Abstract
The regulatory network that controls formation of the various components of the photosynthetic machinery becomes evident when late steps of chlorophyll biosynthesis are investigated by deregulation. A major regulatory point is revealed by a dark-to-light shift revealing the interplay between the light dependent reduction of protochlorophyllide a to chlorophyllide a with phase transitions of plastid membranes and stable accumulation of chlorophyll a-binding proteins. The second part deals with chlorophyll b formation, details of which are controversially disputed in the literature. This is connected with the formation of nuclear-encoded proteins of light-harvesting complexes; expression of their genes, in turn, responds to plastid signals one of which is a chlorophyll precursor. Finally, a hypothetical role for carotenoids to maintain a well-regulated tetrapyrrole pathway will be discussed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Domanskii V, Rüdiger W. On the nature of the two pathways in chlorophyll formation from protochlorophyllide//Photosynthesis Research. Photosynth Res 2001; 68:131–139.
Domanskii V, Rassadina V, Gus-Mayer S et al. Characterization of two phases of chlorophyll formation during greening of etiolated barley leaves. Planta 2003; 216:475–483.
Schmid HC, Rassadina V, Oster U et al. Preloading of chlorophyll synthase with tetraprenyl diphosphate is an obligatory step in chlorophyll biosynthesis. Biol Chem 2002; 383:1769–1776.
Oliver RP, Griffiths T. Pigment-protein complexes of illuminated etiolated leaves. Plant Physiol 1982; 70:1019–1025.
Keller Y, Bouvier FD, Harlingue A. Metabolic compartmentation of plastid prenyllipid biosynthesis-Evidence for the involvement of a multifunctional geranylgeranyl reductase. Eur J Biochem 1998; 251:413–417.
Schmid HC, Oster U, Kögel J et al. Cloning and characterisation of chlorophyll synthase from Avena sativa. Biol Chem 2001; 382:903–911.
Benz J, Fischer I, Rüdiger W. Determination of phythyl diphosphate and geranylgeranyldiphosphate in etiolated oat seedlings. Phytochemistry 1983; 22:2801–2804.
Schoefs B, Bertrand M. The formation of chlorophyll from chlorophyllide in leaves containing proplastids is a four-step process. FEBS Lett 2000; 486:243–246.
Tanaka, R, Oster U, Kruse E et al. Reduced activity of geranylgeranyl reductase leads to loss of chlorophyll and tocopherol and to partially geranylgeranylated Chlorophyll in transgenic tobacco plants expressing antisense RNA for geranylgeranyl reductase. Plant Physiol 1999; 120:695–704.
Benz J, Haser A, Rüdiger W. Changes in the endogenous pools of tetraprenyl diphosphates in etiolated oat seedlings after irradiation. Z Pflanzenphysiol 1983; 111:349–356.
Benz J, Hampp R, Rüdiger W. Chlorophyll biosynthesis by Mesophyll protoplasts and plastids from etiolated oat (Avena sativa L.) leaves. Planta 1981; 152:54–58.
Eichacker LA, Soll J, Lauterbach P et al. In vitro synthesis of Chlorophyll a in the dark triggers accumulation of Chlorophyll a apoproteins in barley etioplasts. J Biol Chem 1990; 265:13566–13571
Kim J, Eichacker LA, Rüdiger W et al. Chlorophyll regulates accumulation of the plastid-encoded chlorophyll proteins P700 and Dl by increasing apoprotein stability. Plant Physiol 1994; 104:907–916.
Eichacker LA, Helfrich M, Rüdiger W et al. Stabilization of chlorophyll a-binding apoproteins P700, CP47, CP43, D2, and Dl by chlorophyll a or Zn-pheophytin a. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:32174–32179.
Böddi B, Lindsten A, Ryberg M et al. On the aggregational states of protochlorophyllide and its protein complexes in wheat etioplasts. Physiol. Plant 1989; 76:135–143.
Böddi B, Lindsten A, Ryberg M et al. Phototransformation of aggregated forms of protochlorophyllide in isolated etioplast inner membranes. Photochem Photobiol 1990; 52:83–87.
