In much of what will follow we will be concerned with problems which require knowledge of bounds on hΔ and RΔ. To this end, we need to develop the analytic class number formula,1 a remarkable result which relates hΔ, RΔ, Δ, and a particular value of a function called the Dirichlet L-function.2 In order to derive this formula we first need to discuss some results concerning characters.
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Jacobson, M.J., Williams, H.C. (2009). The Analytic Class Number Formula. In: Solving the Pell Equation. CMS Books in Mathematics. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-84923-2_8
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