Abstract
Vitamins are a heterogeneous group of organic substances that are present in our natural foods, that are of very high biological potency and that are required in extremely small concentrations for growth and maintenance of normal cells and body function. They need to be supplied in the diet, because the body either cannot make them or cannot do so in amounts that are essential for growth, maintenance and normal and body function. Vitamin families are chemically heterogeneous and are generally classified according to their physical properties, i.e. as being either fat soluble, or water soluble. The fat-soluble vitamins tend to have predominately aromatic or aliphatic character, whereas the water-soluble vitamins tend to have one or more polar or ionizable groups (carboxyl, keto, hydroxyl, amino or phosphate).
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Adams, J.S., Lee, G. 1997. Gains in bone mineral density with resolution of vitamin D intoxication. Annal. Int. Med. 127, 203–206.
Andersson, I., Oste, R. 1992a. Loss of ascorbic acid, folacin and vitamin B12, and changes in oxygen content of UHT milk. I. Introduction and methods. Milchwissenschaft 47, 223–224.
Andersson, I., Oste, R. 1992b. Loss of ascorbic acid, folacin and vitamin B12, and changes in oxygen content of UHT milk. II. Results and discussion. Milchwissenschaft 47, 299–302.
Andersson, I., Oste, R. 1994. Nutritional quality of pasteurized milk. Vitamin B12, folacin and ascorbic acid content during storage. Int. Dairy J. 4, 161–172.
Armstrong, R.B., Ashenfelter, K.O., Eckhoff, C., Levin, A.A., Shapiro, S.S. 1994. General and reproductive toxicology of retinoids. In: The Retinoids: Biology, Chemistry, and Medicine, 2nd edn. (M.B. Sporn, A.B. Roberts, D.S. Goodman, eds.), pp. 545– 572, Raven Press, New York.
Azzi, A., Stocker, A. 2000. Vitamin E: non-antioxidant roles. Prog. Lipid Res. 39, 231–255.
Bach, A.U., Anderson, S.A., Foley, A.L., Williams, E.C., Suttie, J.W. 1996. Assessment of vitamin K status in human subjects administered “minidose” warfarin. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 64, 894–902.
Ball, G.F.M. 1992. The fat-soluble vitamins. In: Food Analysis by HPLC (M.L. Nollet, ed.), pp. 275–340, Marcel Dekker Inc, New York.
Balmer, J.E., Blomhoff, R. 2005. A robust characterization of retinoic acid response elements based on a comparison of sites in three species. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 96, 347–354.
Barbas, C., Herrera, E. 1998. Lipid composition and vitamin E content in human colostrums and mature milk. J. Physiol. Biochem. 54, 167–174.
Barrefors, P., Granelli, K., Appelqvist, L.-A., Bjoerck, L. 1995. Chemical characterization of raw milk samples with and without oxidative off-flavor. J. Dairy Sci. 78, 2691–2699.
Barua, A.B., Olson, J.A., Furr, H.C., van Breeman, R.B. 2000. Vitamin A and carotenoids. In: Modern Chromatographic Analysis of Vitamins, 3rd edn. (C.A.P. de Leenheer, W.E. Lambert, J.F. van Bocxlaar, eds.), pp. 1–74, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
Basha, B., Rao, S., Han, Z-H., Parfitt, A.M. 2000. Osteomalacia due to vitamin D depletion: a neglected consequence of intestinal malabsorption. Am. J. Med. 108, 296–300.
Batchelor, A.J., Compston, J.E. 1983. Reduced plasma half-life of radio-labelled 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in subjects receiving a high-fibre diet. Br. J. Nutr. 49, 213–216.
Bates, C.J. 1997. Bioavailability of vitamin C. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 51, 528–533.
Bates, C.J., Heseker, H. 1994. Human bioavailability of vitamins. Nutr. Res. Rev. 7, 93–127.
Belsey, R.E., DeLuca, H.F., Potts, J.T. Jr. 1971. Competitive protein binding assay for vitamin D and 25-OH vitamin D. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 33, 554–557.
Bender, D.A. 1999. Ascorbic acid. In: Encyclopedia of Human Nutrition (M.J. Sadler, J.J. Strain, B. Caballero, eds.), pp. 144–150, Academic Press, London.
Bender, D.A. 2003. Nutritional Biochemistry of the Vitamins 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Benzie, I.F.F., Strain, J.J. 1997. Acute post-ingestion changes in plasma ascorbic acid concentrations: relationship to dose and to existing body stores. Nutr. Res. 17, 187–190.
Biehl, R.R., Baker, D.H., DeLuca, H.F. 1995. 1-α-Hydroxylated cholecalciferol compounds act additively with microbial phytase to improve phosphorus, zinc and manganese utilization in chicks fed soy-based diets. J. Nutr. 125, 2407–2416.
Biesalski, H.K., Nohr, D. 2004. New aspects in vitamin A metabolism: the role of retinyl esters as systemic and local sources for retinol in mucous epithelia. J. Nutr. 134, 3453S–3457S.
Binder, C.J., Chang, M.K., Shaw, P.X., Miller, Y.I., Hartvigsen, K., Dewan, A., Witzum, J.L. 2002. Inate and required immunity in atherogenesis. Nat. Med. 8, 1218–1226.
Binkley, N.C., Krueger, D.C., Engelke, J.A., Foley, A.L., Suttie, J.W. 2000. Vitamin K supplementation reduces serum concentrations of under γ-carboxylated osteocalcin in healthy young and elderly adults. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 72, 1523–1528.
Block, G., Patterson, B., Subar, A. 1992. Fruit, vegetables and cancer prevention: a review of the epidemiological evidence. Nutr. Cancer 18, 1–29.
Blomhoff, R., Blomhoff, H.K. 2006. Overview of retinoid metabolism and function. J. Neurobiol. 66, 606–630.
Boekholdt, S.M., Meuwese, M.C., Day, N.E., Luben, R., Welch, A., Wareham, N.J., Khaw, K.-T. 2006. Plasma concentrations of ascorbic acid and C-reactive protein and risk of future coronary artery disease, in apparently healthy men and women: the EPIC-Norfolk prospective population study. Br. J. Nutr. 96, 516–522.
Boersma, E.R., Offringa, P.J., Muskiet, A.J., Chase, W.M., Simmons, I.J. 1991. Vitamin E, lipid fractions, and fatty acid composition of colostrums, transitional milk, and mature milk: an international comparative study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 53, 1197–1204.
Bolton-Smith, C., Price, R.J.G., Fenton, S.T., Harrington, D.J., Shearer, M.J. 2000. Compilation of provisional UK database for the phylloquinone (vitamin K1) content of foods. Br. J. Nutr. 83, 389–399.
Booth, S.L., Suttie, J.W. 1998. Dietary Intake and adequacy of vitamin K. J. Nutr. 128, 785–788.
Booth, S.L., Pennington, J.A.T., Sadowski, J.A. 1996. Food sources and dietary intakes of vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) in the American diet: Data from the FDA Total Diet Study. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 96, 149–154.
Booth, S.L., Sadowski, J.A., Pennington, J.A.T. 1995. Phylloquinone (vitamin K1) content of foods in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s total diet study. J. Agr. Food Chem. 43, 1574–1579.
Booth, S.L., Sadowski, J.A., Weihrauch, J.L., Ferland, G. 1993. Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) content of foods: A provisional table. J. Food Comp. Anal. 6, 109–120.
Booth, S.L., Tucker, K.L., Chen, H., Hannan, M.T., Gagnon, D.R., Cupples, L.A., Wilson, P.W.F., Ordovas, J., Schaefer, E.J., Dawson-Hughes, B., Kiel, D. P. 2000. Dietary vitamin K intakes are associated with hip fracture but not with bone mineral density in elderly men and women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 71, 1201–1208.
Bors, W. and Buettner, G.R. 1997. The vitamin C radical and its reactions. In: Vitamin C in Health and Disease (L. Packer, J. Fuchs, eds.), pp. 75– 94, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
Bouillon ,R., Van Herck, E., Jans, I., Tan, B.K., Van Baelen, H., De Moor, P. 1984. Two direct (nonchromatographic) assays for 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Clin. Chem. 30, 1731–1736.
Bouillon, R., Kerkhove, P.V., De Moor, P. 1976. Measurement of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in serum. Clin. Chem. 22, 364–368.
Bourne, J.M., Clement, M. 1991. Kinetics of rat peripheral nerve, forebrain and cerebellum alpha-tocopherol depletion – comparison with different organs. J. Nutr. 121, 1204–1207.
Bramley, P.M., Elmadfa, I., Kafatos, A., Kelly, F.J., Manios, Y., Roxborough, H.E., Schuch, W., Sheehy, P.J.A., Wagner, K.-H. 2000. Review: Vitamin E. J. Sci. Food Agric. 80, 913–938.
Brigelius-Flohe, R., Kelly, F.J., Salonen, J.T., Neuzil, J., Zingg, J-M., Azzi, A. 2002. The European perspective on vitamin E: current knowledge and future research. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 76, 703–716.
Brigelius-Flohe, R., Traber, M.G. 2001. Vitamin E, function and metabolism. FASEB J. 13, 1145–1155.
Briviba, K., Sies, H. 1994. Nonenzymatic antioxidant defence systems, in: Natural Antioxidants in Human Health and Disease (B. Frei, ed.), pp. 107– 128, Academic Press, London.
