Skip to main content

Peritonitis remains a major complication of peritoneal dialysis, accounting for much of the morbidity associated with the technique. Peritonitis accounts for 15–35% of hospital admissions and is the major cause of transfer to hemodialysis (technique failure) [1–7]. High peritonitis rates are associated with mortality, either as a primary or contributing factor [8–11].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 219.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Canada-USA (CANUSA) Peritoneal Dialysis Study Group. Adequacy of dialysis and nutrition in continuous peritoneal dialysis: association with clinical outcomes. J Am Soc Nephrol 1996; 7: 198–207.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Fried L, Abidi S, Bernardini J, Johnston JR, Piraino B. Hospitalization in peritoneal dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 1999; 33: 927–933.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Saade M, Joglar F. Chronic peritoneal dialysis: seven-year experience in a large Hispanic program. Perit Dial Int 1995; 15:37–41.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Woodrow G, Turney JH, Brownjohn AM. Technique failure in peritoneal dialysis and its impact on patient survival. Perit Dial Int 1997; 17: 360–364.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Kim GC, Vonesh EF, Korbet SM. The effect of technique failure on outcome in black patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 2002; 22: 53–59.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Kavanagh D, Prescott GJ, Mactier RA. Peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis in Scotland (1999–2002). Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004; 19: 2584–2591.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Schaubel DE, Blake PG, Fenton SS. Trends in CAPD technique failure: Canada, 1981–1997. Perit Dial Int 2001; 21: 365–371.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Rubin JE, Marquardt E, Pierre M, Maxey RW. Improved training techniques and UltraBag system resulted in lowered peritonitis rate in an inner-city population. Adv Perit Dial 1995; 11: 208–209.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Perez Fontan M, Rodriguez-Carmona A, Garcia-Naveiro R, Rosales M, Villaverde P, Valdes F. Peritonitis-related mortality in patients undergoing chronic peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 2005; 25: 274–284.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Fried L. Mortality in peritoneal dialysis patients. ASAIO J 1999; 45: 526–530.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Pollock CA, Ibels LS, Caterson RJ, Mahony JF, Waugh DA, Cocksedge B. Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Eight years of experience at a single center. Medicine (Baltimore) 1989; 68: 293–308.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Rubin J, Rogers WA, Taylor HM, Everett ED, Prowant BF, Fruto LV, Nolph KD. Peritonitis during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Ann Intern Med 1980; 92:7–13.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. De Vecchi AF, Maccario M, Braga M, Scalamogna A, Castelnovo C, Ponticelli C. Peritoneal dialysis in nondiabetic patients older than 70 years: comparison with patients aged 40 to 60 years. Am J Kidney Dis 1998; 31: 479–490.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Whaley-Connell A, Pavey BS, Satalowich R, Prowant BF, Misra M, Twardowski ZJ, Nolph KD, Khanna R. Rates of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis at the University of Missouri. Adv Perit Dial 21:72–75, 2005.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Piraino B, Bernardini J, Florio T, Fried L. Staphylococcus aureus prophylaxis and trends in Gram-negative infections in peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit Dial Int 2003; 23: 456–459.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Troidle L, Gorban-Brennan N, Kliger A, Finkelstein F. Differing outcomes of Gram-positive and Gram-negative peritonitis. Am J Kidney Dis 1998; 32: 623–628.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Schaefer F, Kandert M, Feneberg R. Methodological issues in assessing the incidence of peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis in children. Perit Dial Int 2002; 22: 234–238.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Tzamaloukas AH, Murata GH, Fox L. Peritoneal catheter loss and death in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis peritonitis: correlation with clinical and biochemical parameters. Perit Dial Int 1993; 13 (suppl 2): S338–S340.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Golper TA, Brier ME, Bunke M, Schreiber MJ, Bartlett DK, Hamilton RW, Strife F, Hamburger RJ. Risk factors for peritonitis in long-term peritoneal dialysis: the Network 9 peritonitis and catheter survival studies. Academic Subcommittee of the Steering Committee of the Network 9 Peritonitis and Catheter Survival Studies. Am J Kidney Dis 1996; 28: 428–436.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Peterson PK, Matzke G, Keane WF. Current concepts in the management of peritonitis in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Rev Infect Dis 1987; 9: 604–612.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Bernardini J, Bender F, Florio T, Sloand J, Palmmontalbano L, Fried L, Piraino B. Randomized, double-blind trial of antibiotic exit site cream for prevention of exit site infection in peritoneal dialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005; 16: 539–545.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Canadian CAPD Clinical Trials Group. Peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD): a multi-centre randomized clinical trial comparing the Y connector disinfectant system to standard systems. Canadian CAPD Clinical Trials Group. Perit Dial Int 1989; 9: 159–163.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Kim DK, Yoo TH, Ryu DR, Xu ZG, Kim HJ, Choi KH, Lee HY, Han DS, Kang SW. Changes in causative organisms and their antimicrobial susceptibilities in CAPD peritonitis: a single center’s experience over one decade. Perit Dial Int 2004; 24: 424–432.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Szeto CC, Leung CB, Chow KM, Kwan BC, Law MC, Wang AY, Lui SF, Li PK. Change in bacterial aetiology of peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis over 10 years: experience from a centre in South-East Asia. Clin Microbiol Infect 2005; 11: 837–839.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Winton MD, Everett ED. Antimicrobial therapy for CAPD-associated peritonitis. Blood Purif 1989; 7:115–125.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Vas S. The diagnosis and treatment of peritonitis in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Demin Dial 1995; 8: 232–237.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Michel C, Courdavault L, al Khayat R, Viron B, Roux P, Mignon F. Fungal peritonitis in patients on peritoneal dialysis. Am J Nephrol 1994; 14: 113–120.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Goldie SJ, Kiernan-Tridle L, Torres C, Gorban-Brennan N, Dunne D, Kliger AS, Finkelstein FO. Fungal peritonitis in a large chronic peritoneal dialysis population: a report of 55 episodes. Am J Kidney Dis 1996; 28: 86–91.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Eisenberg ES, Leviton I, Soeiro R. Fungal peritonitis in patients receiving peritoneal dialysis: experience with 11 patients and review of the literature. Rev Infect Dis 1986; 8: 309–321.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Johnson RJ, Ramsey PG, Gallagher N, Ahmad S. Fungal peritonitis in patients on peritoneal dialysis: incidence, clinical features and prognosis. Am J Nephrol 1985; 5: 169–175.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Bustos E, Rotellar C, Mauoni MJ, Rakowski TA, Argy WP, Winchester JF. Clinical aspects of bowel perforation in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Semin Dial 1994; 7: 355–359.

    Google Scholar 

  32. van Reijden HS, DG. van Ketek, RJ. Kox, C. Krediet, RT. Arisz, L. Fecal peritonitis on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, an end-point in CAPD? Adv Perit Dial 1988; 4: 198–203.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Rotellar C, Sivarajan S, Mazzoni MJ, Aminrazavi M, Mosher WF, Rakowski TA, Argy WP, Winchester JF. Bowel perforation in CAPD patients. Perit Dial Int 1992; 12: 396–398.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Holley JL, Bernardini J, Piraino B. Polymicrobial peritonitis in patients on continuous peritoneal dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 1992; 19: 162–166.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Lui SL, Lo CY, Choy BY, Chan TM, Lo WK, Cheng IK. Optimal treatment and long-term outcome of tuberculous peritonitis complicating continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 1996; 28: 747–751.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Vas S. Microbiological apsects of peritonitis. Perit Dial Bull 1981; 1: S11–S14.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Holley JL, Bernardini J, Piraino B. Infecting organisms in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients on the Y-set. Am J Kidney Dis 1994; 23: 569–573.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Grutzmacher P, Tsobanelis T, Bruns M, Kurz P, Hoppe D, Vlachojannis J. Decrease in peritonitis rate by integrated disconnect system in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 1993; 13 (suppl 2): S326–S328.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Dryden MS, McCann M, Wing AJ, Phillips I. Controlled trial of a Y-set dialysis delivery system to prevent peritonitis in patients receiving continuous ambulatory pritoneal dialysis. J Hosp Infect 1992; 20: 185–192.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Bonnardeaux A, Ouimet D, Galarneau A, Falardeau M, Cardinal J, Nolin L, Houde M. Peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: impact of a compulsory switch from a standard to a Y-connector system in a single North American Center. Am J Kidney Dis 1992; 19: 364–370.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Bazzato G, Coli U, Landini S, Fracasso A, Morachiello P, Righetto F, Scanferla F. The double bag system for CAPD reduces the peritonitis rate. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 1984; 30: 690–692.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Fenton S, Wu G, Cattran D, Wadgymar A, Allen AF. Clinical aspects of peritonitis in patents on CAPD. Perit Dial Bull 1981; 1: S4–S7.

