar, M. M., Buchsbaum, M. S., Wei, T-C., Hof, P. R., Cartwright, C., Bienstock, C. A., Hollander, E. (2000). Limbic circuitry in patients with autism spectrum disorders studied with positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 1994–2001.
Herbert, M. R., Harris, G. J., Adrien, K. T., Ziegler, D. A., Makris, N., Kennedy, D. M., et al. (2002). Abnormal asymmetry in language association cortex in autism. Annals of Neurology, 52, 588–596.
Hill, E. L. (2004). Executive dysfunction in autism. Trends in Cognitive Science, 8, 26–31.
Hornig, M., & Lipkin, W. I. (2001). Infectious and immune factors in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders: Epidemiology, hypotheses, and animal models. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research, 7, 200–210.
Howlin, P. (2000). Outcome in adult life for more able individuals with autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39, 307–322.
Hwang, B., & Hughes, C. (2000). The effects of social interactive training on early social communicative skills of children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30, 331–343.
Immunization Safety Review Committee: Board on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention. (2004). Immunization safety review: Vaccines and autism. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine: National Academies http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10997.html#toc.
Iovannone, R., Dunlap, G., Huber, H., & Kincaid, D. (2003). Effective educational practices for students with autism spectrum disorders. Focus on Autism and other Developmental Disabilities, 18, 150–165.
Just, M. A., Cherkassky, V. L., Keller, T. A., & Minshew, N. J. (2004). Cortical activation and synchronization during sentence comprehension in high-functioning autism: Evidence of underconnectivity. Brain, 127(8), 1811–1821.
Kana, R. K., Keller, T. A., Cherkassky, V. L., Minshew, N. J., & Just, M. A. (2006). Sentence comprehension in autism: Thinking in pictures with decreased functional connectivity. Brain, 129(9), 2484–2493.
Kemper, T. L., & Bauman, M. L. (1993). The contribution of neuropathologic studies to the understanding of autism. Neurologic Clinics, 11(1), 175–187.
Kerr, A. (2002). Rett syndrome: Recent progress and implications for research and clinical practice. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43, 277–287.
Killgore, W. D., & Yurgelun-Todd, D. A. (2005). Social anxiety predicts amygdala activation in adolescents viewing fearful faces. Neuroreport, 16(15), 1671–1675.
Kim, J. A., Szatmari, P., Bryson, S. E., Streiner, D. L., & Wilson, F. J. (2000). The prevalence of anxiety and mood problems among children with autism and Asperger syndrome. Autism, 4, 117–132.
Kjelgaard, M. M., & Tager-Flusberg, H. (2001). An investigation of language impairment in autism: Implications for genetic subgroups. Language and Cognitive Processes, 16, 287–308.
Kleinhans, N., Akshoomoff, N., & Delis, D. C. (2005). Executive functions in autism and Asperger's disorder: Flexibility, fluency, and inhibition. Developmental Neuropsychology, 27, 379–401.
Klin, A., Saulnier, C., Tsatsanis, K. D., & Volkmar, F. R. (2005). Clinical evaluation in autism spectrum disorders: Psychological assessment within a transdisciplinary framework. In F. R. Volkmar, R. Paul, A. Klin, & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders: Vol. 2. Assessment, interventions, and policy (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Klin, A., Sparrow, S. S., Cicchetti, D. V., & Rourke, B. P. (1995). Validity and neuropsychological characterization of Asperger syndrome: Convergence with nonverbal learning disabilities syndrome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 36, 1127–1140.
Klin, A., Sparrow, S. S., de Bildt, A., Cicchetti, D. V., Cohen, D. J., & Volkmar, F. R. (1999). A normed study of face recognition in autism and related disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29(6), 499–508.
Klin, A., & Volkmar, F. R. (2003). Asperger syndrome: Diagnosis and external validity. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 12, 1–13.
Kolevzon, A., Gross, R., & Reichenberg, A. (2008). Prenatal and perinatal risk factors for autism. Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine, 161, 326–333.
Kugler, B. (1998). The differentiation between autism and Asperger syndrome. Autism, 2(1), 11–32.
Lainhart, J. E. (1997). Macrocephaly in children and adults with autism. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 282–290.
Lainhart, J. E., Piven, J., Wzorek, M., Landa, R., Santangelo, S. L., Coon, H., et al. (2002). Autism, regression, and the broader autism phenotype. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 113, 231–237.
Le Couteur, A., Bailey, A., Good, S., & Pickles, A. (1996). A broader phenotype of autism: The clinical spectrum in twins. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 37, 785–801.
Leyfer, O. T., Folstein, S. E., Bacalman, S., Davis, N. O., Dinh, E., Morgan, J., et al. (2006). Comorbid psychiatric disorders in children with Autism: Interview development and rates of disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, V36(7), 849–861.
Liss, M., Fein, D., Allen, D., Dunn, M. A., Feinstein, C., Morris, R. D., et al. (2001). Executive functioning in high-functioning children with autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42, 261–270.
Lord, C., & McGee, J. P. (2001). Educating children with autism. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Lord, C., Risi, S., DiLavore, P. S., Shulman, C., Thurm, A., & Pickles, A. (2006). Autism from 2 to 9 years of age. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 694–701.
Lord, C., Rutter, M., DiLavore, P. C., & Risi, S. (1999). Autism diagnostic observation schedule. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
Luna, B., Minshew, N. J., Garver, K. E., Laza, N. A., Thulborn, K. R., Eddy, W. F., et al. (2002). Neocortical system abnormalities in autism: An fMRI study of spatial working memory. Neurology, 59, 834–840.
Macintosh, K. E., & Dissanayake, C. (2004). Annotation: The similarities and differences between autistic disorder and Asperger's disorder: A review of the empirical evidence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(3), 421–434.
Manjiviona, J., & Prior, M. (1999). Neuropsychological profiles of children with Asperger syndrome and autism. Autism, 3(4), 327–356.
Mann, T. A., & Walker, P. (2003). Autism and a deficit in broadening the spread of visual attention. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44(2), 274–284.
Martin, A., & Weisberg, J. (2003). Neural foundations for understanding social and mechanical concepts. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 20, 575–587.
McEachin, J. J., Smith, T., & Lovass, O. I. (1993). Long-term outcome for children with autism who received early intensive behavioral treatment. American Journal of Mental Retardation, 97, 359–372.
McLaughlin-Cheng, E. (1998). Asperger syndrome and autism: A literature review and meta-analysis. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 13(4), 234–245.
Meyer, U., Nyffeler, M., Schwendener, S., Knuesel, I., Yee, B. K., & Feldon, J. (2008). Relative prenatal and postnatal maternal contributions to schizophrenia-related neurochemical dysfunction after in-utero immune challenge. Neuropsychopharmacology, 33, 441–456.
Miller, J. N., & Ozonoff, S. (2000). The external validity of Asperger disorder: Lack of evidence from the domain of neuropsychology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109(2), 227–238.
Moes, D. R. (1998). Integrating choice-making opportunities within teacher-assigned academic tasks to facilitate the performance of children with autism. Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps, 23, 319–328.
Monk, C. S., McClure, E. B., Nelson, E. E., Zarahn, E., Bilder, R. M., & Leivenluft, E. (2003). Adolescent immaturity in attention-related brain engagement to emotional facial expressions. NeuroImage, 20, 420–428.
Mudford, O. C., Martin, N. T., Eikeseth, S., & Bibby, P. (2001). Parent-managed behavioral treatment for preschool children with autism: Some characteristics of UK programs. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 22, 173–182.
Murphy, D. G. M., Critchley, H. D., Schmitz, N., McAlonan, G. M., Van Amelsvoort, T., Robertson, D. M., et al. (2002). Asperger syndrome: A proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study of the brain. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 885–891.
