Skip to main content

Vietnam and the Agent Orange Controversy Revisited

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

For almost four decades, controversy has surrounded the tactical use of herbicides in Southeast Asia by the United States Department of Defense. Few environmental or occupational health issues have received the sustained international attention that has been focused on Agent Orange and its associated dioxin contaminant. However, the breadth of that controversy has spanned the gamut from alleged military use of chemical weapons, to ecological damage and public health impacts, and to social and political concerns. This spectrum of controversy has represented the crossroads of science and society, i.e., where the significance of the science is “filtered” by the perceptions of the society. Only now that much of the acrimony from that military conflict has subsided can we revisit the military’s use of tactical herbicides in Vietnam and the subsequent actions that have occurred since their use. Indeed, today the legacy issues of Agent Orange remain as one of the last contentious issues with the veterans of that war, and between the United States and Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Beach EM (1984): Review of Protocol for Epidemiologic Studies of the Health of Vietnam Veterans. Memorandum to Members, Science Panel, Cabinet Council Agent Orange Working Group. Office of the Secretary, Department of Health and Human Services, Washington DC, USA (Available from the Alvin L. Young Agent Orange Collection, National Agricultural Library, Accession Number 05611)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bovey RW (1980a): Uses of Phenoxy Herbicides and Their Methods of Application: In: Bovey RW, Young AL (Eds). The Science of 2,4,5-T and Associated Phenoxy Herbicides. Chapter 3: 49–69, Wiley-Interscience Publications, New York NY, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Bovey RW (1980b): Toxicology of Phenoxy Herbicides in Animals and Man – General Considerations. In: Bovey RW, Young AL (Eds). The Science of 2,4,5-T and Associated Phenoxy Herbicides. Chapter 4: 71–131, Wiley-Interscience Publications, New York NY, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Bovey RW, Young AL (1980): Military Use of Herbicides. In: Bovey RW, Young AL (Eds). The Science of 2,4,5-T and Associated Phenoxy Herbicides. Chapter 11: 371–403, Wiley-Interscience Publications, New York NY, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowen AS (1988): HHS FACT SHEET: Agent Orange and Related Health Studies. Letter of Transmittal to Dr. Ralph Bledsoe, Domestic Policy Council, Executive Office of the President, from the Office of the Secretary, Department of Health and Human Services, Washington DC, USA (Available from the Alvin L. Young Agent Orange Collection, National Agricultural Library, Accession Number 05722)

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown JW (1962): Vegetational Spray Tests in South Vietnam. Biological Laboratories, US Army Chemical Corps, Fort Detrick, MD, USA (Available from the Alvin L. Young Agent Orange Collection, National Agricultural Library, Accession Number 00336)

    Google Scholar 

  • Buckingham WA (1982): The Air Force and Herbicides in Southeast Asia, 1961–1971. Office of Air Force History, United States Air Force, Washington DC, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • CAST (1978): Agent Orange: Comments from CAST. Report 1978-10, August 25, 1978, Council for Agricultural Science and Technology, Ames IA, USA (cast@cast-science.org)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cecil PF (1986): Herbicidal Warfare: The RANCH HAND Project in Vietnam. Praeger Special Studies, Praeger Scientific, New York NY, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Cecil PF, Young AL (2008): Operation FLYSWATTER: A War Within a War. Env Sci Pollut Res 15 (1): 3–7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control (1987): Postservice Mortality Among Vietnam Veterans. JAMA 257: 790–795

    Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control (1988): Serum 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in US Army Vietnam-Era Veterans. JAMA 260 (9): 1249–1254

    Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control (1990): The Association of Selected Cancers with Service in the US Military in Vietnam: Final Report. US Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta GA, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Christrian RS (1986): Statement to the Committee on Veterans Affairs, US House of Representatives, July 18, 1986, Washington DC, USA (Available from the Alvin L. Young Agent Orange Collection, National Agricultural Library, Accession Number 05524)