    Google Scholar 

  43. De Vecchi AF, Scalamogna A. Does a face mask prevent peritonitis? Perit Dial Int 2001; 21: 95–96.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Malik A, Al Aly Z, Mailey KS, Bastani B. Pasteurella multocida peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis: a report of two cases and review of the literature. J Nephrol 2005; 18: 791–793.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Freeman AF, Zheng XT, Lane JC, Shulman ST. Pasteurella aerogenes hamster bite peritonitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2004; 23: 368–370.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Campos A, Taylor JH, Campbell M. Hamster bite peritonitis: Pasteurella pneumotropica peritonitis in a dialysis patient. Pediatr Nephrol 2000; 15: 31–32.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Van Langenhove G, Daelemans R, Zachee P, Lins RL. Pasteurella multocida as a rare cause of peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis. Nephron 2000; 85: 283–284.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Joh J, Padmanabhan R, Bastani B. Pasteurella multocida peritonitis following cat bite of peritoneal dialysis tubing. With a brief review of the literature. Am J Nephrol 1998; 18: 258–259.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. MacKay K, Brown L, Hudson F. Pasteurella multocida peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients: beware of the cat. Perit Dial Int 1997; 17: 608–610.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Kitching AR, Macdonald A, Hatfield PJ. Pasteurella multocida infection in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. N Z Med J 1996; 109: 59.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Vas SI. Etiology and treatment of peritonitis. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 1984; 30: 682–684.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Gupta B, Bernardini J, Piraino B. Peritonitis associated with exit site and tunnel infections. Am J Kidney Dis 1996; 28: 415–419.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Grefberg N, Danielson BG, Nilsson P. Peritonitis in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. A changing scene. Scand J Infect Dis 1984; 16: 187–194.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Read RR, Eberwein P, Dasgupta MK, Grant SK, Lam K, Nickel JC, Costerton JW. Peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis: bacterial colonization by biofilm spread along the catheter surface. Kidney Int 1989; 35: 614–621.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Piraino B, Bernardini J, Sorkin M. The influence of peritoneal catheter exit-site infections on peritonitis, tunnel infections, and catheter loss in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 1986; 8: 436–440.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Scalamogna A, Castelnovo C, De Vecchi A, Ponticelli C. Exit-site and tunnel infections in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 1991; 18: 674–677.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Dasgupta MK, Costerton JW. Significance of biofilm-adherent bacterial microcolonies on Tenckhoff catheters of CAPD patients. Blood Purif 1989; 7: 144–155.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Tzamaloukas AH, Hartshorne MF, Gibel LJ, Murata GH. Persistence of positive dialysate cultures after apparent cure of CAPD peritonitis. Adv Perit Dial 1993; 9: 198–201.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Swartz R, Messana J, Holmes C, Williams J. Biofilm formation on peritoneal catheters does not require the presence of infection. ASAIO Trans 1991; 37: 626–634.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Finkelstein ES, Jekel J, Troidle L, Gorban-Brennan N, Finkelstein FO, Bia FJ. Patterns of infection in patients maintained on long-term peritoneal dialysis therapy with multiple episodes of peritonitis. Am J Kidney Dis 2002; 39: 1278–1286.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Holley J, Seibert D, Moss A. Peritonitis following colonoscopy: a need for prophylaxis? Perit Dial Bull 1987; 7: 105–106.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Verger C, Danne O, Vuillemin F. Colonoscopy and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Gastrointest Endosc 1987; 33: 334–335.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Sprenger R, Neyer U. Enterococcus peritonitis after endoscopic polypectomy: need for prophylactic antibiotics. Perit Dial Bull 1987; 7: 263–264.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Maruyama H, Nakamaru T, Oya M, Miyakawa Y, Sato N, Ishizuka Y, Kourakata H, Nakagawa Y, Arakawa M. Posthysteroscopy Candida glabrata peritonitis in a patient on CAPD. Perit Dial Int 1997; 17: 404–405.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Troidle L, Kliger AS, Goldie SJ, Gorban-Brennan N, Brown E, Fikrig M, Finkelstein FO. Continuous peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis of nosocomial origin. Perit Dial Int 1996; 16: 505–510.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Ray SM, Piraino B, Holley J. Peritonitis following colonoscopy in a peritoneal dialysis patient. Perit Dial Int 1990; 10: 97–98.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Harwell CM, Newman LN, Cacho CP, Mulligan DC, Schulak JA, Friedlander MA. Abdominal catastrophe: visceral injury as a cause of peritonitis in patients treated by peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 1997; 17: 586–594.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Tzamaloukas AH, Obermiller LE, Gibel LJ, Murata GH, Wood B, Simon D, Erickson DG, Kanig SP. Peritonitis associated with intra-abdominal pathology in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit Dial Int 1993; 13 (suppl 2): S335–S337.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Bunke CM, Brier ME, Golper TA. Outcomes of single organism peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis: gram negatives versus gram positives in the Network 9 Peritonitis Study. Kidney Int 1997; 52: 524–529.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. McGinley KJ, Larson EL, Leyden JJ. Composition and density of microflora in the subungual space of the hand. J Clin Microbiol 1988; 26: 950–953.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Larson EL, McGinley KJ, Foglia AR, Talbot GH, Leyden JJ. Composition and antimicrobic resistance of skin flora in hospitalized and healthy adults. J Clin Microbiol 1986; 23: 604–608.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Schweinburg FB, Seligman AM, Fine J. Transmural migration of intestinal bacteria; a study based on the use of radioactive Escherichia coli. N Engl J Med 1950; 242: 747–751.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Caravaca F, Ruiz-Calero R, Dominguez C. Risk factors for developing peritonitis caused by micro-organisms of enteral origin in peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit Dial Int 1998; 18: 41–45.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Singharetnam W, Holley JL. Acute treatment of constipation may lead to transmural migration of bacteria resulting in gram-negative, polymicrobial, or fungal peritonitis. Perit Dial Int 1996; 16: 423–425.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Kiddy K, Brown PP, Michael J, Adu D. Peritonitis due to Streptococcus viridans in patients receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1985; 290: 969–970.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Levy M, Balfe JW. Optimal approach to the prevention and treatment of peritonitis in children undergoing continuous ambulatory and continuous cycler peritoneal dialysis. Semin Dial 1994; 7: 442–449.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Durack DT. Prevention of infective endocarditis. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 38–44.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Botoman VA, Surawicz CM. Bacteremia with gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures. Gastrointest Endosc 1986; 32: 342–346.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Bailey EA, Solomon LR, Berry N, Cheesbrough JS, Moore JE, Jiru X, Wareing DR, Harrison T, Pitcher D. Ureaplasma urealyticum CAPD peritonitis following insertion of an intrauterine device: diagnosis by eubacterial polymerase chain reaction. Perit Dial Int 2002; 22: 422–424.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Castillo AA, Lew SQ, Smith A, Whyte R, Bosch JP. Vaginal candidiasis: a source for fungal peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis? Perit Dial Int 1998; 18: 338–339.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Coward RA, Gokal R, Wise M, Mallick NP, Warrell D. Peritonitis associated with vaginal leakage of dialysis fluid in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1982; 284: 1529.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Korzets A, Chagnac A, Ori Y, Zevin D, Levi J. Pneumococcal peritonitis complicating CAPD – was the indwelling intrauterine device to blame? Clin Nephrol 1991; 35: 24–25.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Plaza MM. Intrauterine device-related peritonitis in a patient on CAPD. Perit Dial Int 2002; 22: 538–539.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Stuck A, Seiler A, Frey FJ. Peritonitis due to an intrauterine device in a patient on CAPD. Perit Dial Bull 1986; 6: 158–159.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Swartz R. Recurrent polymicrobial peritonitis from a gynecologic source as a complication of CAPD. Perit Dial Bull 1983; 3: 32–33.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Oxton LL, Zimmerman SW, Roecker EB, Wakeen M. Risk factors for peritoneal dialysis-related infections. Perit Dial Int 1994; 14: 137–144.