Abstract
Sigismund Schlomo Freud was born in Freiberg, Moravia (now Pribor, Czechoslovakia) on May 5, 1856. He began using the shortened “Sigmund” after entering the University of Vienna in 1873 at age 17. Freud’s Hasidic Jewish family history was complicated by early deaths and frequent remarriages, common at the time. Freud’s father, Jacob, a poor wool merchant, married Amalia Nathanson, when he was 40 and she was 20. This was his third marriage, which produced seven children of which Sigmund was the oldest. When Sigmund Freud was four, the aspiring middle-class family moved from Leipzig to Vienna, where the Freud’s family life centered on helping the brilliant Sigmund actualize his academic potential. In 1873, he graduated Gymnasium with distinction at age 17 and then entered the University of Vienna. The University’s liberal atmosphere was remarkably free of anti-Semitism and he flourished in its stimulating environment.
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Notes
- 1.
Abraham’s biographical information and theoretical contribution are included in this section because he, along with Freud, created the mature psychosexual model that is critical to drive theory’s developmental framework. Using Freud’s 1905 foundation, Abraham further researched the organization of the libidinal stages and made significant contributions in validating Freud’s model.
- 2.
Note that Freud and Abraham remained silent as to the parallel processes in girls during this stage and during the next stage. This silence is consistent with Freud’s overall phallocentric view of development in which he regarded girls as castrated boys.
- 3.
For a balanced discussion of Freud’s phallocentrism in the oedipal formulation of women’s psychology, see Berzoff et al., 1996, Chap. 10.
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Major Works (S. Freud and K. Abraham)
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Freud, S. (1915a). Papers on metapsychology and other works (Standard Edition, Vol. 14, pp. 261–272). London: Hogarth Press.
Freud, S. (1915b). Instincts and their vicissitudes (Standard Edition, Vol. 14, pp. 109–140). London: Hogarth Press.
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Freud, S. (1939). Moses and monotheism (Standard Edition, Vol. 23, pp. 3–137). London: Hogarth Press.
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Palombo, J., Koch, B.J., Bendicsen, H.K. (2009). Sigmund Freud (1856–1939). In: Guide to Psychoanalytic Developmental Theories. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-88455-4_1
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