National Institute of Mental Health. (2006). Research on autism and autism spectrum disorders. Program Announcement No. PA-09-390. Washington, DC: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PA-06-390.html.
National Research Council. (2001). Educating young children with autism. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Nyden, A., Gillberg, C., Hjelmquist, E., & Heiman, M. (1999). Executive function/attention deficits in boys with Asperger syndrome, attention disorder and reading/writing disorder. Autism, 3(3), 213–228.
Ohnishi, T., Matsuda, H., Hashimoto, T., Kunihiro, T., Nishikawa, M., Uema, T., et al. (2000). Abnormal regional cerebral blood flow in childhood autism. Brain, 123, 1838–1844.
Ozonoff, S., & Griffith, E. M. (2000). Neuropsychological function and the external validity of Asperger syndrome. In A. Klin, F. R. Volkmar, & S. S. Sparrow (Eds.), Asperger syndrome. New York: Guilford Press.
Ozonoff, S., & Jensen, J. (1999). Brief report: Specific executive function profiles in three neurodevelopmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29, 171–177.
Ozonoff, S., Pennington, B. F., & Rogers, S. J. (1990). Are there emotion perception deficits in young autistic children? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 31(3), 343–361.
Ozonoff, S., & Rogers, S. J. (2003). Autism spectrum disorders: A research review for practitioners. In S. Ozonoff, S. J. Rogers, & R. L. Hendren (Eds.), Review of psychiatry (pp. 3–33). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.
Ozonoff, S., & Strayer, D. L. (2001). Further evidence of intact working memory in autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31, 257–263.
Perrett, D. I., & Mistlin, A. J. (1990). Perception of facial characteristics by monkeys. In W. C. Stebbins & M. A. Berkley (Eds.), Comparative perception (pp. 187–215). Oxford, England: John Wiley & Sons.
Pessoa, L., Kastner, S., & Ungerleider, L. G. (2002). Attentional control of the processing of neutral and emotional stimuli. Cognitive Brain Research, 15(1), 31–45.
Pierce, K., Muller, R. A., Ambrose, J., Allen, G., & Courchesne, E. (2001). Face processing occurs outside the fusiform 'face area' in autism: Evidence from functional MRI. Brain, 124, 2059–2073.
Piven, J., Arndt, S., Bailey, J., & Andreasen, N. (1996). Regional brain enlargement in autism: A magnetic resonance imaging study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 35(4), 530–536.
Prior, M., & Ozonoff, S. (1998). Psychological factors in autism. In F. R. Volkmar (Ed.), Autism and pervasive developmental disorders (pp. 64–108). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Reichenberg, A., Gross, R., Weiser, M., Bresnahan, M., Silverman, J., Harlap, S., et al. (2006). Advancing paternal age and autism. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 1026–1032.
Reiss, A. L., & Hall, S. S. (2007). Fragile X syndrome: Assessment and treatment implications. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 16, 663–675.
Remington, G., Sloman, L., Konstantareas, M., Parker, K., & Gow, R. (2001). Clomipramine versus haloperidol in the treatment of autistic disorder: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 21, 440–444.
Research Units on Pediatric Psychopharmacology Autistic Disorder Network. (2005). Randomized, controlled, crossover trial of methylphenidate in pervasive developmental disorders with hyperactivity. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 1266–1274.
Rippon, G., Brock, J., Brown, C., & Boucher, J. (2007). Disordered connectivity in the autistic brain: Challenges for the 'new physiology.' International Journal of Psychophysiology, 63, 164–172.
Rojas, D. C., Smith, J. A., Benkers, T. L., Camou, S. L., Reite, M. L., & Rogers, S. J. (2004). Hippocampus and amygdala volumes in parents of children with autistic disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 2038–2044.
Rutter, M., Le Couteur, A., & Lord, C. (2003). Autism Diagnostic Interview - Revised (ADI-R). Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
Schechter, R., & Grether, J. K. (2008). Continuing increases in autism reported to California's developmental services system. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65, 19–24.
Schopler, E., & Reichler, J. (2004). Childhood Autism Rating Scale, revised (CARS) (Rev. ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Western Psycholgical Services.
Schultz, R. T., Gauthier, I., Klin, A., Fulbright, R. K., Anderson, A. W., Volkmar, F. R., et al. (2000). Abnormal ventral temporal cortical activity during face discrimination among individuals with autism and Asperger syndrome. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57(4), 331–340.
Schultz, R. T., Grelotti, D. J., Klin, A., Kleinman, J., Van der Gaag, C., Marois, R., et al. (2003). The role of the fusiform face area in social cognition: Implications for the pathobiology of autism. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 358(1430), 415–427.
Schultz, R. T., Grelotti, D. J., Klin, A., Levitan, E., Cantey, T., Skudlarski, P., et al. (2001). An fMRI study of face recognition, facial expression detection, and social judgment in autism spectrum conditions. Paper presented at the International Meeting for Autism Research.
Schultz, R. T., Romanski, L. M., & Tsatsanis, K. D. (2000). Neurofunctional models of autistic disorder and Asperger syndrome: Clues from neuroimaging. In A. Klin, F. R. Volkmar, & S. S. Sparrow (Eds.), Asperger syndrome. New York: The Guilford Press.
Sears, L. L., Vest, C., Mohamed, S., Bailey, J., Ranson, B. J., & Piven, J. (1999). An MRI study of the basal ganglia in autism. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 613–624.
Semrud-Clikeman, M. (2007). Social competence in children. New York: Springer.
Semrud-Clikeman, M., Fine, J. G., & Zhu, D. C. (submitted). Brain activation in normal adults to happy and sad photographs and videos. NeuroImage.
Semrud-Clikeman, M., & Schaefer, V. (2000). Social competence in developmental disorders. Journal of Psychotherapy in Independent Practice, 4, 3–20.
Silk, T. J., Rinehart, N., Bradshaw, J. L., Tonge, B., Egan, G., O'Boyle, M. W., et al. (2006). Visuospatial processing and the function of prefrontal-parietal networks in autism spectrum disorders: A functional MRI study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(8), 1440–1443.
Siller, M., & Sigman, M. (2002). The behaviors of parents of children with autism predict the subsequent development of their children's communication. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 32, 77–89.
Simpson, J. R., Öngür, D., Akbudak, E., Conturo, T. E., & Ollinger, J. M. (2000). The emotional modulation of cognitive processing: An fMRI study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12(Suppl2), 157–170.
Smith, T., Buch, G. A., & Gamby, T. E. (2000). Parent-directed, intensive early intervention for children with pervasive developmental disorder. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 21, 297–309.
Smith, T., Groen, A. D., & Wynn, J. W. (2000). Randomized trial of intensive early intervention for children with pervasive developmental disorder. American Journal of Mental Retardation, 105, 269–285.
Somerville, L. H., Kim, H., Johnstone, T., Alexander, A. L., & Whalen, P. J. (2004). Human amygdala responses during presentation of happy and neutral faces: Correlations with state anxiety. Biological Psychiatry, 55, 897–903.
Sparks, B. F., Friedman, S. D., Shaw, D. W., Aylward, E. H., Echelard, D., Artru, A. A., et al. (2002). Brain structural abnormalities in young children with autism spectrum disorder. Neurology, 59(2), 184–192.
Stigler, K. A., Posey, D. J., & McDougle, C. J. (2004). Aripiprazole for maladaptive behavior in pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 14, 455–463.
Strain, P. S., & Hoyson, M. (2000). The need for longitudinal, intensive social skill intervention: LEAP follow-up outcomes for children with autism. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 20, 116–122.