Ryberg M, Dehesh K. Localization of NADPH-protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase in dark-grown wheat (Triticum aestivum) by immuno-electron microscopy before and after transformation of the prolamellar bodies. Physiol Plant 1986; 66:616–624.
Zhong LB, Wiktorsson B, Ryberg M et al. The Shibata shift: Effects of in vitro conditions on the spectral blue shift of chlorophyllide in irradiated isolated prolamellar bodies. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol 1996; 36:263–270.
Selstam E, Widell Wigge A. Chloroplast lipids and the assembly of membranes. In: Sundqvist C, Ryberg M, eds. Pigment-protein complexes in plastids, synthesis and assembly. San Diego: Academic Press, 1993:241–277.
Lindsten A, Welch CJ, Schoch S et al. Chlorophyll synthetase is latent in well preserved prolamellar bodies of etiolated wheat. Physiol Plant 1990; 80:277–285.
Reinbothe C, Lebedev N, Reinbothe S. A protochlorophyllide light-harvesting complex involved in detiolation of higher plants. Nature 1999; 397:80–84.
Reinbothe S, Pollmann S, Reinbothe C. In situ conversion of protochlorophyllide b to protochlorophyllide a in barley. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:800–806.
Tanaka A, Ito H, Tanaka R et al. Chlorophyll a oxygenase (CAO) is involved on chlorophyll b formation from chlorophyll a. Proc. Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95:12719–12723.
Espineda CE, Linford AS, Devine D et al. The AtCAO gene, encoding chlorophyll a oxygenase, is required for chlorophyll b synthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96:10507–10511.
Oster U, Tanaka R, Tanaka A et al. Cloning and functional expression of the gene encoding the key enzyme for chlorophyll b biosynthesis (CAO) from Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J 2000; 21:305–310.
Rüdiger W. Biosynthesis of chlorophyll b and the chlorophyll cycle. Photosynth. Res 2002; 74:187–193.
Tanaka R, Koshino Y, Sawa S et al. Overexpression of chlorophyllide a oxygenase (CAO) enlarges the antenna size of photosystem II in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J 2001; 26:365–373.
Satoh S, Ikeuchi M, Mimuro M et al. Chlorophyll b expressed in cyanobacteria functions as a light-harvesting antenna in photosystem I through flexibility of the proteins. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:4293–4297.
Xu H, Vavilin D, Vermaas W. Chlorophyll b can serve as the major pigment in functional photo-system II complexes of cyanobacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98:14168–14173.
Xu H, Vavilin D, Vermaas W. The presence of chlorophyllb in Synechocystis sp. PCC. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:42726–42732.
Rodermel S. Pathways of plastid-to-nucleus signalling. Trends Plant Sci 2001; 6:471–478.
Strand A, Asami T, Alonso J et al. Chloroplast to nucleus communication triggered by accumulation of Mg-protoporphyrinIX. Nature 2003; 421:79–83.
Kittsteiner U, Brunner H, Rüdiger W. The greening process in cress seedlings. II. Complexing agents and 5-aminolevulinate inhibit accumulation of cab-mRNA coding for the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein. Physiol Plant 1991; 81:190–196.
La Rocca N, Rascio N, Oster U et al. Amitrole treatment of etiolated barley seedlings leads to deregulation of tetrapyrrole synthesis and to reduced expression of Lhc and RbcS genes. Planta 2001; 213:101–108.
Kropat J, Oster U, Rüdiger W et al. Chlorophyll precursors are signals of chloroplast origin involved in light induction of nuclear heat-shock genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94:14168–14172.
Kropat J, Oster U, Rüdiger W et al. Chloroplast signalling in the light induction of nuclear HSP70 genes requires the accumulation of chlorophyll precursors and their accessibility to cytoplasm/nucleus. Plant J 2000; 24:523–531.
Schroda M, Kropat J, Oster U et al. Possible role for molecular chaperones in assembly and repair of photosystem IL Biochem. Soc Trans 2001; 29:413–418.
Pöpperl G, Oster U, Rüdiger W. Light-dependent increase in chlorophyll precursors during the day-night cycle in tobacco and barley seedlings. J Plant Physiol 1998; 153:40–45.
Sullivan JA, Gray JC. Plastid translation is required for the expression of nuclear photosynthesis genes in the dark and in roots of the pea lip 1 mutant. Plant Cell 1999; 11:901–910.
Maxwell DP, Laudenbach DE, Huner NPA. Redox regulation of light-harvesting complex II and cab mRNA abundance in Dunaliella salina. Plant Physiol 1995; 109:787–795.
Escoubas JM, Lomas M, La Roche J et al. Light intensity regulation of cab gene transcription is signaled by the redox state of the plastoquinone pool. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92:10237–10241.
Streatfield SJ, Weber A, Konsman EA et al. The phosphoenolpyruvate/phosphate translocator is required for phenolic metabolism, palisade cell development and plastid-dependent nuclear gene expression. Plant Cell 1999; 11:1609–1622.
Karpinski S, Reynolds H, Karpinska B et al. Systemic signalling and acclimation in response to excess excitation energy in Arabidopsis. Science 1999; 284:654–657.
Hörtensteiner S, Vicentini F, Matile P. Chlorophyll breakdown in senescent cotyledons of rape, Brassica napus L: Enzymatic cleavage of phaeophorbide a in vitro. New Phytol 1995; 129:237–246.
Kräutler B, Matile P. Solving the riddle of chlorophyll breakdown. Acc Chem Res 1999; 32:35–43.
Gossauer A, Engel N. New trends in photobiology: Chlorophyll catabolism—structures, mechanisms, conversions. J Photochem Photobiol B 1996; 32:141–151.
Scheumann V, Klement H, Helfrich M et al. Protochlorophyllide b does not occur in barley etioplasts. FEBS Lett 1999; 445:445–448.
Armstrong GA, Apel K, Rüdiger W. Does a light-harvesting protochlorophyllide a/b-binding protein complex exist? Trends Plant Sci 2000; 5:40–44.
Reinbothe C, Buhr F, Pollmann S et al. In vitro reconstitution of light-harvesting POR-protochlorophyllide complex with protochlorophyllides a and b. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:807–815.
Schoch S, Helfrich M, Wiktorsson B et al. Photoreduction of Zinc-protopheophorbide b with NADPH-protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase from etiolated wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Eur J Biochem 1995; 229:291–298.
Helfrich M, Schoch S, Schäfer W et al. Absolute configuration of protochlorophyllide alpha and substrate specificity of NADPH-protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase. J Am Chem Soc 1996; 118:2606–2611.
Kolossov VL, Rebeiz CA. Chloroplast biogenesis 88. Protochlorophyllide b occurs in green but not in etiolated plants. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:49675–49678.
Paulsen H, Schmid VHR. Analysis and reconstitution of chlorophyll proteins. In: Witty M, Smith AG, eds. Analytical Methods in Heme, Chlorophyll, and Related Molecules. Natick: Eaton Publishing, 2001:235–254.
Böger P. Mode of action of herbicides affecting carotenogenesis. J Pesticide Sci 1996; 21:473–478.
Rassadina V, Domanskii V, Averina NG et al. Correlation between chlorophyllide esterification, Shibata shift and regeneration of protochlorophyllide650 in flash-irradiated etiolated barley leaves. Physiol Plant 2004; 121:556–567.
Rocca NL, Rascio N, Oster U et al. Inhibition of lycopene cylase results in accumulation of chlorophyll precursors. Planta 2007; 225:1019–1029.
Moulin M, McCormac AC, Terry MJ et al. Tetrapyrrole profiling in Arabidopsis seedlings reveals that retrograde plastid nuclear signaling is not due to Mg-protoporphyrin IX accumulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008; 105:15178–15183.
Mochizuki N, Tanaka R, Tanaka A et al. The steady-state level of Mg-protoporphyrin IX is not a determinant of plastid-to-nucleus signaling in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008; 105:15184–15189.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Landes Bioscience and Springer Science+Business Media
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rüdiger, W. (2009). Regulation of the Late Steps of Chlorophyll Biosynthesis. In: Tetrapyrroles. Molecular Biology Intelligence Unit. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-78518-9_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-78518-9_16
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-78517-2
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-78518-9
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)