Abstract
High-energy particles that participate in elastic and inelastic interactions with target nuclei cause shifts of the crystal lattice atoms. At low energies of bombarding particles, such shifts lead to the formation of individual vacancies and individual interstitial atoms
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Dobrovinskaya, E.R., Lytvynov, L.A., Pishchik, V. (2009). Radiation Effects in Sapphire. In: Sapphire. Micro- and Opto-Electronic Materials, Structures, and Systems. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-85695-7_3
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