    Google Scholar 

  • Coombs J (1988): The Agent Orange Phenomenon: The Report of the Australian Royal Commission. In: Young AL, Reggiani GM (Eds.). Agent Orange and Its Associated Dioxin: Assessment of a Controversy. Chapter 14: 283–317, Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Google Scholar 

  • Craig DA (1975): Use of Herbicides in Southeast Asia. Directorate of San Antonio Energy Management, San Antonio Air Logistics Center, Kelly AFB, TX, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis M (1983): Agent Orange: Veterans’ Complaints and Studies of Health Effects. Issue Brief Number IB83043, Congressional Research Service, The Library of Congress, Washington DC, USA (Available from the Alvin L. Young Agent Orange Collection, National Agricultural Library, Accession Number 00589)

    Google Scholar 

  • del Real JA (1981): Progress Report on Herbicide Orange. A 24 April 1981 letter and attached Report from the Interagency Working Group to the Assistant to the President for Policy Development. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington DC, USA (Available from the Alvin L. Young Agent Orange Collection, National Agricultural Library, Accession Number 01683)

    Google Scholar 

  • Department of Air Force (1974): Final Environmental Statement: Disposition of Orange Herbicide by Incineration. Department of the Air Force, Washington DC, USA (Available from the Armed Forces Pest Management Board Literature Retrieval System, Accession Number 121796)

    Google Scholar 

  • DuBridge LA (1970: Statement on Restrictions of 2,4,5-T by Dr. Lee DuBridge, Director, Office of Science and Technology, to the Senate Commerce Committee, April 15, 190. Report of the Committee on Commerce, Ninety-First Congress, Second Session on Effects of 2,4,5-T on Man and the Environment. Serial 91-60. US Government Printing Office, Washington DC, USA (Available from the Alvin L. Young Agent Orange Collection, National Agricultural Library, Accession Number 00612)

    Google Scholar 

  • DVA (2007): Health Conditions Presumptively Recognized to Date. Agent Orange Review 23 (1): 3–5, Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington DC, USA (www.VA.gov/AgentOrange)

  • Eizenstat SE (1980): Memorandum for the Secretary of Defense, Subject: Advisory Committee on Special Studies Relating to the Possible Long-Term Health Effects of Phenoxy Herbicides and Contaminants. Executive Office of the President, Washington DC, USA (Available from the Alvin L. Young Agent Orange Collection, National Agricultural Library, Accession Number 05570)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox RP (1979): Air Base Defense in the Republic of Vietnam, 1961–1973. Office of Air Force History, United States Air Force, Washington DC, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Gough M (1987): Agent Orange and the Limit of Science. Typescript from the Office of Technology Assessment, Washington DC, USA (Available from the Alvin L. Young Agent Orange Collection, National Agricultural Library, Accession Number 01473)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammer CL, Tukey HB (1944): The Herbicidal Action of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid and 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetica Acid on Bindweed. Science 100: 154–155

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hatfield Consultants (2007): Assessment of Dioxin Contamination in the Environmental and Human Population in the Vicinity of Da Nang Airbase, Viet Nam. Report 3. Summary. Hatfield Consultants, 1571 Bellevue Ave, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V7V1A6

    Google Scholar 

  • HHS News (1981): Press Release - Announcement of the first meeting of the expanded Agent Orange Working Group, August 24, 1981. US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington DC, USA (Available from the Alvin L. Young Agent Orange Collection, National Agricultural Library, Accession Number 05576)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofmann T, Wendelborn A (2007): Colloidal Facilitated Transport of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) to the Groundwater at Ma Da Area, Vietnam. Env Sci Pollut Res 14 (4): 223–224

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holden C (1979): Agent Orange Furor Continues to Build. Science 205 (24): 770–772

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hood RD (1985): Cacodylic Acid: Agricultural Uses, Biologic Effects, and Environmental Fate. VA Monograph, December 1985, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Veterans Administration (Department of Veterans Affairs), Washington DC, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunter HC (1981): Report on 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T and Human Health. Queensland Interdepartmental Committee, Land Administration Commission, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (Available from the Alvin L. Young Agent Orange Collection, National Agricultural Library, Accession Number 01901)