Brown, J.P., Delmas, P.D., Malaval, L., Edouard, C., Chapuy, M.C., Meunier, P.J. 1984. Serum bone Gla protein: a specific marker for bone formation in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Lancet 19, 1091–1093.
Buettner, G.R. 1988. In the absence of catalytic metals ascorbate does not autoxidize at pH 7: Ascorbate as a test for catalytic metals. J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods 16, 27–40.
Buettner, G.R. 1993. The pecking order of free radicals and antioxidants: lipid peroxidation, α-tocopherol and ascorbate. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 300, 535–543.
Buettner, G.R., Jurkiewicz, B.A. 1996. Catalytic metals, ascorbate and free radicals: combinations to avoid. Radiat. Res. 145, 532–541.
Burri, B.J., Jacob, R.A. 1997. Human metabolism and the requirement for vitamin C. In: Vitamin C in Health and Disease (L. Packer, J. Fuchs, eds.), pp. 341– 366, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
Burton, G.W. 1989. Antioxidant action of carotenoids. J. Nutr. 119, 109–111.
Burton, G.W., Ingold, K.U. 1984. β-Carotene: an unusual type of lipid antioxidant. Science 224, 569–573.
Burton, G.W., Joyce, A., Ingold, K.U. 1983. Is vitamin E the only chain-breaking antioxidant in human blood plasma and erthyrocyte membranes? Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 221, 281–290.
Burton, G.W., Wronska, U., Stone, L., Foster, D.O., Ingold, K.U. 1990. Biokinetics of dietary RRR-alpha-tocopherol in the male guinea-pig at 3 dietary levels of vitamin C and 2 levels of vitamin E – evidence that vitamin C does not spare vitamin E in vivo. Lipids 25, 199–210.
Byerley, L.O., Kirksey, A. 1985. Effects of different levels of vitamin C intake on the vitamin C concentration in human milk and the vitamin C intakes of breast-fed infants. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 41, 665–671.
Campbell, S., Stone, W., Whaley, S., Krishman, K. 2003. Development of gamma (γ)-tocopherol as a colorectal cancer chemopreventative agent. Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 47, 249–259.
Cancela, L., Le Boulch, N., Miravet, L. 1986. Relationship between the vitamin D content of maternal milk and the vitamin D status of nursing women and breast-fed infants. J. Endocrinol. 110, 43–50.
Canfield, L.M., Giuliano, A.R., Neilson, E.M., Blashill, B.M., Graver, E.J., Yap, H.H. 1998. Kinetics of the response of milk and serum β-carotene to daily β-carotene supplementation in healthy, lactating women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 67, 276–283.
Carr, A.C., Frei, B. 2000. The role of natural antioxidants in preserving the biological activity of endothelium-derived nitric oxide. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 28, 1806–1814.
Carr, A.C., McCall, M.R., Frei, B. 2000a. Oxidation of LDL by myeloperoxidase and reactive nitrogen species. Reaction pathways and antioxidant protection. Artherioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 20, 1716–1723.
Carr, A.C., Tijerina, T., Frei, B. 2000b. Vitamin C protects against and reverses specific hypochlorous acid- and chloramine-dependent modification of low-density lipoprotein. Biochem. J. 346, 491–499.
Carr, A.C., Zhu, B.-Z., Frei, B. 2000c. Potential antiatherogenic mechanisms of ascorbate (vitamin C) and α-tocopherol (vitamin E). Circ. Res. 87, 349–354.
Carroll, Y.L., Corridan, B.M., Morrissey, P.A. 2000. Lipoprotein carotenoid profiles and the susceptibility of low density lipoprotein to oxidative modification in healthy elderly volunteers. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 54, 500–507.
Castenmiller, J.J.M., West, C.E. 1998. Bioavailability and bioconversion of carotenoids. Ann. Rev. Nutr. 18, 19–38.
Chambon, P. 1996. A decade of molecular biology of retinoic acid receptors. FASEB J. 10, 940–954.
Chambon, P. 2004. How I became one of the fathers of a superfamily. Nat. Med. 10, 1027–1031.
Chapuy, M.C., Preziosi, P., Maamer, M., Arnaud, S., Galan, P., Hercberg, S., Meunier, P.J. 1997. Prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in an adult normal population. Osteoporos. Int. 7, 439–443.
Chavez-Servin, J.L., Castellote, A.I., Lopez-Sabater, M.C. 2006. Simultaneous analysis of vitamins A and E in infant milk-based formulas by normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection using a short narrow-bone column. J. Chromatog. A 1122, 138–143.
Chesney, R.W. 1989. Vitamin D: can an upper limit be defined? J. Nutr. 119, 1825–1828.
Christen, S., Woodhall, A.A., Shigenaga, M.K., Southwell-Keely, P.T., Duncan, M.W., Amer, B.N. 1997. γ-Tocopherol traps mutagenic electrophiles such as NOx and complements α-tocopherol: physiological implications. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 94, 3217–3222.
Cifelli, C.J., Green, J.B., Green, M.H. 2005. Dietary retinoic acid alters vitamin A kinetics in both the whole body and in specific organs of rats with low vitamin A status. J. Nutr. 135, 746–752.
Clausen, I., Jakobsen, J., Leth, T., Ovesen, L. 2002. Vitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in raw and cooked pork cuts. J. Food Comp. Anal. 16, 575–585.
Clements, M.R., Davies, M., Hayes, M.E., Hickey, C.D., Lumb, G.A., Mayer, E.B., Adams, P.H. 1992. The role of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in the mechanism of acquired vitamin D deficiency. Clin. Endocrinol. 37, 17–27.
Cohn, W. 1997. Bioavailability of vitamin E. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 51, S80–S85.
Dawson-Hughes, B., Dallal, G.E., Krall, E.A., Harris, S., Sokoll, L.J., Falconer, G. 1991. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on wintertime and overall bone loss in healthy postmenopausal women. Ann. Intern. Med. 115, 505–512.
Dawson-Hughes, B., Harris, S.S., Dallal, G.E. 1997. Plasma calcidiol, season, and serum parathyroid hormone concentrations in healthy elderly men and women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 65, 67–71.
Debier. C., Pottier, J., Goffe, C., Larondelle, Y. 2005. Present knowledge and unexpected behaviours of vitamin A and E in colostrums and milk. Livestock Prod. Sci. 98, 135–147.
DellaPenna, D., Pogson, B.J. 2006. Vitamin E synthesis in plants: tocopherol and carotenoids. Ann. Rev. Plant Biol. 57, 711–738.
Department of Health 1991. Dietary Reference Values for Food, Energy and Nutrients for the United Kingdom. Report on Health and Social Subjects (41). H.M. Stationery Office, London.
Department of Health 1998. Nutrition and Bone Health: with Particular Reference to Calcium and Vitamin D. Report on Health and Social Subjects (49). The Stationary Office, London.
Diplock, A.T., Charleux, J.-L., Crozier-Willi, G., Kok, F.J., Rice-Evans, C., Roberfroid, M., Stahl, W., Vina-Ribes, J. 1998. Functional foods and defence against reactive oxidative species. Br. J. Nutr. 80, S77–S112.
Dixon, Z.R., Shie, F.-S., Warden, B.A., Burri, B.J., Neidlinger, T.R. 1998. The effect of a low carotenoid diet on malondialdehyde-thiobarbituric (MDA-TBA) concentration in women: A placebo-controlled double-blind study. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 17, 54058.
Drevon, C.A. 1991. Absorption, transport and metabolism of vitamin E. Free Rad. Res. Commun. 14, 229–246.
Eckhoff, C., Bailey, J.R., Collins, M.D., Slikker, W. Jr., Nau, H. 1991. Influence of dose and pharmaceutical formulation of vitamin A on plasma levels of retinyl esters and retinol and metabolic generation of retinoic acid compounds and beta-glucouronides in the cynomolygus monkey. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 111, 116–127.
Endres, D.B., Rude, R.K. 1994. Mineral and bone metabolism, in, Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry, 2nd edn. (C.A. Burtis, E.R. Ashwood, eds.), pp. 1887–1973, W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia.
Englard, S., Seifter, S. 1986. The biochemical function of ascorbic acid. Ann. Rev. Nutr. 6, 365–406.
Esterbauer, H., Gebicki, J., Publ, H., Jurgens, G. 1992. The role of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in oxidative modification of LDL. Free Rad. Boil. Med. 13, 341–390.
Esteve, M.J., Farre, R., Frigola, A., Lopez, J.C., Romera, J.M., Ramirez, M., Gil, A. 1995. Comparison of voltametric and high performance liquid chromatographic methods for ascorbic acid determination in infant formulas. Food Chem. 52, 99–102.
Federico, A. 2004. Ataxia with isolated vitamin E deficiency: a treatable neurogic disorder resembling Friedreich’s ataxia. Nerol. Sci. 25, 119–121.
Fellman, R.L., Dimick, P.S., Hollender, R. 1991. Photooxidative stability of vitamin A fortified 2% low fat milk and skim milk. J. Food Prot. 54, 113–116.
Ferland, G., Sadowski, J.A., O’Brien, M.E. 1993. Dietary induced subclinical vitamin K deficiency in normal human subjects. J. Clin. Invest. 91, 1761–1768.