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Korbet SM, Vonesh EF, Firanek CA. A retrospective assessment of risk factors for peritonitis among an urban CAPD population. Perit Dial Int 1993; 13: 126–131.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Fine A, Cox D, Bouw M. Higher incidence of peritonitis in native Canadians on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 1994; 14: 227–230.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Farias MG, Soucie JM, McClellan W, Mitch WE. Race and the risk of peritonitis: an analysis of factors associated with the initial episode. Kidney Int 1994; 46: 1392–1396.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Juergensen PH, Juergensen DM, Wuerth DB, Finkelstein SH, Steele TE, Kliger AS, Finkelstein FO. Psychosocial factors and incidence of peritonitis. Adv Perit Dial 1996; 12: 196–198.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Nolph KD, Cutler SJ, Steinberg SM, Novak JW. Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis in the United States: a three-year study. Kidney Int 1985; 28: 198–205.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Holley JL, Bernardini J, Perlmutter JA, Piraino B. A comparison of infection rates among older and younger patients on continuous peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 1994; 14: 66–69.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Chow KM, Szeto CC, Leung CB, Kwan BC, Law MC, Li PK. A risk analysis of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis. Perit Dial Int 2005; 25: 374–379.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Wang Q, Bernardini J, Piraino B, Fried L. Albumin at the start of peritoneal dialysis predicts the development of peritonitis. Am J Kidney Dis 2003; 41: 664–669.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Andrews PA, Warr KJ, Hicks JA, Cameron JS. Impaired outcome of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis in immunosuppressed patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1996; 11: 1104–1108.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Tebben JA, Rigsby MO, Selwyn PA, Brennan N, Kliger A, Finkelstein FO. Outcome of HIV infected patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Kidney Int 1993; 44: 191–198.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Lewis M, Gorban-Brennan NL, Kliger A, Cooper K, Finkelstein FO. Incidence and spectrum of organisms causing peritonitis in HIV positive patients on CAPD. Adv Perit Dial 1990; 6: 136–138.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Bordes A, Campos-Herrero MI, Fernandez A, Vega N, Rodriguez JC, Palop L. Predisposing and prognostic factors of fungal peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 1995; 15: 275–276.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Zhu Z, Zhang W, Yang X, Luo C, Fu L, Zhu H. The factors related to fungal peritonitis in patients on peritoneal dialysis. J Tongji Med Univ 1997; 17: 123–125.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Huang JW, Hung KY, Wu KD, Peng YS, Tsai TJ, Hsieh BS. Clinical features of and risk factors for fungal peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients. J Formos Med Assoc 2000; 99: 544–548.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Troidle L, Watnick S, Wuerth DB, Gorban-Brennan N, Kliger AS, Finkelstein FO. Depression and its association with peritonitis in long-term peritoneal dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2003; 42: 350–354.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Bazzato G, Landini S, Coli U, Lucatello S, Fracasso A, Moracchiello M. A new technique of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD): double-bag system for freedom to the patient and significant reduction of peritonitis. Clin Nephrol 1980; 13: 251–254.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Monteon F, Correa-Rotter R, Paniagua R, Amato D, Hurtado ME, Medina JL, Salcedo RM, Garcia E, Matos M, Kaji J, Vazquez R, Ramos A, Schettino MA, Moran J.: Prevention of peritonitis with disconnect systems in CAPD: a randomized controlled trial. The Mexican Nephrology Collaborative Study Group. Kidney Int 1998; 54: 2123–2128.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Harris DC, Yuill EJ, Byth K, Chapman JR, Hunt C. Twin- versus single-bag disconnect systems: infection rates and cost of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 1996; 7: 2392–2398.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Kiernan L, Kliger A, Gorban-Brennan N, Juergensen P, Tesin D, Vonesh E, Finkelstein F. Comparison of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis-related infections with different ‘Y-tubing' exchange systems. J Am Soc Nephrol 1995; 5: 1835–1838.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Hall G, Bogan A, Dreis S, Duffy A, Greene S, Kelley K, Lizak H, Nabut J, Schinker V, Schwartz N. New directions in peritoneal dialysis patient training. Nephrol Nurs J 2004; 31: 149–154, 159–163.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Nakamoto H, Kawaguchi Y, Suzuki H. Is technique survival on peritoneal dialysis better in Japan? Perit Dial Int 2006; 26: 136–143.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Locatelli AJ, Marcos GM, Gomez MG, Alvarez SA, DeBenedetti LC. Comparing peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients versus automated peritoneal dialysis patients. Adv Perit Dial 1999; 15: 193–196.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Holley JL, Bernardini J, Piraino B. Continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis is associated with lower rates of catheter infections than continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 1990; 16: 133–136.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. de Fijter CW, Oe PL, Nauta JJ, van der Meulen J, ter Wee PM, Snoek FJ, Donker AJ. A prospective, randomized study comparing the peritonitis incidence of CAPD and Y-connector (CAPD-Y) with continuous cyclic peritoneal dialysis (CCPD). Adv Perit Dial 1991; 7: 186–189.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Troidle LK, Gorban-Brennan N, Kliger AS, Finkelstein FO. Continuous cycler therapy, manual peritoneal dialysis therapy, and peritonitis. Adv Perit Dial 1998; 14: 137–141.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Oo TN, Roberts TL, Collins AJ. A comparison of peritonitis rates from the United States Renal Data System database: CAPD versus continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2005; 45: 372–380.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Machuca EA, Ortiz AM, Aravena C. Continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis versus CAPD peritonitis rates: statistically or clinically significant differences? Am J Kidney Dis 2005; 45: 1144; author reply 1144–1145.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Ponferrada LP, Prowant BF, Rackers JA, Pickett B, Satalowich R, Khanna R, Twardowski ZJ, Nolph KD. A cluster of gram-negative peritonitis episodes associated with reuse of HomeChoice cycler cassettes and drain lines. Perit Dial Int 1996; 16: 636–638.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Chow J, Munro C, Wong M, Gonzalez N, Ku M, Neville S, Munro R, Hall B, Cleland B, Howlin K, Suranyi MG. HomeChoice automated peritoneal dialysis machines: the impact of reuse of tubing and cassettes. Perit Dial Int 2000; 20: 336–338.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Bird M, Dacko C, Miller M, Bernardini J, Piraino B. Reducing peritonitis in APD patients. Perit Dial Int 1999; 19: S29.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Davies SJ, Ogg CS, Cameron JS, Poston S, Noble WC. Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage, exit-site infection and catheter loss in patients treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Perit Dial Int 1989; 9: 61–64.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Luzar MA, Coles GA, Faller B, Slingeneyer A, Dah GD, Briat C, Wone C, Knefati Y, Kessler M, Peluso F. Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage and infection in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. N Engl J Med 1990; 322: 505–509.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Piraino B, Perlmutter JA, Holley JL, Bernardini J. Staphylococcus aureus peritonitis is associated with Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit Dial Int 1993; 13 (Suppl 2): S332–S334.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Lye WC, Leong SO, Lee EJ. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage and infections in CAPD. Kidney Int 1993; 43: 1357–1362.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Kingwatanakul P, Warady BA. Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in children receiving long-term peritoneal dialysis. Adv Perit Dial 1997; 13: 281–284.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Amato D, de Jesus Ventura M, Miranda G, Leanos B, Alcantara G, Hurtado ME, Paniagua R. Staphylococcal peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: colonization with identical strains at exit site, nose, and hands. Am J Kidney Dis 2001; 37: 43–48.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Sewell CM, Clarridge J, Lacke C, Weinman EJ, Young EJ. Staphylococcal nasal carriage and subsequent infection in peritoneal dialysis patients. JAMA 1982; 248: 1493–1495.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Zimmerman SW, O’Brien M, Wiedenhoeft FA, Johnson CA. Staphylococys aureus peritoneal catheter-related infections: a cause of catheter loss and peritonitis. Perit Dial Int 1988; 8: 191–194.