Swaiman, K. F., & Dyken, P. R. (1999). Degenerative diseases primarily of gray matter. In K. F. Swaiman & S. Ashwal (Eds.), Pediatric neurology (pp. 833–848). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
Tanguay, P. E. (2000). Pervasive developmental disorders: A 10-year review. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 1079–1094.
Thompson, W. W., Price, C., Goodson, B., & Shay, D. K. (2007). Early thimerosal exposure and neuropsychological outcomes at 7 to 10 years. The New England Journal of Medicine, 357, 1281–1290.
Toichi, M., & Kamio, Y. (1998). Verbal memory in autistic adolescents. Japanese Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 364–373.
Tsatsania, K. D. (2003). Outcome research in Asperger syndrome and autism. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 12, 47–63.
Verte, S., Geurts, H. M., Roeyers, H., Rosseel, Y., Oosterlaan, J., & Sergeant, J. A. (2006). Executive functioning in children with an autism spectrum disorder: Can we differentiate within the spectrum? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(3), 351–372.
Vidal, C. N., Nicolson, R., DeVito, T. J., Hayashi, K. M., Geaga, J. A., Drost, D. J., et al. (2006). Mapping corpus callosum deficits in autism: An index of aberrant cortical connectivity. Biological Psychiatry, 60(3), 218–225.
Volkmar, F. R., Klin, A., & Pauls, D. L. (1998). Nosological and genetic aspects of Asperger syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 28(5), 457–463.
Volkmar, F. R., Klin, A., Siegal, B., Szatmari, P., Lord, C., Campbell, M., et al. (1994). Field trial for autistic disorder in DSM IV. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 1361–1367.
Volkmar, F. R., Lord, C., Bailey, A., Schultz, R. T., & Klin, A. (2004). Autism and pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 135–170.
Wassnik, T. H., Piven, J., & Vieland, J. (2001). Evidence supporting WNT2 as an autism susceptibility gene. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 105, 406–413.
Webb, S. J., Dawson, G., Bernier, R., & Panagiotides, H. (2006). ERP evidence of atypical face processing in young children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(7), 881–890.
Whalen, C. K., & Schreibman, L. (2002). Joint attention training for children with autism using behavior modification procedures. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44, 456–468.
Wilens, T. (2004). Straight talk about psychiatric medications for kids (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford.
Williams, D. L., Goldstein, G., & Minshew, N. J. (2005). Impaired memory for faces and social scenes in autism: Clinical implications of memory dysfunction. Archives of clinical neuropsychology the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists, 20(1), 1–15.
Winner, E., Brownell, H., Happe, F., Blum, A., & Pincus, D. (1998). Distinguishing lies from jokes: Theory of mind deficits and discourse interpretation in right hemisphere brain-damaged patients Brain Language, 62(1), 89–106.
Wolf, J. M., Fein, D., & Akshoomoff, N. (2007). Autism spectrum disorders and social disabilities. In S. J. Hunter & J. Donders (Eds.), Pediatric neuropsychological intervention (pp. 151–174). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wolterink, G., Daenen, L. E. W. P. M., Dubbeldam, S., Gerrits, M. A. F. M., van Rijn, R., Kruse, C. G., et al. (2001). Early amygdala damage in the rat as a model for neurodevelopmental psychopathological disorders. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 11(1), 51–59.
Yang, T. T., Menon, V., Eliez, S., Blasey, C., White, C. D., Reid, A. J., et al. (2002). Amygdalar activation associated with positive and negative facial expressions. Neuroreport: For Rapid Communication of Neuroscience Research, 13(14), 1737–1741.
Zirlinger, M., & Anderson, D. (2003). Molecular dissection of the amygdala and its relevance to autism. Genes, Brain, and Behavior, 2, 282–294.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Semrud-Clikeman, M., Ellison, P.A.T. (2009). Autistic Spectrum Disorders. In: Child Neuropsychology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-88963-4_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-88963-4_11
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-88962-7
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-88963-4
eBook Packages: Behavioral ScienceBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)