Feskanich, D., Weber, P., Willett, W.C., Rockett, H., Booth, S.L., Colditz, G.A. 1999. Vitamin K intake and hip fractures in women: a prospective study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 69,74–79.
Focant, M., Mignolet, E., Marique, M., Clabots, F., Breyne, T., Dalemans, D., Larondelle, Y. 1998. The effect of vitamin E supplementation of cow diets containing rapeseed and linseed on the prevention of milk fat oxidation. J. Dairy Sci. 81, 1095–1101.
Food and Nutrition Board 1989. Recommended Dietary Allowances. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
Food and Nutrition Board 2000. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
Food and Nutrition Board, 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes: Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. 1997. Dietary Reference Intakes. For Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D and Fluoride. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. 1998. Dietary Reference Intakes. A Risk Assessment Model for Establishing Upper Intake Levels for Nutrients. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium and Zinc, Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Frankel, E.N. 1998. Lipid Oxidation. The Oily Press, Dundee, UK.
Fraser, D.R. 1983. The physiological economy of vitamin D. Lancet 1, 969–972.
Fraser, J.D., Price, P.A. 1988. Lung, heart and kidney express high levels of mRNA for the vitamin K-dependent matrix Gla protein. J. Biol. Chem. 263, 11033–11036.
Frei, B., England, L., Ames, B.N. 1989. Ascorbate is an outstanding antioxidant in human blood plasma. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 86, 6371–6381.
Frick, P.G., Riedler, G., Brogli, H. 1967. Dose response and minimal daily requirement for vitamin K in man. J. Appl. Physiol. 23, 387–389.
Furie, B., Furie, B.C. 1990. Molecular basis of vitamin K dependent γ-carboxylation. Blood 75, 1753–1762.
Furr, H.C. 2004. Analysis of retinoids and carotenoids: problems resolved and unsolved. J. Nutr. 134, 281S–285S.
Gao, X., Wilde, P.E., Lichtenstein, A.H., Bermudez, O.I., Tucker, K.L. 2006. The maximal amount of dietary alpha-tocopherol intake in U.S. adults (NHANES (2001)–(2002)). J. Nutr. 136, 1021–1026.
Gaziano, J.M. 2004. Vitamin E and cardiovascular disease: observational studies. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 1031, 280–291.
Gey, K.F. 1995. Ten year retrospective on the antioxidant hypothesis of atherosclerosis: threshold plasma levels of antioxidant nutrients related to minimum cardiovascular risk. J. Nutr. Biochem. 6, 206–236.
Godell, J.C. 1989. Vitamin E status of northern Canadian newborns: relation of vitamin E to blood lipids. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 50, 375–380.
Graumlich, J.F., Ludden, T.M., Conry-Cantilena, C., Cantlena, L.R., Wang, Y., Levine, M. 1997. Pharmokinetic model of ascorbic acid in healthy male volunteers during depletion and repletion. Pharmaceut. Res. 14, 1133–1139.
Green, M.H., Green, J.B. 2003. The use of a model-based compartmental analysis to study vitamin A metabolism in a non-steady state. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 537, 159–172.
Greer, F.R., Marshall, S., Cherry, J., Suttie, J.W. 1991. Vitamin K status of lactating mothers, human milk and breast-feeding infants. Pediatr. 88, 751–756.
Haddad, J.G., Jr., Rojanasathit, S. 1976. Acute administration of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in man. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 42, 284–290.
Hallberg, L. Brune, M., Rosander-Hulthen, L. 1987. Is there a physiological role of vitamin C in iron absorption? Ann. N.Y. Acad Sci. 298, 324–332.
Halliwell, B., Whiteman, M. 1997. Antioxidant and proxidant properties of vitamin C. In: Vitamin C in Health and Disease (L. Packer and J. Fuchs, eds.), pp. 59– 73, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
Haroon, Y. 1982. The content of phylloquinone (vitamin K1) in human milk, cows’ milk and infant formula foods determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Nutr. 112, 1105–17.
Harrison, E.H. 2005. Mechanisms of digestion and absorption of dietary vitamin A. Ann. Rev. Nutr. 25, 87–103.
Harrison, E.H., Hussain, M.M. 2001. Mechanisms involved in the intestinal digestion and absorption of dietary vitamin A. J. Nutr. 131, 1405–1408.
Hauschka, P.V., Lian, J.B., Cole, D.E.C., Gundberg, C.M. (1989) Osteocalcin and matrix Gla protein: Vitamin K-dependent proteins in bone. Physiol. Rev. 69, 990–1047.
Hayes, K.C., Pronczuk, A., Liang, J.S. 1993. Differences in the plasma transport and tissue concentrations of tocopherols and tocotrienols: observations in humans and hamsters. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 202, 353–359.
Heaney, R.P., Barger-Lux, M.J., Dowell, MS., Chen, T.C., Holick, M.F. 1997. Calcium absorptive effects of vitamin D and its major metabolites. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 82, 411–416.
Heaney, R.P., Dowell, M.S., Hale, C.A., Bendich, A. 2003. Calcium absorption varies within the reference range for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 22, 142–146.
Heinonen, O.B., Albanes, D., Virtamo, J., Taylor, R., Huttunen, J.K., Hartman, A.M., Haapakoshi, J., Malila, N., Rautulahti, M., Ripatti, S., Maenpaa, H., Teerenhovi, L, Koss, L., Virolainen, M., Edwards, B.K. 1998. Prostate cancer and supplementation with α-tocopherol and β-carotene: incidence and mortality in a controlled trial. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 90, 440–446.
Helzlsouer, K.J., Huang, H.Y., Alberg, A.J., Hoffman, S., Burke, A., Norkus, E.P., Morris, J.S., Constock, G.W. 2000. Association between alpha-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, selenium, and subsequent prostate cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 92, 2018–2023.
Henry, H.L., Norman, A.W. 1984. Vitamin D: metabolism and biological actions. Ann. Rev. Nutr. 4, 493–520.
Heudi, O., Trisconi, M.-J., Blake, C.-J. 2004. Simultaneous quantitation of vitamins A, D3 and E in fortified infant formulae by liquid chromatography. J. Chromatog. A 1022, 115–123.
Hidiroglou, M., 1989. Mammary transfer of vitamin E in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 72, 1067–1071.
Hidiroglou, M., Farnworth, E., Butler, G. 1993. Effect of vitamin E and fat supplementation on concentration of vitamin E in plasma and milk of sows and in plasma of piglets. Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res. 63, 180–187.
Hill, T.R., O’Brien, M.M., Kiely, M., Flynn, A., Cashman, K.D. 2004. Vitamin D intakes in 18–64 year-old Irish adults. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 58, 1509–1517.
Holick, M.F. (1990a). The use and interpretation of assays for vitamin D and its metabolites. J. Nutr. 120, 1464–1469.
Holick, M.F. 1995. Noncalcaemic actions of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and clinical applications. Bone 17, 107S–111S.
Holick, M.F. 1996. Vitamin D and bone health. J. Nutr. 126, 1159S–1164S.
Holick, M.F. 2003. Evolution and function of vitamin D. Recent Results Cancer Res. 164, 3–28.
Holick, M.F. 2004. Vitamin D: importance in the prevention of cancers, type 1 diabetes, heart disease and osteoporosis. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 79, 362–371.
Hollis, B.W., Frank, N.E. 1985. Solid phase extraction system for vitamin D and its major metabolites in human plasma. J. Chromat. 343, 43–49.
Hollis, B.W., Napoli, J.L. 1985. Improved radioimmunoassay for vitamin D and its use in assessing vitamin D status. Clin. Chem. 31, 1815–1819.
Hollis, B.W., Kamerud, J.Q., Selvaag, S.R., Lorenz, J.D., Napoli, J.L. 1993. Determination of vitamin D status by radioimmunoassay with an 125I-labeled tracer. Clin. Chem. 39, 529–533.
Hollis, B.W., Roos, B.A., Draper, H.H., Lambert, P.W. 1981. Vitamin D and its metabolites in human and bovine milk. J. Nutr. 111, 1240–1248.
Holmberg, I., Aksnes, L., Berlin, T., Lindback, B., Zemgals, J., Lindeke, B. 1990. Absorption of a pharmacological dose of vitamin D3 from two different lipid vehicles in man: comparison of peanut oil and a medium chain triglyceride. Biopharm. Drug Dispos. 11, 807–815.
Horst, R.L., Reinhardt, T.A. 1997. Vitamin D metabolism. In: Vitamin D (D. Feldman, F.H. Glorieux, J.W. Pike, eds.), pp. 13– 31, Academic Press, San Diego, Ca.
Hughes, M.R., Baylink, D.J., Jones, P.G., Haussier, M.R. 1976. Radioligand receptor assay for 25-hydroxyvitamin D2/D3 and 1α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D2/D3. J. Clin. Invest. 58, 61–70.
Hulshof, P.J.M., van Roekel-Jansen, T., van de Bovenkamp, P., West, C.E. 2006. Variation in retinol and carotenoid content of milk and milk products in The Netherlands. J. Food Comp. Anal. 19, 67–75.
Hummer, L., Nilas, L., Tjellesen, L., Christiansen, C. 1984. A selective and simplified radioimmunoassay of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 44, 163–167.
Hurrell, R.F. 1992. Prospects for improving iron fortification of foods. In: Nutritional Anaemias (S. Fuman, S. Zlotkin, eds.), pp. 193– 208, Raven Press, New York.
Hyldstrup, L., McNair, P., Jensen, G.F., Transbol, I. 1986. Seasonal variations in indices of bone formation precede appropriate bone mineral changes in normal men. Bone 7, 167–170.
Ikekawa, N., Ishizuka, S. 1992. Molecular structure and biological activity of vitamin D metabolites and their analogs. In: Molecular Structure and Biological Activity of Steroids (M. Bohl, W.L. Duax, eds.), pp. 293– 316, CRC Press, Inc, Boca Raton, Fl.
Indyk, H.E., Lawrence, R., Broda, D. 1993. The micronutrient content of bovine whole milk powder: Influence of pasture feeding and season. Food Chem. 46, 389–396.
Ingold, K.U., Burton, G.W., Foster, D.O., Hughes, L. 1990. Is methyl-branching in α-tocopherol’s ‘tail’ important for its in vivo activity? Rat curative myopathy bioassay measurements of the vitamin E activity of three 2RS-n-alkyl-2, 5, 7, 8-tetrametyl-6-hydroxychromans. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 9, 205–210.
Jacob, R.A. 1999. Vitamin C. In: Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 9th edn. (M.E. Sheils, J.A. Olson, M. Shike, A.C. Ross eds.), pp. 467– 483, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, London.
Jacobus, C.H., Holick, M.F., Shao, Q., Chen, T.C., Holm, I.A., Kolodny, J.M., Fuleihan, G.E.-H., Seely, E.W. 1992. Hypervitaminosis D associated with drinking milk. N. Eng. J. Med. 326, 1173–1177.
Jensen, R.G. 1995. Fat-soluble vitamins in bovine milk. In: Handbook of Milk Composition (R.G. Jensen, ed.), pp. 718– 725, Academic Press, San Diego.
Jensen, S.K., Johannsen, A.K.B., Hermansen, J.E. 1999. Quantitative secretion and maximal secretion capacity of retinol, β-carotene and α-tocopherol into cows’ milk. J. Dairy Res. 66, 511–522.
Jialal, I., Devaraj, S. 2005. Scientific evidence to support a vitamin E and heart disease health claim: research needs. J. Nutr. 135, 348–353.
Jialal, I., Vega, G.L., Grundy, S.M. 1990. Physiologic levels of ascorbate inhibits the oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein. Atherosclerosis 82, 185–191.
Jiang, Q., Christen, S., Shigenaga, M.K., Ames, B.N. 2001. γ-Tocopherol, the major form of vitamin E in the US diet, deserves more attention. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 74, 714–722.
Jie, K-S.G., Hamulyák, K., Gijsbers, B.L.M.G., Roumen, F.J.M.E., Vermeer, C. 1992. Serum osteocalcin as a marker for vitamin K-status in pregnant women and their newborn babies. Thrombos. Haemost. 68, 388–391.
Jimenez-Lara, A.M., Clarke, N., Altucci, L., Gronemeyer, H. 2004. Retinoic acid-induced apoptosis in leukemia cells. Trends Mol. Med. 10, 508–515.
Kanai, T., Takagi, T., Masuhiro, K., Nakamura, M., Iwata, M., Saji, F. 1997. Serum vitamin K level and bone mineral density in post-menopausal women. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet. 56, 25–30.
Kaneki, M., Hosoi, T., Ouchi, Y., Orimo, H. 2006. Pleiotropic actions of vitamin K: protector of bone health and beyond? Nutrition 22, 845–852.
Kayden, H.J., Traber, M.G. 1993. Absorption, lipoprotein transport, and regulation of plasma concentrations of vitamin E in humans. J. Lipid Res. 34, 343–358.
Keane, E.M., Healy, M., O’Moore, R., Coakley, D., Walsh, J.B. 1998. Vitamin D-fortified liquid milk: benefits for the elderly community-based population. Cal. Tissue Int. 62, 300–302.
Khaw, K.-T., Bingham, S., Welch, A., Luben, R., Wareham, N., Oakes, S., Day, N. 2001. Relation between plasma ascorbic acid and mortality in men and women in EPIC-Norfolk prospective study: a prospective population study. Lancet 357, 657–663.
Kim, Y., English, C., Reich, P., Gerber, L.E., Simpson, K.L. 1990. Vitamin A and carotenoids in human milk. J. Agric. Food Chem. 38, 1930–1933.
Kinyamu, H.K., Gallagher, J.C., Rafferty, K.A., Balhorn, K.E. (1998) Dietary calcium and vitamin D intake in elderly women: effect on serum parathyroid hormone and vitamin D metabolites. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 67, 342–348.
Knekt, P. 1993. Epidemiology of vitamin E: evidence for anticancer effects in humans In: Vitamin E in Health and Disease (L. Packer, J. Fucks, eds.), pp. 513– 527, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
Knekt., P., Ritz, J., Periera, M.A., O’Reilly, E.J., Augustsson, K., Fraser, G.E., Goldbourt, U., Heitmann, B.L., Hallmans, G., Liu, S., Pietinen, P., Spiegelman, K., Stevens, J., Virtamo, J., Willett, W.C., Rimm E.B., Ascherio, A. 2004. Antioxidant vitamins and coronary heart disease risk: a pooled analysis of 9 cohorts. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 80, 1508–1520.
Koeing, M. 2003. Rare forms of autosomal recessive neurodegenerative ataxia. Seminars Pediatr. Neurol. 10, 183–192.
Kohlmeier, M., Salomon, A., Saupe, J., Shearer, M.J. 1996. Transport of Vitamin K to bone in humans. J. Nutr. 126, 1192S–1196S.
Kondyli, E., Katsiari, M.C., Voutsinas, L.P. 2007. Variations of vitamin and mineral contents in raw goat milk of the indigenous Greek breed during lactation. Food Chem. 100, 226–230.
Krinsky, N.I. 2001. Carotenoids as antioxidants. Nutrition 17, 815–817.
Kumagai, H., Chaipan, Y., Mitani, K. 2001. Effects of periparturient vitamin A supplementation on vitamin A concentrations in colostrum and milk from dairy cows, and plasma retinol concentrations, feed intake and growth of their calves. Anim. Sci. J. 72, 126–133.
Kushi, L.H., Folsom, A.R., Prineas, R.J., Mink, P.J., Wu, Y., Bostick, R.M. 1996. Dietary antioxidant vitamins and death from coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. New Engl. J. Med. 334, 1156–1162.
Lal, H., Pandey, R., Aggarwal, S.K. 1999. Vitamin D: non-skeletal actions and effects on growth. Nutr. Res. 19, 1683–1718.
Lamberg-Allardt, C.J.E., Outila, T.A., Kärkkäinen, M.U.M., Rita, H.J., Valsta, L.M. 2001. Vitamin D deficiency and bone health in healthy adults in Finland- could this be a concern in other parts of Europe? J. Bone Min. Res. 16, 2066–2073.
Lapointe, A., Couillard, C., Lemieux, S. 2006. Effects of dietary factors on oxidation of low-density lipoprotein particles. J. Nutr. Biochem. 17, 645–658.
Levine, M., Conry-Cantilena, C., Wang, Y., Welch, R.W., Washko, P.W., Dhariwal, N.R., Park, J.B., Lazarev, A., Graumlich, J.F., King, J., Cantilena, L.R. 1996. Vitamin C pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers: Evidence for a recommended dietary allowance. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 93, 3704–3709.
Levine, M., Rumsey, S.C., Daruwala, B., Park, J.B., Wang, Y. 1999. Criteria and recommendations for vitamin C intake. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 281, 1415–1423.
Lin, Y., Burri, B.J., Neidlinger, T.R., Muller, H.G., Dueker, S.R., Clifford, A. 1998. Estimating the concentration of beta-carotene required for maximal protection of low-density lipoproteins in women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 67, 837–845.
Lind, C., Chen, J., Byrjalsen, I. 1997. Enzyme immunoassay for measuring 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in serum. Clin. Chem. 43, 943–949.
Lindmark-Mansson, H., Akesson, B. 2000. Antioxidative factors in milk. Br. J. Nutr. 84, S103–S110.
Lips, P. 2001. Vitamin D deficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism in the elderly: consequences for bone loss and fractures and therapeutic implications. Endocrinol. Rev. 22, 477–501.
Lips, P., Chapuy, M.C., Dawson-Hughes, B., Pols, H.A., Holick, M.F. 1999. An international comparison of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D measurements. Osteoporos. Int. 9, 394–397.
Loria, C.M., Klag, M.J., Caulfield, L.E., Whelton, P.K. 2000. Vitamin C status and mortality in US adults. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 72, 139–145.
Luque-Garcia, J.L., Luque de Castro, M.D. 2001. Extraction of fat-soluble vitamins. J. Chromatog. A 935, 3–11.
Malabanan, A., Veronikis, I.E., Holick, M.F. 1998. Redefining vitamin D insufficiency. Lancet 351, 805–806.
Margolis, S.A., Schapira, R.M. 1997. Liquid chromatographic measurement of L-ascorbic acid and D-ascorbic acid in biological samples. J. Chromat. B 690, 25–33.
Mariotti, C., Gellera, C., Rimoldi, M., Mineri, R., Uziel, G., Zorzi, G., Pareyson, D., Piccolo, G., Gambi, D., Placentini, S., Squitieri, F., Capra, R., Castellotti, B., DiDonato, S. 2004. Ataxia with isolated vitamin E deficiency: neurological phenotype, clinical follow-up and novel mutations in TTPA gene in Italian families. Neurol. Sci. 25, 130–137.
Martinez, S., Barbas, C., Herrera, E. 2002. Uptake of alpha-tocopherol by the mammary gland but not by white adipose tissue is dependent on lipoprotein lipase activity around parturition and during lactation in the rat. Metabolism 51, 1444–1451.
Mattila, P. 1995. Analysis of Cholecalciferol, ergocalciferol and their 25-Hydroxylated Metabolites in Foods by HPLC, PhD Thesis, University of Helsinki.
Mattila, P.H., Piironen, V.I., Uusi-Rauva, E.J., Koivistoinen, P.E. 1996. New analytical aspects of vitamin D in foods. Food Chem. 57, 95–99.
Mawer, E.B., Gomes, U.C.S. 1994. Estimation of vitamin D and its metabolites in meat. In: Vitamin D, a Pluripotent Steroid Hormone: Structural Studies, Molecular Endocrinology and Clinical Applications. Proceedings of the ninth workshop on vitamin D, Orlando, Florida (USA). (A.W. Norman, R. Bouillon, M. Thomasset, eds.), pp. 775– 776, Walter de Gruyter, New York.
May, J.M., Qu, Z., Mendiratta, S. 1999. Protection and recycling of α-tocopherol in human erythrocytes by intracellular ascorbic acid. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 349, 281–289.
McCluskey, S., Connolly, J.F., Devery, R., O’Brien, B., Kelly, J., Harrington, D., Stanton, C. 1997. Lipid and cholesterol oxidation in whole milk powder during processing and storage. J. Food Sci. 62, 331–337.
McKenna, M.J., Freaney, R. 1998. Secondary hyperparathyroidism in the elderly: means to defining hypovitaminosis D. Osteoporos. Int. 8, S3–S6.
McKenna, M.J., Freaney, R., Byrne, P., McBrinn, Y,. Murray, B., Kelly, M., Donne, B., O’Brien, M. 1995. Safety and efficacy of increasing wintertime vitamin D and calcium intake by milk fortification. Quart. J. Med. 88, 895–898.
Mehaia, M.A. 1994. Vitamin C and riboflavin content in camels’ milk: effect of heat treatment. Food Chem. 50, 153–155.
Meier, C., Woitge, H.W., Witte, K., Lemmer, B., Seibel, M.J. 2004. Supplementation with oral vitamin D3 and calcium during winter prevents seasonal bone loss: a randomized controlled open-label prospective trial. J. Bone Min. Res. 19, 1221–1230.
Meneses, F., Trugo, N.M.F., 2005. Retinol, β-carotene, and lutein + zeaxanthin in the milk of Brazilian nursing women: associations with plasma concentrations and influences of maternal characteristics. Nutr. Res. 25, 443–451.
Meydani, M. 2004. Vitamin E modulation of cardiovascular disease. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1031, 271–279.
Mezquita-Raya, P., Munoz-Torres, M., Luna, J.D., Luna, V., Lopez-Rodriguez, F., Torres-Vela, E., Escobar-Jimenez, F. 2001. Relation between vitamin D insufficiency, bone density, and bone metabolism in healthy postmenopausal women. J. Bone Min. Res. 16, 1408–1415.
Miyagi, M., Yokoyama, H., Shiraishi, H., Matsumoto, M., Ishii, H. 2001. Simultaneous quantification of retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid isomers by high-performance liquid chromatography with a sample gradiation. J. Chromat. B 757, 365–368.
Morrissey, P.A., Kerry, J.P. 2004. Lipid oxidation and the shelf-life of muscle foods. In: Understanding and Measuring the Shelf-life of Foods (R. Steele, ed.), pp. 357– 395, Woodhead Publishing Ltd., Cambridge.
Morrissey, P.A., Kiely, M. 2005. Vitamin E: Physiology and health effects. In, Encyclopedia of Human Nutrition, 2nd edn. (B. Caballero, L. Allen, A. Prentice, eds.), pp. 389– 398, Elsevier Academic Press, London.
Morrissey, P.A., Kiely, M. 2006. Oxysterols: formation and biological function. In, Advanced Dairy Chemistry Volume 2 Lipids 3rd edn. (P.F. Fox, P.L.H. McSweeney, eds.), pp. 641– 674, Springer, New York.
Morrissey, P.A., Quinn, P.B., Sheehy, P.J.A. 1994. New aspects of micronutrients in chronic disease: vitamin E. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 53, 571–582.
Morrissey, P.A., Sheehy, P.J.A. 1999. Optimal nutrition: vitamin E. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 58, 459–468.
Morrissey, P.A., Sheehy, P.J.A., Galvin, K., Kerry, J.P., Buckley, D.J. 1998. Lipid stability in meat and meat products. Meat Sci. 49 (Suppl. 1), 573–586.
Motohara, K., Matsukane, I., Endo, F., Kiyota, Y., Matsuda, I. 1989. Relationship of milk intake and vitamin K supplementation to vitamin K status in newborns. Pediatrics 84, 90–93.
Nagao, A. 2004. Oxidative conversion of carotenoids to retinoids and other products. J. Nutr. 134, 237S–240S.
Nawar, W.W. 1996. Lipids. In, Food Chemistry, 3rd edn, (O.R. Fennema ed.), pp. 225– 319, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
Neuzil, J., Weber, C., Kontush, A. 2001. The role of vitamin E in atherogenesis: linking the chemical, biological and clinical aspects of the disease. Atherosclerosis 157, 257–283.
Nielsen, J.H., Hald, G., Kjeldsen, L., Andersen, H.J., Ostdal, H. 2001. Oxidation of ascorbate in raw milk induced by enzymes and transition metals. J. Agric. Food Chem. 49, 2998–3003.
Nierenberg, D.W., Dain, B.J., Mott, L.A., Baron, J.A., Grenberg, E.R. 1997. Effects of 4 year oral supplementation with beta-carotene on serum concentrations of retinol, tocopherol, and five carotenoids. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 66, 315–319.
Niki, E., Matsuo, M. 1993. Rates and products of reactions of cvitamin E with oxygen radicals. In: Vitamin E in Health and Disease (L. Packer, J. Fuchs, eds.), pp. 121– 130, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
Nonnecke, B.J., Horst, R.L., Waters, W.R., Dubeski, P., Harp, J.A. 1999. Modulation of fat-soluble vitamin concentrations and blood mononuclear leukocyte populations in milk replacer-fed calves by dietary vitamin A and β-carotene. J. Dairy Sci. 82, 2632–2641.
NRC. 1989. Recommended Dietary Allowances, 10th edn. National Academy Press, Washington, D. C.
O’Brien, B., Lennartsson, T., Mehra, R., Cogan, T.M., Connolly, J.F., Morrissey, P.A., Harrington, D. 1999. Seasonal variation in the composition of Irish manufacturing and retail milks. Vitamins. Ir. J. Agric. Food Res. 38, 75–85.
O’Byrne, D., Grundy, S., Packer, L., Devaraj, S., Baldenuis, K., Hoppa, P.P., Kraemer, K., Jialal, I., Traber, M.G. 2000. Studies of LDL oxidation following alpha-, gamma-, or delta-tocotrienyl acetate supplementation of hypercholesterolemic humans. Free Radic. Biol. Med 29, 834–845.
Ojima, F., Sakamoto, H., Ishiguro, Y., Terao, J. 1993. Consumption of carotenoids in photosensitized oxidation of human plasma and plasma low density lipoprotein. Free Rad. Biol. Med. 15, 377–384.
Ollilainen, V., Heinonen, M., Linkola, E., Varo, P., Koivistoinen, P. 1989. Carotenoids and retinoids in Finnish foods: dairy products and eggs. J. Dairy Sci. 72, 2257–2265.
Olson, J.A. 1984. Serum level of vitamin A and carotenoids as reflectors of nutritional status. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 73, 1439–1444.
Olson, J.A. 1987. Recommended dietary intakes (RDI) of vitamin A in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 45, 704–716.
Olson, J.A., Loveridge, N., Duthie, G.G., Shearer, M.J. 2000. Fat-soluble vitamins. In, Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 10th edn. (J.S. Garrow, W.P.T. James, A. Ralph, eds.), pp. 211– 247, Churchill Livingstone, London.
Ong, D.E. 1993. Retinoid metabolism during intestinal absorption. J. Nutr. 123, 351–355.
Ooms, M.E., Lips, P., Roos, J.C., van der Vijgh, W.J., Popp-Snijders, C., Bezemer, P.D., Bouter, L.M. 1995. Vitamin D status and sex hormone binding globulin: determinants of bone turnover and bone mineral density in elderly women. J. Bone Min. Res. 10, 1177–1184.
Ortega, R.M., Quintas, M.E., Andres, P., Martinez, R.M., Lopez-Sobaler, A.M. 1998. Ascorbic acid levels in maternal milk: differences with respect to ascorbic acid status during the third trimester of pregnancy. Br. J. Nutr. 79, 431–437.
Outila, T.A., Kärkkäinen, M.U., Lamberg-Allardt, C.J. 2001. Vitamin D status affects serum parathyroid hormone concentrations during winter in female adolescents: associations with forearm bone mineral density. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 74, 206–210.
Overgaard, K., Nilas, L., Johansen, J.S., Christiansen, C. 1988. Lack of seasonal variation in bone mass and biochemical estimates of bone turnover. Bone 9, 285–288.
Ovesen, L., Brot, C., Jakobsen, J. (2003a). Food contents and biological activity of 25-hydroxyvitamin D: a vitamin D metabolite to be reckoned with? Ann. Nutr. Metab. 47, 107–113.
Ovesen, L., Andersen, R., Jakobsen, J. (2003b). Geographical differences in vitamin D status, with particular reference to European countries. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 62, 813–821.
Padh, H. 1991. Vitamin C: Newer insights into its biochemical functions. Nutr. Rev. 49, 65–70.
Palace, V.P., Khaper, N., Qin, Q., Singal, P.K. 1999. Antioxidant potentials of vitamin A and carotenoids and their relevance to heart disease. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 26, 746–761.
Panifili, G., Manzi, P., Pizzoferrato, L. 1998. Influence of thermal and other manufacturing stresses on retinol isomerization in milk and dairy products. J. Dairy Res. 65, 153–260.
Parfitt, A.M. 1998. Osteomalacia and related disorders. In: Metabolic Bone Disease and Clinically Related Disorders (L.V. Avioli, S.M. Krane, eds.), pp.327– 386, Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
Parfitt, A.M.,Gallagher, J.C., Heaney, R.P., Johnston, C.C., Neer, R., Whedon, G.D. 1982. Vitamin D and bone health in the elderly. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 36, 1014–1031.
Park, K. 1997. Nutrition and health. In: Park’s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, 15th edn., pp. 392– 438, Banarsidas Bhanot, Jabalpur.
Parker, R.S. 1996. Absorption, metabolism, and transport of carotenoids. FASEB J. 10, 542–551.
Parker, R.S., Sontag, J.J., Swanson, J.E. 2000. Cytochrome P4503A-dependent metabolism of tocopherols and inhibition by sesamin. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 277, 531–534.
Parker, R.S., Swanson, J.E., You, C.S., Edwards, A.J., Huang, T. 1999. Bioavailability of carotenoids in human subjects. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 58, 155–162.
Parthasarathy, S., Santanam, N., Ramachandran, S., Meilhac, O. 1999. Oxidants and antioxidants in atherogenesis: an appraisal. J. Lipid Res. 40, 2143–2157.
Patton, S., Canfield, L.M., Huston, G.E., Ferris, A.M., Jensen, R.G. 1990. Carotenoids in human colostrums. Lipids 25, 159–165.
Peacock, M. 1995. Nutritional aspects of hip fractures. Chall. Mod. Med. 7, 213–222.
Penniston, K.L., Tanumihardjo, S.A. 2003. Vitamin A in dietary supplements and fortified foods: Too much of a good thing? J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 103, 1185–1187.
Penniston, K.L., Tanumihardjo, S.A. 2006. The acute and chronic toxic effects of vitamin A. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 83, 191–201.
Perez-Vicente, A., Gil-Izquierdo, A., Garcia-Viguera, C. 2002. In vitro gastrointestinal digestion study of pomegranate juice phenolic compounds, anthocyanins and vitamin C. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50, 2308–2312.
Pesek, C.A., Warthesen, J.J. 1990. Kinetic model for photoisomerization and concomitant photodegradation of β-carotenes. J. Agric. Food Chem. 38, 1313–1315.
Phillips, C.L., Yeowell, H.N. 1997. Vitamin C, collagen biosynthesis and ageing. In: Vitamin C in Health and Disease (L. Packer, J. Fuchs, eds.), pp. 205– 230, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
Plack, P.A. 1965. Occurrence absorption and distribution of vitamin A. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 24, 146–154.
Preece, M.A., Thomlinson, S., Ribot, C.A., Pietrek, J., Korn, H.T., Davies, D.M., Ford, J.A., Dunnigan, M.G., O’Riordan, J.L.H. 1975. Studies of vitamin D deficiency in man. Quart. J. Med. 44, 575–589.
Price, P.A. 1993. Vitamin K nutrition and post-menopausal osteoporosis. J. Clin. Invest. 91, 1268.
Princen, H.M.G., van Duyvenvoorde, W., Buytenhek, R., van der Laarse, A., van Poppel, G., Gevers Leuven, J.A., van Hinsbergh, V.W.M. 1995. Supplementation with low doses of vitamin E protects LDL from lipid peroxidation in men and women. Artherioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 15, 325–333.
Promislow, J.H.E., Goodman-Gruen, D., Slymen, D.J., Barrett-Connor, E. 2002. Retinol intake and bone mineral density in the elderly: the Rancho-Bernardo study. J. Bone Miner. Res. 17, 1349–1358.
Pryor, W.A. 2000. Vitamin E and heart disease: Basic science to clinical intervention trials. Free. Radic. Biol. Med. 28, 141–164.
Pyka, A., Sliwiok, J. 2001. Chromatographic separation of tocopherols. J. Chromatog. A 935, 71–76.
Quahchi, K., Arita, M., Keyden, H., Hentati, F., Ben Hamida, M., Sokol, R.J., Arai, H., Inoue, K., Mandel, J.L., Koeig, M. 1995. Ataxia with isolated vitamin E deficiency is caused by mutations in the alpha-tcocopherol transfer protein. Nat. Geret. 9, 141–145.
Quigley, J.D., Drewry, J.J. 1998. Nutrient and immunity transfer from cow to calf pre- and post-calving. J. Dairy Sci. 81, 2779–2790.
Rando, R.R. 1994. Retinoid isomerization reactions in the visual cycle. In: Vitamin A in Health and Disease (R. Blomhoff, ed.), pp. 503– 529, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
Rapuri, P.B., Kinyamu, H.K., Gallagher, J.C., Haynatzka, V. 2002. Seasonal changes in calciotropic hormones, bone markers, and bone mineral density in elderly women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 87, 2024–2032.
Reeve, L.E., Jorgensen, N.A., and DeLuca, H.F. 1982. Vitamin D compounds in cow’s milk. J. Nutr. 112, 667–672.
Reichel, H., Koeffler, H.P., Norman, A.W. 1989. The role of the vitamin D endocrine system in health and disease. N. Eng.J. Med. 320, 980–991.
Renken, S.A., Warthesen, J.J. 1993. Vitamin D stability in milk. J. Food. Sci. 552–556.
Renner, E., Schaafsma, G., Scott, K.J. 1989. Micronutrients in milk. In: Micronutrients in Milk and Milk-based Food Products (E. Renner, ed.), pp. 1– 70, Elsevier Science Publishers Ltd., London.
Rice, A.L., Stoltzfux, R.J., de Francisco, A., Chakraborty, J., Kjolhede, C.L., Wahed, M.A. 1999. Maternal vitamin A or β-carotene supplementation in lactating Bangladeshi women benefits mothers and infants but does not prevent sub-clinical deficiency. J. Nutr. 129, 356–365.
Riemiersma, R.A. 1994. Epidemiology and the role of antioxidants in preventing coronary heart disease; a brief overview. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 57, 7875–7975.
Rimm, E.B., Stampfer, M.J., Ascherio, A., Giovannucci, E., Colditz, G.A., Willett, W.C. 1993. Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary heart disease in men. New Engl. J. Med. 328, 1450–1456.
Rodas Mendoza, B., Morera-Pons, S., Castellote Bargallo, A.I., Lopez-Sabater, M.C. 2003. Rapid determination by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of vitamins A and E in infant formulas. J. Chromat. A 1018, 197–202.
Rodrigo, N., Alegna, A., Barbera, R., Farr, R. 2002. High performance liquid chromatography determination of tocopherols in infant formulas. J. Chromat. A 947, 97–102.
Rohde, C.M., Manatt, M., Clagett-Dame, M., DeLucca, H.F. 1999. Vitamin A antagonizes the action of vitamin D in rats. J. Nutr. 129, 2246–2250.
Romeu-Nadal, M., Morera-Pons, S., Castellote, A.I., Lopez-Sabater, M.C. 2006a, Determination of γ- and α-tocopherols in human milk by a direct high-performance liquid chromatographic method with UV-vis detection and comparison with evaporative light scattering detection. J. Chromatog. A 1114, 132–137.
Romeu-Nadal, M., Morera-Pons, S., Castelloto, A.I., Lopez-Sabater, M.C. 2006b, Rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic method for vitamin C determination in human milk versus an enzymatic method. J. Chromat. B 830, 41–46.
Ronchetti, I.P., Quaglino, D. Jr., Bergamini, G. 1996. Ascorbic acid and connective tissue. Subcell. Biochem. 25, 249–264.
Roodenburg, A.J., Leenen, R., het Hof, K.H., Westrate, J.A., Tijburg, L.B. 2000. Amount of fat in the diet affects bioavailability of lutein esters but not of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and vitamin E in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 71, 1187–1193.
Rosen, C.J., Morrison, A., Zhou, H., Storm, D., Hunter, S.J., Musgrave, K., Chen, T., Wei, W., Holick, M.F. 1994. Elderly women in northern New England exhibit seasonal changes in bone mineral density and calciotropic hormones. Bone Min. 25, 83–92.
Ross, A.C. 1999a, Vitamin A and retinoids. in, Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 9th edn. (M.E. Shils, J.A. Olson, M. Shike, A.C. Ross, eds.), pp. 305– 327, Lippicott Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, M.D.
Ross, A.C., Zolfaghari, R. 2004. Regulation of hepatic retinol metabolism: perspectives from studies on vitamin status. J. Nutr. 134, 269S–275S.
Ross, R. 1999b, Atherosclerosis – an inflammatory disease. New Engl. J. Med. 340, 115–126.
Roy, S.K., Islam, A., Molla, A., Akramuzzaman, S.M., Jahan, F., Fuchs, G. 1997. Impact of a single megadose of vitamin A at delivery of breastmilk of mothers and morbidity of their infants. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 51, 302–307.
Rumsey, S.C., Levine, M. 1998. Absorption, transport, and disposition of ascorbic acid in humans. J. Nutr. Biochem. 9, 116–130.
Ruperez, F.J., Martin, D., Herrera, E., Barbas, C. 2001. Chromatographic analysis of α-tocopherol and related compounds in various matrices. J. Chromatog. A 935, 45–69.
Saari, J.C. 1994. Retinoids in photosensitive systems. in, The Retinoids: Biology, Chemistry, and Medicine, 2nd edn. (M.B. Sporn, A.B. Roberts, D.S. Goodman, eds.), pp. 351– 385, Raven Press, New York.
Sahota, O., Masud, T., San, P., Hosking, D.J. 1999. Vitamin D insufficiency increases bone turnover markers and enhances bone loss at the hip in patients with established vertebral osteoporosis. Clin. Endocrinol. 51, 217–221.
Salmenpera, L. 1984. Vitamin C nutrition during prolonged lactation: Optimal in infants while marginal in some mothers. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 40, 1050–1056.
Sanchez-Moreno, C., Plaza, L., Ancos, B., Cano, M.P. 2003. Vitamin C provitamin A carotenoids, and other carotenoids in high-pressurized orange juice during refrigerated storage J. Agric. Food Chem. 51, 647–653.
Sander, L.C., Sharpless, K.E., Craft, N.E., Wise, S.A. 1994. Development of engineered stationary phases for the separation of carotenoid isomers. Anal. Chem. 66, 1667–1674.
Scharla, S.H. 1998. Prevalence of subclinical vitamin D deficiency in different European countries. Osteoporos. Int. 8, S7–S12.
Scharla, S.H., Scheidt-Nave, C., Leidig, G., Woitge, H., Wuster, C., Seibel M.J., Ziegler, R. 1996. Lower serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with increased bone resorption markers and lower bone density at the proximal femur in normal females: a population-based study. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabet. 104, 289–292.
Schuelke, M., Elsner, A., Finckh, B., Kohleschutter, A., Hubner, C., Brigelius-Flohe, R. 2000. Urinary alpha-tocopherol metabolites in alpha-tocopherol transfer protein-deficient patients. J. Lipid Res. 41, 1543–1551.
Schultz, M., Leist, M., Elsner, A., Brigelius-Flohe, R. 1997. Alpha-carboxyethyl-6-hydroxychroman as urinary metabolite of vitamin E. Meth. Enzymol. 282, 297–310.
Schweigert, F.J. 1990. Effect of gestation and lactation on lipoprotein pattern and composition in dairy cows. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 63, 75–83.
Scientific Committee for Food 1993. Nutrient and Energy Intakes for the European Community. Office for Official Publications for the European Communities, Brussels.
Scientific Committee on Food 2002. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of Vitamin D. (SCF/CS/NUT/UPPLEV/38 Final, 16 December 2002) europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/scf/out157_en.pdf
Scott, K.J., Bishop, D.R., Zechalko, A., Edwards-Webb, J.D. 1984a, Nutrient content of liquid milk. II. Content of vitamin C, riboflavin, folic acid, thiamin, vitamin B12 and B6 in pasteurized milk as delivered to the home and after storage in the domestic refrigerator. J. Dairy Res. 51, 51–57.
Scott, K.J., Bishop, D.R., Zechalko, A., Edwards-Webb, J.D., Jackson, P.A., Scuffam D. 1984b, Nutrient content of liquid milk. I. Vitamins A, D3, C and of the B-complex in pasteurised bulk liquid milk. J. Dairy. Res. 51, 37–50.
Sharpless, K.E., Margolis, S., Brown Thomas, J. 2000. Determination of vitamins in food-matrix standard reference materials. J. Chromatog. A 881, 171–181.
Shearer, M.J. 1995. Vitamin K. Lancet 345, 229–234.
Shearer, M.J., Bach, A., Kohlmeier, M. 1996. Chemistry, nutritional sources, tissue distribution and metabolism of vitamin K with special reference to bone health. J. Nutr. 126, 1181S–1186S.
Shearer, M.J., McBurney, A., Barkhan, P. 1974. Studies on the absorption and metabolism of phylloquinone (vitamin K1) in man. Vit. Horm. 32, 513–42.
Shepard, R.M., Horst, R.L., Hamstra, A.J., DeLuca, H.F. 1979. Determination of vitamin D and its metabolites in plasma from normal and anephric man. Biochem. J. 182, 55–69.
Sies, H., Stahl, W.M., Sandquist, A.R. 1992. Antioxidant functions of vitamins. Vitamins E and C, β-carotene and other carotenoids. Ann New York Acad. Sci. 669, 7–20.
Singh, K.P., Dash, R.J. 1997. Vitamin D endocrine system. J. Assoc. Phys. India 45, 559–568.
Singh, L. 1985. Vitamin D. In: Methods of Vitamin Assay, 4th edn. (J. Augustin, B.P. Klein, D.A. Becker, P.B. Venugol, eds.), pp. 221– 254, John Wiley and Sons. New York, Chichester, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore.
Sinha, S., Chiowich, M. 1993. Vitamin E in the newborn. In: Vitamin E in Health and Disease (L. Packer, J. Fuchs, eds.), pp. 861– 870, Marcel, Dekker, Inc., New York.
Siow, R.C.M., Richards, J.P., Pedley, K.C., Leake, D.S., Mann, G.E. 1999. Vitamin C protects human vascular smooth muscle cells against apoptosis induced by moderately oxidized LDL containing high levels of lipid hydroperoxides. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 19, 2387–2394.
Smirnoff, N. 2000. Ascorbic acid: metabolism and functions of a multi-facetted molecule. Current Opinion Plant Biol. 3, 229–235.
Sokol, R.J. 1993. Vitamin E deficiency and neurological disorders. In, Vitamin E in Health and Disease. (L. Packer, J. Fuchs, eds.), pp. 815– 849, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
Sokoll, L.J., Booth, S.L., O’Brien, M.E., Davidson, K.W., Tsaioun, K.I., Sadowski, J.A. 1997. Changes in serum osteocalcin, plasma phylloquinone and urinary γ-carboxyglutamic acid in response to altered intakes of dietary phylloquinone in human subjects. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 65, 779–784.
Søndergaard, H., Leerbeck, E. 1982. The Content of Vitamin D in Danish Foods, Publication 69, Statens Levnedsmiddelinstitut, Stougaard Jensen, Copenhagen.
Song, W.O., Beecher, G.R., Eitenmiller, R.R. 2000. Modern Analytical Methodologies in Fat- and Water-Soluble Vitamins. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Soprano, D.R., Qin, P., Soprano, K.J. 2004. Retinoic acid receptors and cancer. Ann. Rev. Nutr. 24, 201–221.
Spinella, M.J., Kerley, J.S., White, K.A., Curtin, J.C. 2003. Retinoids target gene activation during induced tumor cell differentiation: human embryonal carcinoma as a model. J. Nutr. 133, 273S–276S.
Stamp, T.C.B., Round, J.M. 1974. Seasonal changes in human plasma levels of 25 (OH) vitamin D. Nature 247, 563–565.
Stampfer, M.J., Hennekens, C.H., Manson, J.E., Colditz, G.A., Rosner, R., Willett, W.C. 1993. Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary heart disease in women. New Engl. J. Med. 328, 1444–1449.
Steinmetz, K.A., Potter, J.D. 1996. Vegetables, fruit and cancer prevention. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 96, 1027–1039.
Strobel, M., Heinrich, F., Biesalski, H.K. 2000. Improved method for rapid determination of vitamin A in small samples of breast milk by high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromat. A 898, 179–183.
Sung, L., Greenberg, M.L., Koren, G., Tomlinson, G.A., Tong, A., Malkin, D., Feldman, B.M. 2003. Vitamin E: the evidence for multiple roles in cancer. Nutr. Cancer 46, 1–14.
Suttie, J.W. 1995. The importance of menaquinones in human nutrition. Ann. Rev. Nutr. 15, 399–417.
Suttie, J.W. 1985. Vitamin K. In: The Fat Soluble Vitamins. pp. 225– 311, William Heinemann Ltd, London.
Suttie, J.W. 1992. Vitamin K and human nutrition. J. Am. Dietet. Assoc. 92, 585–590.
Suttie, J.W. 1996. Vitamin K. In: Present Knowledge in Nutrition, 7th edn. (E.E. Ziegler, L.J. Filer, eds.), pp. 137– 145, ILSI Press, Washington D.C.
Swanson, J.E., Ben, R.N., Burton, G.W., Parker, R.S. 1999. Urinary excretion of 2,7,8-trimethyl-2-(beta-carbonylthyl)-6-hydroxychroman is a major route for elimination of gamma-tocopherol in humans. J. Lipid Res. 40, 665–671.
Szulc. P., Chapuy, M.C., Meunier, P.J., Delmas, P.D. 1993. Serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin is a marker of the risk of hip fracture in elderly women. J. Clin. Invest. 91, 1769–1774.
Takeuchi, A., Okano, T., Kobayashi, T. 1993. Determination of vitamin D and provitamin D in various kinds of Japanese foods. Vitamins 67, 321–330.
Tawfeek, H.I., Muhyaddin, O.M., Al-Sanwi, H.I., Al-Baety, N. 2002. Effect of maternal dietary vitamin C intake on the level of vitamin C in breast milk among nursing mothers in Baghdad. Iraq Food Nutr. Bull. 23, 244–247.
Thomsen, K., Eriksen, E.F., Jorgensen, J.C., Charles, P., Mosekilde, L. 1989. Seasonal variation of serum bone GLA protein. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 49, 605–611.
Thurnham, D.I. 2000. Vitamin C and B vitamins, thiamine, riboflavin and niacin. In: Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 10th edn. (J.S. Garrow, W.P.T. James, A. Ralph, eds.), pp. 249– 268, Churchill Livingstone, London.
Thurnham, D.I., Northrop-Clewes, C.A. 1999. Optimal nutrition: vitamin A and the carotenoids. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 58, 449–457.
Tjellesen, L., Hummer, L., Christiansen, C., Rodbro, P. 1986. Serum concentration of vitamin D metabolites during treatment with vitamin D2 and D3 in normal premenopausal women. Bone Min. 1, 407–413.
Traber, M.G. 2006. How much vitamin E? … . Just enough! Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 84, 959–960.
Traber, M.G., Arai, H., 1999. Molecular mechanisms of vitamin E transport. Ann. Rev. Nutr. 19, 343–355.
Traber, M.G., Sies, H. 1996. Vitamin E in humans: demand and delivery. Ann. Rev. Nutr. 16, 321–347.
Trang, H., Cole, D., Rubin, L., Pierratos, A., Siu, S., Vieth, R. 1998. Evidence that vitamin D3 increases serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D more efficiently than does vitamin D2. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 68, 854–858.
Trumbo, P., Yates, A.A., Schlicker, S., Poos, M. 2001. Dietary reference intakes: vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 101, 294–301.
Tsai, K.S., Hsu, S.H., Cheng, J.P., Yang, R.S. 1997. Vitamin D stores of urban women in Taipei: effect on bone density and bone turnover, and seasonal variation. Bone 20, 371–374.
Tsao, C.S. 1997. An overview of ascorbic acid chemistry and biochemistry. In: Vitamin C in Health and Disease (L. Packer, J. Fuchs, eds.), pp. 25– 58, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
Tucker, J.M., Townsend, D.M. 2005. Alpha-tocopherol: roles in prevention and therapy of human disease. Biomed. Pharmacotherapy 59, 380–387.
Turner, C., King, J.W., Mathiasson, L. 2001. Supercirtical fluid extraction and chromatography for fat-soluble vitamin analysis. J. Chromatog. A 936, 215–237.
Turner, C., Mathiasson, L. 2000. Determination of vitamins A and E in milk powder using supercritical fluid extraction for sample clean-up. J. Chromatog. A 874, 275–283.
Van den Berg, H. 1997. Bioavailability of vitamin D. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 51, S76–S79.
Van der Wielen, R.P.J., Lowik, M.R.H., Van Den Berg, H., De Groot, L.C.P.G.M., Haller, J., Moreiras, O., Van Staveren, W.A. 1995. Serum vitamin D concentrations among elderly people in Europe. Lancet 346, 207–210.
van het Hof, K.H., Brouwer, I.A., West, C.E., Haddeman, E., Steegers-Theunissen, R.P., van Dusseldorp, M., Weststrate, J.A., Ekes, T.K., Hautvast, J.G. 1999. Bioavailability of lutein from vegetables is five times higher than that of β-carotene. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 70, 261–268.
Vassila, E., Badeka, A., Kondyli, E., Savvaidis, I., Kontominas, M.G. 2002. Chemical and microbiological changes in fluid milk as affected by packaging conditions. Int. Dairy J. 12, 715–722.
Vegara, M.N., Arsenijevic, Y., Rio-Isomis, K. 2005. CNS regeneration: A morphogen’s tale. J. Neurobiol. 64, 491–507.
Vermeer, C., Jie, K.S.G., Knapen, M.H.J. 1995. Role of vitamin K in bone metabolism. Ann. Rev. Nutr. 15, 1–22.
Vicchio, D., Yergey, A., O’Brien, K., Allen, L., Ray, R., Holick, M. 1993. Quantification and kinetics of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 by isotope dilution liquid chromatography/thermospray mass spectrometry. Biol. Mass Spec. 22, 53–58.
Vidal-Valverde, C., Ruiz, R., Medrano, A. 1993. Effects of frozen and other storage conditions on α-tocopherol content of cow milk. J. Dairy Sci. 76, 1520–1525.
Vieth, R. 1990. The mechanisms of vitamin D toxicity. Bone Min. 11, 267–272.
Vieth, R. 1999. Vitamin D supplementation, 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, and safety. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 69, 842–856.
Vieth, R., Chan, P.-C.R., MacFarlane, G.D. 2001. Efficacy and safety of vitamin D3 intake exceeding the lowest observed adverse effect level. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 73, 288–294.
Vieth, R., Pinto, T.R., Reen, B.S., Wong, M.M. 2002. Vitamin D poisoning by table sugar. Lancet 359, 672.
von Kries, R., Shearer, M., McCarthy, P.T., Haug, M., Harzer, G., Göbel, U. 1987. Vitamin K1 content of maternal milk: influence of the stage of lactation, lipid composition, and vitamin K1 supplements given to the mother. Pediatr. Res. 22, 513–517.
Von Reinersdorff, D., Green, H.H., Green, J.B. 1998. Development of a compartmental model describing the dynamics of vitamin A metabolism in men. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 445, 207–223.
Wagner, K.H., Kamal-Eldin, A., Elmadfa, I. 2004. Gamma-tocopherol- an underestimated vitamin? Ann. Nutr. Metab. 48, 169–188.
Walstra, P., Jenness, R. 1984. Dairy Chemistry and Physics. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York.
Washko, P.W., Wang, Y., Levine, M. 1993. Ascorbic acid recycling in human neutrophils J. Biol. Chem. 268, 15531–15535.
Webb, A.R., Kline, L., Holick, M.F. 1988. Influence of season and latitude on the cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D3: exposure to winter sunlight in Boston and Edmonton will not promote vitamin D3 synthesis in human skin. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabol. 67, 373–378.
Weber, P. 2001. Vitamin K and bone health. Nutrition 17, 880–887.
Welch, R.W., Wang, Y., Crossman, A., Park, J.B., Kirk, K.L., Levine, M. 1995. Accumulation of vitamin C (ascorbate) and its oxidized metabolite dehydroascorbic acid occurs by separate mechanisms. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 12584–12592.
Wilson, J.X. 2005. Regulation of vitamin C transport. Ann. Rev. Nutr. 25, 105–125.
Woodall, A.A., Ames, B.N. 1997. Diet and oxidative damage to DNA: the importance of ascorbate as an antioxidant. In, Vitamin C in Health and Disease. (L. Packer, J. Fuchs, eds.), pp. 193– 203, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
Woolard, D.C., Indyk, H. 1986. The HPLC analysis of vitamin A isomers in dairy products and their significance in biopotency estimations. J. Micronut. Anal. 2, 125–146.
World Health Organization 1996. Indicators for assessing vitamin A deficiency and their application in monitoring and evaluating intervention programs, Micronutrient Series 96-10, World Health Organisation, Geneva. pp. 1–66.
Wright, M.E., Lawson, K.A., Weinstein, S.J., Pietinen, P., Taylor, P.R., Virtamo, J., Albanes, D. 2006. Higher baseline serum concentrations of vitamin E are associated with lower total and cause-specific mortality in the alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene cancer prevention study. Am. J. Clin Nutr. 84, 1200–1207.
Yeum, K.-J., Russell, R.M. 2002. Carotenoid bioavailability and bioconversion. Ann. Rev. Nutr. 22, 483–504.
Zanotti, G., Berni, R. 2004. Plasma retinol-binding protein: structure and interactions with retinol, retinoids, and transthyretin. Vit. Horm. 69, 271–295.
Zhang, P., Omaya, S.T. 2000. β-Carotene and protein oxidation effects of ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol. Toxicology 146, 37–48.
Zhang, P., Omaya, S.T. 2001. Antioxidant and prooxidant roles for β-carotene, α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid in human lung cells. Toxicol. in vitro 15, 13–34.
Zittermann, A. 2003. Vitamin D in preventive medicine: are we ignoring the evidence? Br. J.Nutr. 89, 552–572.
Zygoura, P., Moyssiadi, T., Badeka, A., Kondyli, E., Savvaidis, I., Kontominas, M.G. 2004. Shelf life of whole pasteurized milk in Greece: effect of packaging materials. Food Chem. 87, 1–9.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Morrissey, P., Hill, T. (2009). Fat-Soluble Vitamins and Vitamin C in Milk and Milk Products. In: McSweeney, P., Fox, P. (eds) Advanced Dairy Chemistry. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-84865-5_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-84865-5_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-84864-8
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-84865-5
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)