    Google Scholar 

  125. Wanten GJ, van Oost P, Schneeberger PM, Koolen MI. Nasal carriage and peritonitis by Staphylococcus aureus in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: a prospective study. Perit Dial Int 1996; 16: 352–356.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Vychytil A, Lorenz M, Schneider B, Horl WH, Haag-Weber M. New strategies to prevent Staphylococcus aureus infections in peritoneal dialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998; 9: 669–676.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Zimakoff J, Pedersen FB, Bergen L, Baagø-Nielsen J, Daldorph B, Espersen F, Hansen BG, Høiby N, Jepsen OB, Joffe P, Kolmos HJ, Klausen M, Kristofferseng K, Ladefoge J, Olesen-Larsen S, Rosdahl VT, Scheibel J, Storm B, Tofte-Jensen P, (DASPID) TDSGoPiD. Staphylococcus aureus carriage and infections among patients in four haemo- and peritoneal-dialysis centres in Denmark. J Hosp Infect 1996; 33: 289–300.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Blowey DL, Warady BA, McFarland KS. The treatment of Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in pediatric peritoneal dialysis patients. Adv Perit Dial 1994; 10: 297–299.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Zimmerman SW, Ahrens E, Johnson CA, Craig W, Leggett J, O’Brien M, Oxton L, Roecker EB, Engeseth S. Randomized controlled trial of prophylactic rifampin for peritoneal dialysis-related infections. Am J Kidney Dis 1991; 18: 225–231.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Perez-Fontan M, Rosales M, Rodriguez-Carmona A, Moncalian J, Fernandez-Rivera C, Cao M, Valdes F. Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriers in CAPD with mupirocin. Adv Perit Dial 1992; 8: 242–245.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Bernardini J, Piraino B, Holley J, Johnston JR, Lutes R. A randomized trial of Staphylococcus aureus prophylaxis in peritoneal dialysis patients: mupirocin calcium ointment 2% applied to the exit site versus cyclic oral rifampin. Am J Kidney Dis 1996; 27: 695–700.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Thodis E, Passadakis P, Panagoutsos S, Bacharaki D, Euthimiadou A, Vargemezis V. The effectiveness of mupirocin preventing Staphylococcus aureus in catheter-related infections in peritoneal dialysis. Adv Perit Dial 2000; 16: 257–261.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Tranaeus A, Heimburger O, Lindholm B. Peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD): diagnostic findings, therapeutic outcome and complications. Perit Dial Int 1989; 9: 179–190.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Koopmans JG, Boeschoten EW, Pannekeet MM, Betjes MG, Zemel D, Kuijper EJ, Krediet RT. Impaired initial cell reaction in CAPD-related peritonitis. Perit Dial Int 1996; 16 (Suppl 1): S362–S367.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Korzets Z, Korzets A, Golan E, Zevin D, Bernheim J. CAPD peritonitis – initial presentation as an acute abdomen with a clear peritoneal effluent. Clin Nephrol 1992; 37: 155–157.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Munoz de Bustillo E, Aguilera A, Jimenez C, Bajo MA, Sanchez C, Selgas R. Streptococcal versus Staphylococcus epidermidis peritonitis in CAPD. A comparative study. Perit Dial Int 1997; 17: 392–395.

    Google Scholar 

  137. Kim D, Tapson J, Wu G, Khanna R, Vas SI, Oreopoulos DG. Staph aureus peritonitis in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 1984; 30:494–497.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Wakeen MJ, Zimmerman SW, Bidwell D. Viscus perforation in peritoneal dialysis patients: diagnosis and outcome. Perit Dial Int 1994; 14: 371–377.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Chang JJ, Yeun JY, Hasbargen JA. Pneumoperitoneum in peritoneal dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 1995; 25: 297–301.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Plum J, Sudkamp S, Grabensee B. Results of ultrasound-assisted diagnosis of tunnel infections in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 1994; 23: 99–104.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Flanigan MJ, Freeman RM, Lim VS. Cellular response to peritonitis among peritoneal dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 1985; 6: 420–424.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Keane WF, Peterson PK. Peritonitis during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: the role of host defense mechanisms. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 1984; 30:684–686.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Smoszna J, Raczka A, Fuksiewicz A, Wankowicz Z. Prognostic value of different tests in the early diagnosis of peritonitis during standard peritoneal dialysis (SPD). Adv Perit Dial 1988; 4: 194–197.

    Google Scholar 

  144. Riera G, Bushinsky D, Emmanouel DS. First exchange neutrophilia: an index of peritonitis during chronic intermittent peritoneal dialysis. Clin Nephrol 1985; 24: 5–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Piraino B, Bailie GR, Bernardini J, Boeschoten E, Gupta A, Holmes C, Kuijper EJ, Li PK, Lye WC, Mujais S, Paterson DL, Fontan MP, Ramos A, Schaefer F, Uttley L. Peritoneal dialysis-related infections recommendations: 2005 update. Perit Dial Int 2005; 25: 107–131.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Antonsen S, Pedersen FB, Wang P. Leukocytes in peritoneal dialysis effluents. Danish Study Group on Peritonitis in Dialysis (DASPID). Perit Dial Int 1991; 11:43–47.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Kim DY, Kim JH, Chon CY, Han KH, Ahn SH, Kim JK, Paik YH, Lee KS, Moon YM. Usefulness of urine strip test in the rapid diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Liver Int 2005; 25:1197–1201.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Farmer CK, Hobbs H, Mann S, Newall RG, Ndawula E, Mihr G, Wilcox AJ, Stevens PE. Leukocyte esterase reagent strips for early detection of peritonitis in patients on peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 2000; 20:237–239.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Akman S, Uygun V, Guven AG. Value of the urine strip test in the early diagnosis of bacterial peritonitis. Pediatr Int 2005; 47: 523–527.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Sam R, Sahani M, Ulozas E, Leehey DJ, Ing TS, Gandhi VC. Utility of a peritoneal dialysis leukocyte test strip in the diagnosis of peritonitis. Artif Organs 2002; 26:546–548.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Karayaylali I, Seyrek N, Akpolat T, Ates K, Ozener C, Yilmaz ME, Utas C, Yavuz M, Akcicek F, Arinsoy T, Ataman R, Bozfakioglu S, Camsari T, Ersoy F. The prevalence and clinical features of tuberculous peritonitis in CAPD patients in Turkey, report of ten cases from multi-centers. Ren Fail 2003; 25: 819–827.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Mallat SG, Brensilver JM. Tuberculous peritonitis in a CAPD patient cured without catheter removal: case report, review of the literature, and guidelines for treatment and diagnosis. Am J Kidney Dis 1989; 13: 154–157.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Talwani R, Horvath JA. Tuberculous peritonitis in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: case report and review. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31: 70–75.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Holley HP, Jr., Tucker CT, Moffatt TL, Dodds KA, Dodds HM. Tuberculous peritonitis in patients undergoing chronic home peritoneal dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 1982; 1: 222–226.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Dunmire RB, 3rd, Breyer JA. Nontuberculous mycobacterial peritonitis during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: case report and review of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Am J Kidney Dis 1991; 18: 126–130.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Nankivell BJ, Pacey D, Gordon DL. Peritoneal eosinophilia associated with Paecilomyces variotii infection in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 1991; 18: 603–605.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Sridhar R, Thornley-Brown D, Kant KS. Peritonitis due to Aspergillus niger: diagnostic importance of peritoneal eosinophilia. Perit Dial Int 1990; 10: 100–101.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Fontan MP, Rodriguez-Carmona A, Galed I, Iglesias P, Villaverde P, Garcia-Ureta E. Incidence and significance of peritoneal eosinophilia during peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis. Perit Dial Int 2003; 23: 460–464.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Gokal R, Ramos JM, Ward MK, Kerr DN. ‘Eosinophilic' peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Clin Nephrol 1981; 15: 328–330.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Solary E, Cabanne JF, Tanter Y, Rifle G. Evidence for a role of plasticizers in ‘eosinophilic' peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Nephron 1986; 42: 341–342.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Daugirdas JT, Leehey DJ, Popli S, Hoffman W, Zayas I, Gandhi VC, Ing TS. Induction of peritoneal fluid eosinophilia and/or monocytosis by intraperitoneal air injection. Am J Nephrol 1987; 7: 116–120.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Parikova A, Zweers MM, Struijk DG, Krediet RT. Peritoneal effluent markers of inflammation in patients treated with icodextrin-based and glucose-based dialysis solutions. Adv Perit Dial 2003; 19: 186–190.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. MacGinley R, Cooney K, Alexander G, Cohen S, Goldsmith DJ. Relapsing culture-negative peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients exposed to icodextrin solution. Am J Kidney Dis 2002; 40: 1030–1035.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Chan MK, Chow L, Lam SS, Jones B. Peritoneal eosinophilia in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: a prospective study. Am J Kidney Dis 1988; 11: 180–183.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Chandran PK, Humayun HM, Daugirdas JT, Nawab ZM, Gandhi VC, Ing TS. Blood eosinophilia in patients undergoing maintenance peritoneal dialysis. Arch Intern Med 1985; 145: 114–116.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Piraino BM, Silver MR, Dominguez JH, Puschett JB. Peritoneal eosinophils during intermittent peritoneal dialysis. Am J Nephrol 1984; 4: 152–157.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Nassberger L, Arbin A. Eosinophilic peritonitis--hypothesis. Nephron 1987; 46: 103–104.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Leung AC, Orange G, Henderson IS. Intraperitoneal hydrocortisone in eosinophilic peritonitis associated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1983; 286: 766.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Thakur SS, Unikowsky B, Prichard S.: Eosinophilic peritonitis in CAPD: treatment with prednisone and diphenhydramine. Perit Dial Int 1997; 17: 402–403.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Asghar R, Woodrow G, Turney JH. A case of eosinophilic peritonitis treated with oral corticosteroids. Perit Dial Int 2000; 20: 579–580.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Tang S, Lo CY, Lo WK, Chan TM. Resolution of eosinophilic peritonitis with ketotifen. Am J Kidney Dis 1997; 30: 433–436.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Sewell DL, Golper TA, Hulman PB, Thomas CM, West LM, Kubey WY, Holmes CJ. Comparison of large volume culture to other methods for isolation of microorganisms from dialysate. Perit Dial Int 1990; 10: 49–52.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  173. Luce E, Nakagawa D, Lovell J, Davis J, Stinebaugh BJ, Suki WN. Improvement in the bacteriologic diagnosis of peritonitis with the use of blood culture media. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 1982; 28: 259–262.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. McIntyre M, Trend V, Depoiy C. The microbiological diagnosis of CAPD peritonitis. Perit Dial Bull 1986; 6: 40–41.

    Google Scholar 

  175. Lye WC, Wong PL, Leong SO, Lee EJ. Isolation of organisms in CAPD peritonitis: a comparison of two techniques. Adv Perit Dial 1994; 10: 166–168.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  176. Alfa MJ, Degagne P, Olson N, Harding GK. Improved detection of bacterial growth in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis effluent by use of BacT/Alert FAN bottles. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35: 862–866.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Fenton P. Laboratory diagnosis of peritonitis in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. J Clin Pathol 1982; 35: 1181–1184.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. Dervisoglu E, Sayan M, Sengul E, Yilmaz A. Rapid diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculous peritonitis with real-time PCR in a peritoneal dialysis patient. APMIS 2006; 114: 656–658.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  179. Abraham G, Mathews M, Sekar L, Srikanth A, Sekar U, Soundarajan P. Tuberculous peritonitis in a cohort of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit Dial Int 2001; 21 (Suppl 3): S202–S204.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Lye WC. Rapid diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculous peritonitis in two continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients, using DNA amplification by polymerase chain reaction. Adv Perit Dial 2002; 18: 154–157.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Bezerra DA, Silva MB, Caramori JS, Sugizaki MF, Sadatsune T, Montelli AC, Barretti P. The diagnostic value of Gram stain for initial identification of the etiologic agent of peritonitis in CAPD patients. Perit Dial Int 1997; 17: 269–272.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Korzets Z, Erdberg A, Golan E, Ben-Chitrit S, Verner M, Rathaus V, Bernheim J. Frequent involvement of the internal cuff segment in CAPD peritonitis and exit-site infection – an ultrasound study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1996; 11: 336–339.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  183. Vychytil A, Lorenz M, Schneider B, Horl WH, Haag-Weber M. New criteria for management of catheter infections in peritoneal dialysis patients using ultrasonography. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998; 9: 290–296.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Domico J, Warman M, Jaykamur S, Sorkin MI. Is ultrasonography useful in predicting catheter loss? Adv Perit Dial 1993; 9: 231–232.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  185. Holley JL, Foulks CJ, Moss AH, Willard D. Ultrasound as a tool in the diagnosis and management of exit-site infections in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 1989; 14: 211–216.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  186. Vychytil A, Lilaj T, Lorenz M, Horl WH, Haag-Weber M. Ultrasonography of the catheter tunnel in peritoneal dialysis patients: what are the indications? Am J Kidney Dis 1999; 33: 722–727.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  187. Bunke M, Brier ME, Golper TA. Culture-negative CAPD peritonitis: the Network 9 Study. Adv Perit Dial 1994; 10: 174–178.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  188. Holley JL, Moss AH. A prospective evaluation of blood culture versus standard plate techniques for diagnosing peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 1989; 13: 184–188.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  189. Domrongkitchaiporn S, Karim M, Watson L, Moriarty M. The influence of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis connection technique on peritonitis rate and technique survival. Am J Kidney Dis 1994; 24: 50–58.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  190. Eisele G, Adewunni C, Bailie GR, Yocum D, Venezia R. Surreptitious use of antimicrobial agents by CAPD patients. Perit Dial Int 1993; 13:313–315.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  191. Pagniez DC, Vrtovsnik F, Delvallez L, Reade R, Dequiedt P, Tacquet A. Ofloxacin treatment may mask tuberculous peritonitis in CAPD patients. Perit Dial Int 1991; 11: 92–93.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  192. Burkart J, Haigler S, Caruana R, Hylander B.: Usefulness of peritoneal fluid amylase levels in the differential diagnosis of peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 1991; 1: 1186–1190.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  193. Caruana RJ, Burkart J, Segraves D, Smallwood S, Haymore J, Disher B.: Serum and peritoneal fluid amylase levels in CAPD. Normal values and clinical usefulness. Am J Nephrol 1987; 7: 169–172.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  194. Nankivell BJ, Lake N, Gillies A. Intracatheter streptokinase for recurrent peritonitis in CAPD. Clin Nephrol 1991; 35: 20–23.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  195. Karanicolas S, Oreopoulos DG, Izatt S, Shimizu A, Manning RF, Sepp H, de Veber GA, Darby T. Epidemic of aseptic peritonitis caused by endotoxin during chronic peritoneal dialysis. N Engl J Med 1977; 296: 1336–1337.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  196. Newman L, Friedlander M, Tessman M. More experience with Vancoled induced chemical peritonitis. Perit Dial Int 1990; 10: 182.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  197. Charney DI, Gouge SF. Chemical peritonitis secondary to intraperitoneal vancomycin. Am J Kidney Dis 1991; 17: 76–79.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  198. Smith TA, 2nd, Bailie GR, Eisele G. Chemical peritonitis associated with intraperitoneal vancomycin. DICP 1991; 25: 602–603.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  199. Freiman JP, Graham DJ, Reed TG, McGoodwin EB. Chemical peritonitis following the intraperitoneal administration of vancomycin. Perit Dial Int 1992; 12: 57–60.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  200. Coronel F, Martin-Rabadan P, Romero J. Chemical peritonitis after intraperitoneal administration of amphotericin B in a fungal infection of the catheter subcutaneous tunnel. Perit Dial Int 1993; 13: 161–162.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  201. Wang AY, Li PK, Lai KN. Comparison of intraperitoneal administration of two preparations of vancomycin in causing chemical peritonitis. Perit Dial Int 1996; 16: 172–174.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  202. Piraino B, Bernardini J, Johnston JR, Sorkin M, Chemical peritonitis due to intraperitoneal vancomycin (Vancoled). Perit Dial Bull 1987; 7: 156–159.

    Google Scholar 

  203. Goffin E, Scheiff JM; Transient sterile chemical peritonitis in a CAPD patient using icodextrin. Perit Dial Int 2002; 22: 90–91.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  204. Rozenberg R, Magen E, Weissgarten J, Korzets Z. Icodextrin-induced sterile peritonitis: the Israeli experience. Perit Dial Int 2006; 26: 402–405.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  205. Tintillier M, Pochet JM, Christophe JL, Scheiff JM, Goffin E. Transient sterile chemical peritonitis with icodextrin: clinical presentation, prevalence, and literature review. Perit Dial Int 2002; 22: 534–537.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  206. Piraino B, Bernardini J, Fried L, Johnston JR. Pain due to peritonitis. Perit Dial Int 1999; 19: 583–584.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  207. Bennett-Jones D, Wass V, Mawson P, Taube D, Neild G, Ogg C, Cameron JS, Williams DG. A comparison of intraperitoneal and intravenous/oral antibiotics in CAPD peritonitis. Perit Dial Bull 1987; 7: 31–33.

    Google Scholar 

  208. Keane WF, Everett ED, Golper TA, Gokal R, Halstenson C, Kawaguchi Y, Riella M, Vas S, Verbrugh HA. Peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis treatment recommendations. 1993 update. The Ad Hoc Advisory Committee on Peritonitis Management. International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis. Perit Dial Int 1993; 13: 14–28.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  209. Keane WF, Alexander SR, Bailie GR, Boeschoten E, Gokal R, Golper TA, Holmes CJ, Huang CC, Kawaguchi Y, Piraino B, Riella M, Schaefer F, Vas S. Peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis treatment recommendations: 1996 update. Perit Dial Int 1996; 16: 557–573.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  210. Finch RC, Holliday AP, Innes A, Burden RP, Morgan AG, Shaw PN, Harding I, Wale MC. Pharmacokinetic behavior of intraperitoneal teicoplanin during treatment of peritonitis complicating continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40: 1971–1972.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  211. Schaefer F, Klaus G, Muller-Wiefel DE, Mehls O. Intermittent versus continuous intraperitoneal glycopeptide/ceftazidime treatment in children with peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis. The Mid-European Pediatric Peritoneal Dialysis Study Group (MEPPS). J Am Soc Nephrol 1999; 10: 136–145.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  212. Golper T. Intermittent versus continuous antibiotics for PD-related peritonitis. Perit Dial Int 1997; 17: 11–12.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  213. Thomas JK, Forrest A, Bhavnani SM, Hyatt JM, Cheng A, Ballow CH, Schentag JJ. Pharmacodynamic evaluation of factors associated with the development of bacterial resistance in acutely ill patients during therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42: 521–527.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  214. Vas S, Bargman J, Oreopoulos D. Treatment in PD patients of peritonitis caused by gram-positive organisms with single daily dose of antibiotics. Perit Dial Int 1997; 17:91–94.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  215. Troidle L, Finkelstein F. Treatment and outcome of CPD-associated peritonitis. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2006; 5: 6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  216. Mulhern JG, Braden GL, O’Shea MH, Madden RL, Lipkowitz GS, Germain MJ. Trough serum vancomycin levels predict the relapse of gram-positive peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 1995; 25: 611–615.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  217. Piraino B, Bernardini J, Sorkin M. A five-year study of the microbiologic results of exit site infections and peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 1987; 10: 281–286.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  218. Borra SI, Chandarana J, Kleinfeld M. Fatal peritonitis due to group B beta-hemolytic streptococcus in a patient receiving chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 1992; 19: 375–377.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  219. Suh H, Wadhwa NK, Cabralda T, Sorrento J. Endogenous peritonitis and related outcome in peritoneal dialysis patients. Adv Perit Dial 1996; 12: 192–195.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  220. Sandoe JA, Gokal R, Struthers JK. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci and empirical vancomycin for CAPD peritonitis. Perit Dial Int 1997; 17: 617–618.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  221. Tokars JI, Gehr T, Jarvis WR, Anderson J, Armistead N, Miller ER, Parrish J, Qaiyumi S, Arduino M, Holt SC, Tenover FC, Westbrook G, Light P. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci colonization in patients at seven hemodialysis centers. Kidney Int 2001; 60: 1511–1516.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  222. Barbosa D, Lima L, Silbert S, Sader H, Cendoroglo M, Draibe S, Camargo L, Vianna L, Belasco A, Sesso R. Evaluation of the prevalence and risk factors for colonization by vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus among patients on dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 2004; 44: 337–343.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  223. Finelli L, Miller JT, Tokars JI, Alter MJ, Arduino MJ. National surveillance of dialysis-associated diseases in the United States, 2002. Semin Dial 2005; 18: 52–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  224. Berns JS. Infection with antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms in dialysis patients. Semin Dial 2003; 16: 30–37.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  225. O’Riordan A, Abraham KA, Ho JK, Walshe JJ. Vancomycin-resistant peritonitis associated with peritoneal dialysis: a cause for concern. Ir J Med Sci 2002; 171: 42–43.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  226. Lee J, Innes CP, Petyo CM. Vertigo in CAPD patients treated with intraperitoneal gentamicin. Perit Dial Int 1989; 9: 97.

    Google Scholar 

  227. Chong TK, Piraino B, Bernardini J. Vestibular toxicity due to gentamicin in peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit Dial Int 1991; 11: 152–155.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  228. Gendeh BS, Said H, Gibb AG, Aziz NS, Kong N, Zahir ZM. Gentamicin ototoxicity in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. J Laryngol Otol 1993; 107: 681–685.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  229. Kahlmeter G, Dahlager JI. Aminoglycoside toxicity – a review of clinical studies published between 1975 and 1982. J Antimicrob Chemother 1984; 13 (Suppl A):9–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  230. Nikolaidis P, Vas S, Lawson V, Kennedy-Vosu L, Bernard A, Abraham G, Izatt S, Khanna S, Bargman JM, Oreopoulos DG; Is intraperitoneal tobramycin ototoxic in CAPD patients? Perit Dial Int 1991; 11: 156–161.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  231. Szeto CC, Chow VC, Chow KM, Lai RW, Chung KY, Leung CB, Kwan BC, Li PK. Enterobacteriaceae peritonitis complicating peritoneal dialysis: a review of 210 consecutive cases. Kidney Int 2006; 69: 1245–1252.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  232. Fried LF, Bernardini J, Johnston JR, Piraino B. Peritonitis influences mortality in peritoneal dialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 1996; 7: 2176–2182.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  233. Ruiz A, Ramos B, Burgos D, Frutos MA, de Novales EL. Acinetobacter calcoaceticus peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. Perit Dial Int 1988; 8: 285–286.

    Google Scholar 

  234. Lye WC, Lee EJ, Leong SO, Kumarasinghe G. Clinical characteristics and outcome of Acinetobacter infections in CAPD patients. Perit Dial Int 1994; 14: 174–177.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  235. Szeto CC, Li PK, Leung CB, Yu AW, Lui SF, Lai KN. Xanthomonas maltophilia peritonitis in uremic patients receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 1997; 29: 91–95.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  236. Spence PA, Mathews RE, Khanna R, Oreopoulos DG. Indications for operation when peritonitis occurs in patients on chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1985; 161: 450–452.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  237. Miller GV, Bhandari S, Brownjohn AM, Turney JH, Benson EA. ‘Surgical' peritonitis in the CAPD patient. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1998; 80: 36–39.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  238. Morduchowicz G, van Dyk DJ, Wittenberg C, Winkler J, Boner G. Bacteremia complicating peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients. Am J Nephrol 1993; 13: 278–280.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  239. Bunke M, Brier ME, Golper TA. Pseudomonas peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients: the Network #9 Peritonitis Study. Am J Kidney Dis 1995; 25: 769–774.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  240. Krothapalli R, Duffy WB, Lacke C, Payne W, Patel H, Perez V, Senekjian HO. Pseudomonas peritonitis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Arch Intern Med 1982; 142: 1862–1863.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  241. Kazmi HR, Raffone FD, Kliger AS, Finkelstein FO. Pseudomonas exit site infections in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 1992; 2: 1498–1501.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  242. Rubin J, Kirchner K, Walsh D, Green M, Bower J. Fungal peritonitis during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: a report of 17 cases. Am J Kidney Dis 1987; 10: 361–368.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  243. Montane BS, Mazza I, Abitbol C, Zilleruelo G, Strauss J, Coakley S, Diaz R. Fungal peritonitis in pediatric patients. Adv Perit Dial 1998; 14: 251–254.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  244. Wang AY, Yu AW, Li PK, Lam PK, Leung CB, Lai KN, Lui SF. Factors predicting outcome of fungal peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis: analysis of a 9-year experience of fungal peritonitis in a single center. Am J Kidney Dis 2000; 36: 1183–1192.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  245. Hoch BS, Namboodiri NK, Banayat G, Neiderman G, Louis BM, Manohar NL, Lipner HI. The use of fluconazole in the management of Candida peritonitis in patients on peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 1993; 13: S357–S359.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  246. Montenegro J, Aguirre R, Gonzalez O, Martinez I, Saracho R. Fluconazole treatment of candida peritonitis with delayed removal of the peritoneal dialysis catheter. Clin Nephrol 1995; 44: 60–63.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  247. Chan TM, Chan CY, Cheng SW, Lo WK, Lo CY, Cheng IK. Treatment of fungal peritonitis complicating continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis with oral fluconazole: a series of 21 patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1994; 9: 539–542.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  248. Vargemezis V, Papadopoulou ZL, Liamos H, Belechri B, Natscheh T, Vergoulas G, Antoniadou R, Kilintzis V, Papadimitriou M. Management of fungal peritonitis during continous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Perit Dial Bull 1986; 6: 17–20.

    Google Scholar 

  249. Oh SH, Conley SB, Rose GM, Rosenblum M, Kohl S, Pickering LK. Fungal peritonitis in children undergoing peritoneal dialysis. Pediatr Infect Dis 1985; 4: 62–66.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  250. Nagappan R, Collins JF, Lee WT. Fungal peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis – the Auckland experience. Am J Kidney Dis 1992; 20: 492–496.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  251. Cheng IK, Chan PC, Chan MK. Tuberculous peritonitis complicating long-term peritoneal dialysis. Report of 5 cases and review of the literature. Am J Nephrol 1989; 9: 155–161.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  252. White R, Abreo K, Flanagan R, Gadallah M, Krane K, el-Shahawy M, Shakamuri S, McCoy R. Nontuberculous mycobacterial infections in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 1993; 22: 581–587.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  253. Smith JL, Flanigan MJ. Peritoneal dialysis catheter sepsis: a medical and surgical dilemma. Am J Surg 1987; 154: 602–607.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  254. Krishnan M, Thodis E, Ikonomopoulos D, Vidgen E, Chu M, Bargman JM, Vas SI, Oreopoulos DG. Predictors of outcome following bacterial peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 2002; 22: 573–581.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  255. Gokal R, Alexander S, Ash S, Chen TW, Danielson A, Holmes C, Joffe P, Moncrief J, Nichols K, Piraino B, Prowant B, Slingeneyer A, Stegmayr B, Twardowski Z, Vas S. Peritoneal catheters and exit-site practices toward optimum peritoneal access: 1998 update. (Official report from the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis). Perit Dial Int 1998; 18: 11–33.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  256. Flanigan M, Gokal R. Peritoneal catheters and exit-site practices toward optimum peritoneal access: a review of current developments. Perit Dial Int 2005; 25: 132–139.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  257. Schroder CH, Severijnen RS, de Jong MC, Monnens LA. Chronic tunnel infections in children: removal and replacement of the continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis catheter in a single operation. Perit Dial Int 1993; 13: 198–200.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  258. Swartz RD, Messana JM. Simultaneous catheter removal and replacement in peritoneal dialysis infections: update and current recommendations. Adv Perit Dial 1999; 15: 205–208.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  259. Mayo RR, Messana JM, Boyer CJ, Jr., Swartz RD. Pseudomonas peritonitis treated with simultaneous catheter replacement and removal. Perit Dial Int 1995; 15: 389–390.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  260. Swartz R, Messana J, Reynolds J, Ranjit U. Simultaneous catheter replacement and removal in refractory peritoneal dialysis infections. Kidney Int 1991; 40: 1160–1165.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  261. Majkowski NL, Mendley SR. Simultaneous removal and replacement of infected peritoneal dialysis catheters. Am J Kidney Dis 1997; 29: 706–711.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  262. Cancarini GC, Manili L, Brunori G, Camerini C, Zubani R, Colombrita D, Pezzola D, Maiorca R. Simultaneous catheter replacement-removal during infectious complications in peritoneal dialysis. Adv Perit Dial 1994; 10 :210–213.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  263. Posthuma N, Borgstein PJ, Eijsbouts Q, ter Wee PM. Simultaneous peritoneal dialysis catheter insertion and removal in catheter-related infections without interruption of peritoneal dialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998; 13: 700–703.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  264. Fredensborg BB, Meyer HW, Joffe P, Fugleberg S. Reinsertion of PD catheters during PD-related infections performed either simultaneously or after an intervening period. Perit Dial Int 1995; 15: 374–378.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  265. Goldraich I, Mariano M, Rosito N, Goldraich N. One-step peritoneal catheter replacement in children. Adv Perit Dial 1993; 9: 325–328.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  266. Szeto CC, Chow KM, Wong TY, Leung CB, Wang AY, Lui SF, Li PK. Feasibility of resuming peritoneal dialysis after severe peritonitis and Tenckhoff catheter removal. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002; 13: 1040–1045.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  267. Zorzanello MM, Fleming WJ, Prowant BE. Use of tissue plasminogen activator in peritoneal dialysis catheters: a literature review and one center's experience. Nephrol Nurs J 2004; 31: 534–537.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  268. Murphy G, Tzamaloukas AH, Eisenberg B, Gibel LJ, Avasthi PS. Intraperitoneal thrombolytic agents in relapsing or persistent peritonitis of patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Int J Artif Organs 1991; 14: 87–91.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  269. Innes A, Burden RP, Finch RG, Morgan AG. Treatment of resistant peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis with intraperitoneal urokinase: a double-blind clinical trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1994; 9: 797–799.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  270. Williams AJ, Boletis I, Johnson BF, Raftery AT, Cohen GL, Moorhead PJ, el Nahas AM, Brown CB. Tenckhoff catheter replacement or intraperitoneal urokinase: a randomised trial in the management of recurrent continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) peritonitis. Perit Dial Int 1989; 9: 65–67.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  271. Dasgupta MK. Use of streptokinase or urokinase in recurrent CAPD peritonitis. Adv Perit Dial 1991; 7: 169–172.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  272. Tong MK, Leung KT, Siu YP, Lee KF, Lee HK, Yung CY, Kwan TH, Au TC. Use of intraperitoneal urokinase for resistant bacterial peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. J Nephrol 2005; 18: 204–208.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  273. Heaton A, Rodger RS, Sellars L, Goodship TH, Fletcher K, Nikolakakis N, Ward MK, Wilkinson R, Kerr DN. Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis after the honeymoon: review of experience in Newcastle 1979–84. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1986; 293: 938–941.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  274. Golper TA, Hartstein AI. Analysis of the causative pathogens in uncomplicated CAPD-associated peritonitis: duration of therapy, relapses, and prognosis. Am J Kidney Dis 1986; 7: 141–145.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  275. Khanna R, Wu G, Vas S, Oreopoulos D. Mortality and morbidity on continous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. ASAIO J 1983; 6: 197–204.

    Google Scholar 

  276. Boroujerdi-Rad H, Juergensen P, Mansourian V, Kliger AS, Finkelstein FO. Abdominal abscesses complicating peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 1994; 23: 717–721.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  277. Viglino G, Cancarini G, Catizone L, Cocchi R, De Vecchi A, Lupo A, Salomone M, Segoloni GP, Giangrande A. The impact of peritonitis on CAPD results. Adv Perit Dial 1992; 8: 269–275.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  278. Maiorca R, Cancarini GC, Zubani R, Camerini C, Manili L, Brunori G, Movilli E. CAPD viability: a long-term comparison with hemodialysis. Perit Dial Int 1996; 16: 276–287.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  279. Aslam N, Bernardini J, Fried L, Piraino B. Trends in technique failure in the last decade. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999; 10: 311A.

    Google Scholar 

  280. Fox L, Tzamaloukas AH, Murata GH. Metabolic differences between persistent and routine peritonitis in CAPD. Adv Perit Dial 1992; 8: 346–350.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  281. Kawaguchi Y, Saito A, Kawanishi H, Nakayama M, Miyazaki M, Nakamoto H, Tranaeus A. Recommendations on the management of encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis in Japan, 2005: diagnosis, predictive markers, treatment, and preventive measures. Perit Dial Int 2005; 25 (Suppl 4): S83–S95.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  282. Kawanishi H, Kawaguchi Y, Fukui H, Hara S, Imada A, Kubo H, Kin M, Nakamoto M, Ohira S, Shoji T. Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis in Japan: a prospective, controlled, multicenter study. Am J Kidney Dis 2004; 44: 729–737.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  283. Summers AM, Brenchley PE. An international encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis registry and DNA bank: why we need one now. Perit Dial Int 2006; 26: 559–563.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  284. Yamamoto R, Otsuka Y, Nakayama M, Maruyama Y, Katoh N, Ikeda M, Yamamoto H, Yokoyama K, Kawaguchi Y, Matsushima M. Risk factors for encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis in patients who have experienced peritoneal dialysis treatment. Clin Exp Nephrol 2005; 9: 148–152.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  285. Hendriks PM, Ho-dac-Pannekeet MM, van Gulik TM, Struijk DG, Phoa SS, Sie L, Kox C, Krediet RT. Peritoneal sclerosis in chronic peritoneal dialysis patients: analysis of clinical presentation, risk factors, and peritoneal transport kinetics. Perit Dial Int 1997; 17: 136–143.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  286. Nomoto Y, Kawaguchi Y, Kubo H, Hirano H, Sakai S, Kurokawa K. Sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: a report of the Japanese Sclerosing Encapsulating Peritonitis Study Group. Am J Kidney Dis 1996; 28: 420–427.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  287. Dobbie JW. Pathogenesis of peritoneal fibrosing syndromes (sclerosing peritonitis) in peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 1992; 12: 14–27.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  288. Davies SJ, Bryan J, Phillips L, Russell GI. Longitudinal changes in peritoneal kinetics: the effects of peritoneal dialysis and peritonitis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1996; 11: 498–506.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  289. Rubin J, Hsu H. Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: ten years at one facility. Am J Kidney Dis 1991; 17: 165–169.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  290. Murata GH, Fox L, Tzamaloukas AH. Predicting the course of peritonitis in patients receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Arch Intern Med 1993; 153: 2317–2321.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  291. Dryden MS, Ludlam HA, Wing AJ, Phillips I. Active intervention dramatically reduces CAPD-associated infection. Adv Perit Dial 1991; 7: 125–128.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  292. Miller TE, Findon G. Touch contamination of connection devices in peritoneal dialysis – a quantitative microbiologic analysis. Perit Dial Int 1997; 17: 560–567.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  293. Oreopoulos DG, Vas SI, Khanna R. Prevention of peritonitis during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Bull 1983; 3: S18–S22.

    Google Scholar 

  294. Dabbagh S, Fassinger N, Clement K, Fleischmann LE. The effect of aggressive nutrition on infection rates in patients maintained on peritoneal dialysis. Adv Perit Dial 1991; 7: 161–164.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  295. Bender FH, Bernardini J, Piraino B. Prevention of infectious complications in peritoneal dialysis: best demonstrated practices. Kidney Int Suppl 2006; (103): S44–S54.

    Google Scholar 

  296. Gadallah MF, Ramdeen G, Mignone J, Patel D, Mitchell L, Tatro S. Role of preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis in preventing postoperative peritonitis in newly placed peritoneal dialysis catheters. Am J Kidney Dis 2000; 36: 1014–1019.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  297. Bennett-Jones DN, Martin J, Barratt AJ, Duffy TJ, Naish PF, Aber GM. Prophylactic gentamicin in the prevention of early exit-site infections and peritonitis in CAPD. Adv Perit Dial 1988; 4: 147–150.

    Google Scholar 

  298. Wikdahl AM, Engman U, Stegmayr BG, Sorenssen JG. One-dose cefuroxime i.v. and i.p. reduces microbial growth in PD patients after catheter insertion. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1997; 12: 157–160.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  299. Lye WC, Lee EJ, Tan CC. Prophylactic antibiotics in the insertion of Tenckhoff catheters. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1992; 26: 177–180.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  300. Crabtree JH, Burchette RJ. Prospective comparison of downward and lateral peritoneal dialysis catheter tunnel-tract and exit-site directions. Perit Dial Int 2006; 26: 677–683.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  301. Lye WC, Leong SO, van der Straaten J, Lee EJ. Staphylococcus aureus CAPD-related infections are associated with nasal carriage. Adv Perit Dial 1994; 10: 163–165.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  302. Mupirocin Study Group. Nasal mupirocin prevents Staphylococcus aureus exit-site infection during peritoneal dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 1996; 7: 2403–2408.

    Google Scholar 

  303. Hanevold CD, Fisher MC, Waltz R, Bartosh S, Baluarte HJ. Effect of rifampin on Staphylococcus aureus colonization in children on chronic peritoneal dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol 1995; 9: 609–611.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  304. Crabtree JH, Hadnott LL, Burchette RJ, Siddiqi RA. Outcome and clinical implications of a surveillance and treatment program for Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in peritoneal dialysis patients. Adv Perit Dial 2000; 16: 271–275.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  305. Lim CT, Wong KS, Foo MW. The impact of topical mupirocin on peritoneal dialysis infection in Singapore General Hospital. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005; 20: 2202–2206.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  306. Uttley L, Vardhan A, Mahajan S, Smart B, Hutchison A, Gokal R. Decrease in infections with the introduction of mupirocin cream at the peritoneal dialysis catheter exit site. J Nephrol 2004; 17: 242–245.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  307. Mahajan S, Tiwari SC, Kalra V, Bhowmik DM, Agarwal SK, Dash SC, Kumar P. Effect of local mupirocin application on exit-site infection and peritonitis in an Indian peritoneal dialysis population. Perit Dial Int 2005; 25: 473–477.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  308. Rao SP, Oreopoulos DG. Unusual complications of a polyurethane PD catheter. Perit Dial Int 1997; 17: 410–412.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  309. Perez-Fontan M, Rosales M, Rodriguez-Carmona A, Falcon TG, Valdes F. Mupirocin resistance after long-term use for Staphylococcus aureus colonization in patients undergoing chronic peritoneal dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 2002; 39: 337–341.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  310. Kauffman CA, Terpenning MS, He X, Zarins LT, Ramsey MA, Jorgensen KA, Sottile WS, Bradley SF. Attempts to eradicate methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from a long-term-care facility with the use of mupirocin ointment. Am J Med 1993; 94: 371–378.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  311. Slocombe B, Perry C. The antimicrobial activity of mupirocin – an update on resistance. J Hosp Infect 1991; 19 (Suppl B): 19–25.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  312. Williams PF, Moncrieff N, Marriott J. No benefit in using nystatin prophylaxis against fungal peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit Dial Int 2000; 20: 352–353.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  313. Lo WK, Chan CY, Cheng SW, Poon JF, Chan DT, Cheng IK. A prospective randomized control study of oral nystatin prophylaxis for Candida peritonitis complicating continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 1996; 28: 549–552.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  314. Thodis E, Vas SI, Bargman JM, Singhal M, Chu M, Oreopoulos DG. Nystatin prophylaxis: its inability to prevent fungal peritonitis in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 1998; 18: 583–589.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  315. Robitaille P, Merouani A, Clermont MJ, Hebert E. Successful antifungal prophylaxis in chronic peritoneal dialysis: a pediatric experience. Perit Dial Int 1995; 15: 77–79.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  316. Zaruba K, Peters J, Jungbluth H. Successful prophylaxis for fungal peritonitis in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: six years' experience. Am J Kidney Dis 1991; 17: 43–46.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  317. Wadhwa NK, Suh H, Cabralda T. Antifungal prophylaxis for secondary fungal peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients. Adv Perit Dial 1996; 12: 189–191.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  318. Montenegro J, Saracho R, Aguirre R, Martinez I, Iribar I, Ocharan J. Exit-site care with ciprofloxacin otologic solution prevents polyurethane catheter infection in peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit Dial Int 2000; 20: 209–214.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  319. Churchill DN, Taylor DW, Vas SI, Singer J, Beecroft ML, Wu G, Manuel A, Paton T, Walker S, Smith EKM, Oreopoulos DG. Peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients: a randomized clinical trial of cotrimoxazole prophylaxis. Perit Dial Int 1988; 8: 125–129.

    Google Scholar 

  320. Low DE, Vas SI, Oreopoulos DG, Manuel MA, Saiphoo MM, Finer C, Dombros N. Prophylactic cephalexin ineffective in chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Lancet 1980; 2: 753–754.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  321. Sharma BK, Rodriguez H, Gandhi VC, Smith EC, Pillay VK, Dunea G. Trial of oral neomycin during peritoneal dialysis. Am J Med Sci 1971; 262: 175–178.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  322. Borg D, Shetty A, Williams D, Faber MD. Fivefold reduction in peritonitis using a multifaceted continuous quality initiative program. Adv Perit Dial 2003; 19: 202–205.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  323. Kim GC, Korbet SM. Polymicrobial peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2000; 36: 1000–1008.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  324. Nguyen V, Swartz RD, Reynolds J, Wilson D, Port FK. Successful treatment of Pseudomonas peritonitis during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Am J Nephrol 1987; 7: 38–43.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  325. Szeto CC, Chow KM, Leung CB, Wong TY, Wu AK, Wang AY, Lui SF, Li PK. Clinical course of peritonitis due to Pseudomonas species complicating peritoneal dialysis: a review of 104 cases. Kidney Int 2001; 59: 2309–2315.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  326. Van Biesen W, Vanholder R, Vogelaers D, Peleman R, Verschraegen G, Vijt D, Lameire N. The need for a center-tailored treatment protocol for peritonitis. Perit Dial Int 1998; 18: 274–281.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  327. Zelenitsky S, Barns L, Findlay I, Alfa M, Ariano R, Fine A, Harding G. Analysis of microbiological trends in peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis from 1991 to 1998. Am J Kidney Dis 2000; 36: 1009–1013.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  328. Mujais S. Microbiology and outcomes of peritonitis in North America. Kidney Int Suppl 2006; 70 (Suppl 103): S55–S62.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to L. Fried .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Fried, L., Piraino, B. (2009). Peritonitis. In: Khanna, R., Krediet, R.T. (eds) Nolph and Gokal's Textbook of Peritoneal Dialysis. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-78940-8_19

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-78940-8_19

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-387-78939-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-387-78940-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics