Abstract
Pricing Internet bandwidth is of growing importance as the Internet grows and matures. While many residential consumers have “flat rate” Internet pricing, the pricing policies facing campus, regional, and metropolitan-area networks are becoming more complex. While it may be possible to price every bit or packet of data, this pricing policy requires significantly additional accounting and billing overhead to make it practical. Instead, many Internet Service Providers (ISPs) are using a form of aggregate statistics to determine prices. This class of pricing policies—wherein the pricing algorithm is determined ex-ante but the charge is calculated after the fact—we call “ex-post” because the charges are determined after the traffic has been sent.
In this paper, we construct a framework that identifies the mechanisms and goals of Internet pricing. We use this framework to argue that charging models that have better user accountability and are likely to be implemented could achieve these goals through better network management.
Expanding on the potential for ex-post charging, we construct a general form of an ex-post charging model. This model determines prices using metrics describing both the utilization and burstiness of network traffic. We then provide examples of the general form of the ex-post pricing model using three different ways of characterizing utilization and burstiness: 1) effective bandwidth, 2) token buckets, and 3) using first and second moments of the traffic distribution and the moving average of the traffic distribution.
Finally, we discuss the implications of ex-post Internet charging. We discuss the granularity or sampling rate that is reasonable given the cost of collecting traffic data and the need for accurate representation of the traffic using aggregate statistics. We also explore the possibility of new business opportunities for ISPs to use ex-post Internet pricing to better manage their Internet Protocol (IP) networks and compete in the market.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
D. Bertsekas and R. Gallager. Data Networks. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, second edition, 1992.
N. Brownlee. Internet Economics, chapter Internet Pricing in Practice, pages 77–90. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1997.
David B. Clark. Internet Economics, chapter Internet Cost Allocation and Pricing, pages 215–252. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1997.
R. Guérin, H. Ahmadi, and M. Naghshineh. Equivalent capacity and its application to bandwidth allocation in high-speed networks. IEEE J Sel. Areas in Commun., 9(7):968– 981, 1991.
J. Hui. Resource allocation for broadband networks. IEEE J Sel. Areas in Commun., 6(9):1598–1608, 1988.
F. P. Kelly. Effective bandwidths at multi-class queues. Queueing Systems, 9:5–16, 1991.
M. Mandjes and N. van Foreest. Aspects of pricing in an integrated services network. Working paper, Bell Labs, Lucent Technologies, 1999.
Steven McCanne and V. Jacobson. The bsd packet filter: A new architecture for userlevel packet capture. In USENIX Technical Conference Proceedings, pages 259–269, San Diego, Winter 1993. USENIX.
Lee W. McKnight and Joseph P Bailey. Internet Economics. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1997.
V. Siris, D. J. Songhurst, G. D. Stamoulis, and M. Stoer. Usage-based charging using effect bandwidth: Studies and reality. Technical Report 243, ICS-FORTH, January 1999.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bailey, J.P., Nagel, J., Raghavan, S. (2008). Ex-Post Internet Charging. In: Raghavan, S., Golden, B., Wasil, E. (eds) Telecommunications Modeling, Policy, and Technology. Operations Research/Computer Science Interfaces, vol 44. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-77780-1_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-77780-1_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-77779-5
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-77780-1
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)