    Google Scholar 

  • IOM (1994): Veterans and Agent Orange: Health Effects of Herbicides Used in Vietnam. Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, National Academies Press, Washington DC, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • IOM (1996): Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 1996. Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, National Academies Press, Washington DC, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • IOM (1998): Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 1998. Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, National Academies Press, Washington DC, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • IOM (2000): Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2000. Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Science, National Academies Press, Washington DC, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • IOM (2002): Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002. Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, National Academies Press, Washington DC, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • IOM (2004): Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2004. Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, National Academies Press, Washington DC, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • IOM (2006): Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, National Academies Press, Washington DC, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Irish KR, Darrow RA, Minarik CE (1969): Information Manual for Vegetation Control in Southeast Asia. Miscellaneous Publication 33, Plant Physiology Division, Plant Sciences Laboratories, Department of the Army, Fort Detrick MD, USA (Available from the Alvin L. Young Agent Orange Collection, National Agricultural Library, Accession Number 00073)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kang HK, Shepard BM, and Young AL (1984): Health Effects of Agent Orange Exposure. Occupational Medicine – Current Concepts 7 (3): 1-4

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurtis B (1978): Agent Orange, Vietnams Deadly Fog. March 23, 1978, WBBM-TV, Columbia Broadcasting System, Chicago IL, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Lavy TL (1987): Human Exposure to Phenoxy Herbicides. VA Monograph May 1987, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Veterans Administration (Department of Veterans Affairs), Washington DC, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • MacLeod CM (1971): Report on 2,4,5-T. A Report on the Panel on Herbicides of the President’s Science Advisory Committee. MacLeod CM, Chairman. Office of Science and Technology, Executive Office of the President, Washington DC, USA (Available from the Alvin L. Young Agent Orange Collection, National Agricultural Library, Accession Number 00882)

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray JE (1986): Report to the White House Agent Orange Working Group, Science Subpanel on Exposure Assessment. Office of Science and Technology Policy, Executive Office of the President, Washington DC, USA (Available from the Alvin L. Young Agent Orange Collection, National Agricultural Library, Accession Number 05692)

    Google Scholar 

  • Newton M, Young AL (2004): The Story of 2,4,5-T: A Case Study of Science and Societal Concerns. Env Sci Pollut Res 11 (4): 207–208

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • NIEHS (2002): United States-Vietnam Scientific Conference on Human Health and Environmental Effects of Agent Orange/Dioxin. National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA (http://www.niehs.nih.gov/oc/news/orange)

  • NRC (1974): The Effects of Herbicides in South Vietnam. Part A: Summary and Conclusions. National Research Council, National Academies Press, National Academy of Sciences, Washington DC, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmer MG (2004): The Legacy of Agent Orange: Empirical Evidence from Central Vietnam. Soc Sci & Med 60: 1061–1070

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Product Liability Litigation (1982): “Agent Orange” Product Liability Litigation. United States District Court, Eastern District of New York, USA (Affidavits, MDL No 381, The Dow Chemical Company, Hercules Incorporated, Monsanto Company, Hoffman-Taff, Occidental Chemical Corporation, Uniroyal Inc., Thompson-Hayward Agriculture and Nutrition Company, Inc., Thompson Company)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rall DP (1981): Minutes of the Science Panel, Agent Orange Working Group, November 12, 1981. National Institute for Environmental Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park NC, USA (Available from the Alvin L. Young Agent Orange Collection, National Agricultural Library, Accession Number 05578)

    Google Scholar 

  • Reggiani GM (1988): Historical Overview of the Controversy Surrounding Agent Orange. In: Young AL, Reggiani GM (Eds.). Agent Orange and Its Associated Dioxin: Assessment of a Controversy. Chapter 3: 31–76, Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Google Scholar 

  • Shepard BM (Technical Representative, 1981): Review of Literature on Herbicides, Including Phenoxy Herbicides and Associated Dioxins. Department of Medicine and Surgery, Veterans Administration, Washington DC, USA (Prepared by JRB Associates, McLean VA)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinclair I (1982): Report on the Use of Herbicides, Insecticides, and Other Chemicals by the Australian Army in South Vietnam. Report Presented to the Parliament by the Minister of Defence, December 1982, Ministry of Defence, Canberra, Australia

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith P W (1982): Agent Orange: Veterans’ Complaints Concerning Exposure to Herbicides in South Vietnam. Issue Brief Number IB80040, Congressional Research Service, The Library of Congress, Washington DC, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Stellman JM, Stellman SD, Christian R, Weber T, and Tomasallo C (2003): The Extent and Patterns of Usage of Agent Orange and Other Herbicides in Vietnam. Nature 422: 681–687

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas TJ, Brown DP, Harrington J, Stanford T, Taft L, and Vigon BW (1978): Land Based Environmental Monitoring at Johnston Island – Disposal of Herbicide Orange. Technical USAF OEHL Report TR-78-87. USAF Occupational and Environmental Health Laboratory, Aerospace Medical Division, Brooks AFB TX, USA (Prepared by Battelle Columbus Laboratories, Columbus OH)

    Google Scholar 

  • Tremblay JW (1983): The Design, Implementation, and Evaluation of the Industrial Hygiene Program Used During the Disposal of Herbicide Orange. Env Sci Res 26: 749–769

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • WSSA (1979): Herbicide Handbook of the Weed Science Society of America. Fourth Edition, Weed Science Society of America, Champaign IL, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Young AL (2002): Vietnam and Agent Orange Revisited. Env Sci Pollut Res 9 (3): 158–161

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Young AL (2004): TCDD Biomonitoring and Exposure to Agent Orange: Still the Gold Standard. Env Sci Pollut Res 11 (3): 143–146

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young AL (2006): The History of the US Department of Defense Programs for the Testing, Evaluation, and Storage of Tactical Herbicides. Contract DAAD19-02-D-0001, US Army Research Office, P.O. Box 12211, Research Triangle Park NC 27709, USA (Available from the Armed Forces Pest Management Literature Retrieval System, Accession No. 18258)

    Google Scholar 

  • Young AL (2008): A Conflict Between Science and Social Concerns: Agent Orange. Env Sci Pollut Res 15 (1): 1–2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Young AL, Andrews WB (2005): Agent Orange and Dioxin Remediation Workshop, Hanoi, Viet Nam, 16-18 August 2005. Env Sci Pollut Res 12 (6): 391–392

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Young AL, Andrews WB (2006): History and Maps of the Former Tactical Herbicide Storage and Loading Sites in Vietnam. Contract DAAD19-02-D-0001, US Army Research Office, P.O. Box 12211, Research Triangle Park NC 27709, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Young AL, Calcagni JA, Thalken CE, and Tremblay JW (1978): The Toxicology, Environmental Fate, and Human Risk of Herbicide Orange and Its Associated Dioxin. Technical Report USAF OEHL TR-78-92, USAF Occupational and Environmental Health Laboratory, Aerospace Medical Division, Brooks AFB, TX, USA (Available from the Armed Forced Pest Management Board Literature Retrieval System, Accession No. 102925)

    Google Scholar 

  • Young AL, Cecil PF Sr., and Guilmartin JF Jr. (2004a): Assessing Possible Exposures of Ground Troops to Agent Orange During the Vietnam War: The Use of Contemporary Records. Env Sci Pollut Res 11 (6): 349–358

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young AL, Giesy JP, Jones PD, and Newton M (2004b): Environmental Fate and Bioavailability of Agent Orange and Its Associated Dioxin During the Vietnam War. Env Sci Pollut Res 11 (6): 359–370

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Young AL, Van Houten WJ, and Andrews WB (2008): 2nd Agent Orange and Dioxin Remediation Workshop, Hanoi, Viet Nam, 18–20 June 2007. Env Sci Pollut Res 15 (2): 113–118

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alvin L. Young .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Young, A.L. (2009). Vietnam and the Agent Orange Controversy Revisited. In: The History, Use, Disposition and Environmental Fate of Agent Orange. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-87486-9_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics