Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Disclaimer: The opinions expressed in this chapter are only of authors and do not necessarily reflect the policy and statements of the FDA.
References
21 CFR, 5. FDA organization. Code of Federal Registrar.
21CFR 211.65. Equipment construction. Code of Federal Registrar.
21CFR 310.305. Records and reports concerning adverse drug experiences on marketed prescription drugs for human use without approved new drug applications. Code of Federal Registrar.
21CFR 312.32. IND safety reports. Code of Federal Registrar.
21CFR 314.80. Post marketing reporting of adverse drug experiences. Code of Federal Registrar.
21 USC, § 371. Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act.
Abraxis (2007). Abraxis BioScience to initiate two phase I/II clinical trials with nab-docetaxel in hormone refractory prostate and metastatic breast cancer. Business wire; http://www.abraxisbio.com.
Advanced Magnetic Inc Website (2007). http://www.advancedmagnetics.com.
Akerman, M. E., Chan, W. C. W., Laakkonen, P., Bhatia, S. N., & Ruoslahti, E. (2002). Nanocrystal targeting in vivo. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99, 12617–12621.
Altair Nanotechnologies Website (2007). www.altairnano.com.
ANF. (2004). Asia Nano Forum; http://www.asia-nano.org.
Arshady, R. (1988). Preparation of polymer nano- and microspheres by vinyl polymerization techniques. Journal of Microencapsulation, 5, 101–114.
ASTM. (2006). Terminology for nanotechnology. American Standards for Testing and Materials, E2456-06.
Bakalova, R., Ohba, H., Zhelev, Z., Ishikawa, M., & Baba, Y. (2004). Quantum dots as photosensitizers? Nature Biotechnology, 22, 1360–1362.
Beaver, E. R. (2004). Implications of nanomaterials manufacture and use. USEPA Nanotechnology STAR Review; http://es.epa.gov/ncer/publications/workshop/8–18–04/ppt/beaver–2.ppt
Biodelivery sciences. http://www.biosantepharma.com/Products.php
Biosante Pharmaceuticals Website. www.biosantepharma.com
Borm, P. J. A., & Kreyling, W. (2004). Toxicological hazards of inhaled nanoparticles- potential implications for drug delivery. Journal of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, 4, 521–531.
Brannon-Peppas, L., & Blanchette, J. O. (2004). Nanoparticle and targeted systems for cancer therapy. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 56, 1649–1659.
Cell Therapeutics Inc. (2007). CTI files for special protocol assessment (SPA) for XYOTAX(TM) PGT307 lung cancer trial in women. PR Newswire-FirstCall, March 20; www.celltherapeutics.com
Chandrasekaran, T. (1993). Effect of microstructure and hardness on the grinding abrasive wear-resistance of a ball-bearing steel. Wear, 161, 105–109.
Chattopadhyay, P., & Gupta, R. B. (2001a). Production of griseofulvin nanoparticles using supercritical CO2 antisolvent with enhanced mass transfer. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 228, 9–31.
Chattopadhyay, P., & Gupta, R. B. (2001b). Production of antibiotic nanoparticles using supercritical CO2 as antisolvent with enhanced mass transfer. Industrial Engineering & Chemical Research, 40, 3530–3539.
Constancis, A., Meyrueix, R., Bryson, N., Huille, S., Grosselin, J. M., Gulik-Krzywicki, T., & Soula, G. (1999). Macromolecular colloids of diblock poly(amino acids) that bind insulin. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 217, 357–368
Crititech. http://www.crititech.com/currentRD.html
CRN. (2007). What is nanotechnology. Center for Responsible Nanotechnology; http://www.crnano.org/whatis.htm
Crommelin, D. J. A. (1994). Liposomes. In J. Kreuter (Ed.) Colloidal Drug Delivery Systems, (pp. 219–342) New York: Marcel Dekker.
CytImmune Sciences, Inc. http://www.cytimmune.com/go.cfm?do=Page.View&pid=14
Davidson, R. N., Croft, S. L., Scott, A., Maini, M., Moody, A. H., & Bryceson, A. D. (1991). Liposomal amphotericin B in drug-resistant visceral leishmaniasis. Lancet, 337, 1061–1062.
Davies, J. C. (2006). Managing the effects of nanotechnology. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholar: Project on emerging nanotechnology, Washington D. C.; http://nanotechproject.org/index.php?s=reports
De Keyser, J., De Cock, C., Poupaert, J. H., & Dumont, P. (1989). Synthesis of 14C labeled acrylic derivatives: diethyl [3-14C] methylidenemalonate and isobutyl [3-14C] cyanoacrylate. Journal of labeled compounds & radiopharmaceuticals, 27, 909–916.
De Keyser, J., Poupaert, J. H., & Dumont, P. (1991). Poly (diethyl methylidenemalonate) nanoparticles as a potential drug carrier: preparation, distribution and elimination after intravenous and peroral administration to mice. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 80, 67–70.
Dendrimer resource page. Starpharma Holdings Ltd; http://www.starpharma.com/dendrimers.asp
Donaldson, K., Brown, M. D., Cloucer, A., Duffin, R., MacNee, W., Renwick, I., & Stone, V. (2002). The pulmonary toxicology of ultrafine particles. Journal of Aerosol Medicine, 15, 213–220.
Dubey, R. (2006). Pure drug nanosuspension: Impact of nanosuspension technology on drug discovery and development. Drug Delivery Technology, 6, 65–71.
Duncan, R. (2003). The growing era of polymer therapeutics, Nature Reviews, 2, 347–360.
Elan Drug Technologies. http://www.elan.com/edt/drug_optimization/nanocrystal_technology.asp
Elder, A., Gelein, R., Silva, V., Feikert, T., Opanashuk, L., Carter, J., Potter, R., Maynard, A., Ito, Y., Finkelstein, J., & Oberdorster, G. (2006). Translocation of inhaled ultrafine manganese oxide particles to the central nervous system. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114, 1172–1178.
Elghanian, R., Storhoff, J. J., Mucic, R. C., Letsinger, R. L., & Mirkin, C. A. (1997). Selective Colorimetric Detection of Polynucleotides Based on the Distance-Dependent Optical Properties of Gold Nanoparticles. Science, 277, 1078–1081.
EPA Science Policy Council – Nanotechnology Workgroup. (2007). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Nanotechnology: White Paper, February. US Environmental Protection Agency; http://es.epa.gov/ncer/nano/publications/whitepaper12022005.pdf
FDA. Food and Drug Administration; http://www.fda.gov.
Flamel Technologies. http://www.flamel.com/techAndProd/index.shtml
Fivestar tech. http://www.fivestartech.com/technology/
Gao, X., Cui, Y., Levenson, R. M., Chung, L. W. K., & Nie, S. (2004). In vivo cancer targeting and imaging with semiconductor quantum dots. Nature Biotechnology, 22, 969–976.
Garner, R. C., Garner, J. V., Gregory, S., Whattam, M., Calam, A., & Leong, D. (2002). Comparison of the absorption of micronized (Daflon 500 mg) and nonmicronized 14C-diosmin tablets after oral administration to healthy volunteers by accelerator mass spectrometry and liquid scintillation counting. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 91, 32–40.
Granum, B., & Lovik, M. (2002). The effect of particles on allergic immune response. Toxicological Sciences, 65, 7–17.
Gupta, R. B., & Chattopadhyay, P. (2000). Method of forming nanoparticles and microparticles of controllable size using supercritical fluids and ultrasound. US Provisional Patent, 60/206,644.
Haskell, R. (2006). Physical characterization of nanoparticles. In R. Gupta, & U. Kompella (Eds.) Nanoparticle Technology for Drug Delivery (pp103–138) NY: Taylor & Francis.
He, Q., Mitchell, A. R., Johnson, S. L., Wagner-Bartak, C., Morcol, T., & Bell, S. (2000). Calcium phosphate nanoparticle adjuvant. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, 7, 899–903.
Hett, A. (2004). Nanotechnology: small matter, many unknowns. Zurich, Switzerland, Swiss Re.
Hollister, K. R., Ladd, D., McIntire, G., Na, G., Rajagopalan, N., & Yuan, B. (1994). Use of purified surface modifiers to prevent particle aggregation during sterilization, US Patent number: 5352459, 1994
How big is nanotechnology for Europe? The Commission launches an open consultation, Brussels, 30 (July 2004); http://ec.europa.eu/research/press/2004/pr3007en.cfm
Huang, F., Gilbert, B., Zhang, H., & Banfield, J. F. (2004). Reversible, surface-controlled structure transformation in nanoparticles induced by an aggregation state. Physical Review Letters, 92, 155501.
ICHQ3C (R3). (1988). Impurities: Residual solvents. International Conference on Harmonization.
ICHQ8. (2004). Pharmaceutical Development. International Conference on Harmonization.
ICHQ9. (2005). Quality risk management. International Conference on Harmonization.
ICH S6. (1997). Preclinical safety evaluation of biotechnology derived pharmaceuticals. ICH harmonized tripartite guideline, International Conference on Harmonization.
ICON. (2004). International Conference on Nanotechnology. In Nanotechnology, Small size, large impact? Swiss Re. Risk dialogue series, Center for global dialogue, December.
ICTA. (2006). CTA and Friends of the Earth Challenge FDA to Regulate Nanoparticles at FDA Hearing, International Center for Technology Assessment; http://www.icta.org/press/release.cfm?news_id=21
Isabelle, P., Jean-Philippe, B., Jacques, P., & Alain, F. (2003). Surface charge, effective charge and dispersion/ aggregation properties of nanoparticles. Polymer International, 52, 619–624.
Jacobs, C., Kayser, O., & Muller, R. H. (2000). Nanosuspensions as a new approach for the formulation for the poorly soluble drug tarazepide. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 196, 161–164.
Jacobs, C., Kayser, O., & Muller, R. H. (2001). Production and characterization of mucoadhesive nanosuspensions for the formulation of bupravaquone. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 214, 3–7.
Jensen, A. W., Maru, B. S., Zhang, X., Mohanty, D. K., Fahlman, B. D., Swanson, D. R., & Tomalia, D. A. (2005). Preparation of fullerene-shell dendrimer-core nanoconjugates. Nano Letters, 5, 1171–1173.
Jillavenkatesa, A., & Kelly, J. F. (2002). Nanopowder Characterization: Challenges and Future Directions. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 4, 463–468.
Joost, B., & Schwedes, J. (1996). Wear of grinding component on size reduction in stirred ball mills. Chemical Engineering & Technology, 68, 713–717.
Kerr, M. C., & Reed, J. S. (1992). Comparative grinding kinetics and grinding energy during ball milling and attrition milling. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, 71, 1809–1816.
Kimbrell, G. A. (2006). CTA Files Legal Action to Force FDA to Regulate Health Threats from Nanomaterials, International center for technology assessment. International Center for Technology Assessment news; http://www.icta.org/press/release.cfm?news_id=19
Kipp, J. E. (2004). The role of solid nanoparticle technology in the parenteral delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 284, 109–122.
Kramer, S., Xie, H., Gaff, J., Williamson, J. R., Tkachenko, A. G., Nouri, N., Feldheim, D. A., & Feldheim, D. L. (2004). Preparation of protein gradients through the controlled deposition of protein-nanoparticle conjugates onto functionalized surfaces. Journal of American Chemical Society, 126, 5388–5395.
Krause, K. P., Kayser, O., Mader, K., Gust, R. & Muller, R. H. (2000). Heavy metal contamination of nanosuspensions produced by high-pressure homogenization. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 196, 169–173.
Kreuter, J. (1994). Nanoparticles. In J. Kreuter (Ed.) Colloidal Drug Delivery Systems, (pp. 219–342) New York: Marcel Dekker.
Kreyling, W. G., Semmler, M., Erbe, F., Mayer, P., Takenaka, S., Schulz, H., Oberdörster, G., & Ziesenis, A. (2002). Translocation of ultrafine insoluble iridium particles from lung epithelium to extrapulmonary organs is size dependent but very low. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part A, 65, 1513–30.
Lamprecht, A., Ubrich, N., Hombreiro, P. M., Lehr, C., Hoffman, M., & Maincent, P. (2000). Influences of process parameters on nanoparticle preparation performed by a double emulsion pressure homogenization technique. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 196, 177–182.
Lebovitz, R. (2006). Regulatory approaches to novel nanomaterials: Unique benefits versus unique risks. http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/06/slides/2006-4241s2_9.ppt
Lee, J. (2003). Drug nano- and microparticles processed into solid dosage forms: Physical properties. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 92, 2057–2068.
Lherm, C., Muller, R. H., Puiseux, F., & Couvreur, P. (1992). Alkylcynoacrylate drug carriers: II. Cytotoxicity of cyanoacrylate nanoparticles with different alkyl chain length. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 84, 13–22.
Lichetnberg, D., & Barenholz, Y. (1988). Liposomes: Preparation, characterization, and preservation. In D. Glick (Eds.), Methods of Biological Analysis (pp. 337–461) New York: John Wiley.
Liversidge, G. G. (1996). Drug nanocrystals for improved drug delivery. In: Proceedings of the CRS Workshop on Particulate Drug Delivery Systems, Kyoto, Japan.
Liversidge, G. G., & Cundy, K. C. (1995) Particle size reduction for improvement of oral bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs: I. Absolute oral bioavailability of nanocrystalline danazol in beagle dogs. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 125, 91–97.
Liversidge, G. G., Cundy, K. C., Bishop, J., & Czekai, D. (1991). Surface modified drug nanoparticles. US Patent No, 5145684.
Lockman, P. R., Mumper, R. J., Khan, M. A., & Allen, D. D. (2002). Nanoparticle technology for drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier. Drug Development Industrial Pharmacy, 28, 1–13.
Loo, C., Lin, A., Hirsch L., Lee, M., Barton, J., Halas, N., West, J., & Drezek, R. (2004). Nanoshell-enabled photonics-based imaging and therapy of cancer. Technology in Cancer Research and Treatment, 3, 33–40.
Loo, C., Lowery, A., Halas, N., West, J., & Drezek, R. (2005). Immunotargeted nanoshells for integrated cancer imaging and therapy. Nano Letters, 5, 709–711.
Lux Research. (2004). Sizing nanotechnology’s value chain. New York: Lux Research Inc.
Lux Research. (2006). The nanotech report. 4th edn. New York: Lux Research Inc.
Mabela, T. K. M., Poupaert, J. H., Dumont, P., & Haemers, A. (1993). Development of poly(dialkyl methylidenemalonate) nanoparticles as drug carriers. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 92, 71–79.
Martin, A., Swarbrick, J., & Cammarata, A. (1983). Diffusion and Dissolution. In A. Martin, A., J. Swarbrick & A. Cammarata (Eds.) Physical Pharmacy (pp 399–444). 3rd edition, Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger publishers.
Mawson, S., Johnston, K. P., Combes, J. R., & DeSimone, J. M. (1994). Formation of poly(1,1,2,2-tetrahydroperfluorodecyl acrylate) submicron fibers and particles from supercritical carbon dioxide solutions. Macromolecules, 28, 3182–3191.
Maynard, A. D. (2006a). Nanotechnology: The next big thing, or much ado about nothing? Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 10, 1–12.
Maynard, A .D. (2006b). Nanotechnology: Managing the risks. Nano Today, 1, 22–33.
Maynard A. D., & Baron P. A. (2004). Aerosols in the industrial environment: Aerosols handbook. In L. S. Ruzer, & N. H. Harley, (Eds.) Measurement, Dosimetry and Health Effects (pp. 225–64) Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Miller, G., Archer, L., Pica, E., Bell, D., Senjen, R., & Kimbrell, G. (2006). Nanomaterials, sunscreens and cosmetics: Small ingredients, big risk. Friends of Earth Report, May 2006.
Mishima, K., Matsuyama, K., Tanabe, D., &Yamauchi, S. (2000). Microencapsulation of proteins by rapid expansion of supercritical solution with a nonsolvent. American Institute of Chemical Engineering Journal, 46, 857–865.
Morcol, T., Nagappan, P., Nerenbaum, L., Mitchell, A., & Bell, S. J. (2004). Calcium phosphate-PEG-insulin- casein (CAPIC) particles as oral delivery systems of insulin. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 277, 91–97.
Muller, R. H., Becker, R., Kruss, B., & Peters, K. (1998). Pharmaceutical nanosuspensions for medicament administration as system of increased saturation solubility and rate of solution, US Patent No, 5858410.
Muller, R. H., Jacobs, C., & Kayser, O. (2001). Nanosuspensions as particulate drug formulations in therapy. Rationale for development and what we can expect for the future. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 47, 3–19.
Muller, R. H., Mader, K., & Krause, K. (2002). Pharmasol GMbH dispersion for formulation of slightly or poorly soluble active ingredients. US Patent No, CA002388550A1.
Muller, R. H., Peters, K., Becker, R. & Kruss, B. (1996). Nanosuspensions for the i.v. administration of poorly soluble drugs-stability during sterilization and long-term storage. Proceedings of International Symposium on Controlled Release of Bioactive Material, 22, 574–575.
Nakada, Y., Fattal, E., Foulquier, M., & Couvreur, P. (1996). Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of oligonucleotide adsorbed onto poly(isobutylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles after intravenous administration in mice. Pharmaceutical Research, 13, 38–43.
NanoBio Corporations. http://www.nanobio.com/Platform-Technology/NanoStat-Platform.html
Nazzal, S., Nutan, M., Palamakula, A., Shah, R., Zaghloul, A. A., & Khan, M., A. (2002). Optimization of a self-nanoemulsified tablet dosage form of Ubiquinone using response surface methodology: effect of formulation ingredients. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 240, 103–114.
NCL (National Characterization Laboratory). Moving nanotechnology concepts to the clinic. NCL news, 1, 2-6; http://ncl.cancer.gov/newsletter_vol_001.asp.
Nei, A., Xia, T., Madler, L., & Li, N. (2006). Toxic potential of materials at nanolevel. Science, 311, 622–627.
NNI, National Nanotechnology Initiative (2004). Nanotechnology resources page; http://www.nano.gov/html/facts/whatIsNano.html
NSCT (2000). NSTC definition of nanotechnology. National strategy for combating terrorism, June 12; http://www.becon.nih.gov/nstc_def_nano.htm
Nucryst. http://www.nucryst.com/nanotech.htm
Oberdoster, G. (2001). Pulmonary effects of ultrafine particles. Archives of Occupational & Environmental Health, 74, 1–8.
Oberdorster, G., Ferin, J., & Lehnert, B. E. (1994). Correlation between particle-size, in-vivo particle persistence, and lung injury. Environmental Health Perspectives, 102, 173–179.
Oberdorster, G., Sharp, Z., Atudorei, V., Elder, A., Gelein, R., Kreyling, W., & Cox., C. (2004). Translocation of inhaled ultrafine particles to the brain. Inhalation Toxicology, 16, 437–45.
Olivier, J. (2005). Drug Transport to brain with targeted nanoparticles. NeuroRx, 2, 108–119.
Otuska, H., Nagasaki, Y., & Kataoka, K. (2003). PEGylated nanoparticles for biological and pharmaceutical applications. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 55, 403–419.
Paciotti, G., Myer, L., Weinreich, D., Goia, D., Pavel, N., McLaughlin, R., & Tamarkin, L. (2004). Colloidal gold: A novel nanoparticle vector for tumor directed drug delivery. Drug Delivery, 11, 169–183.
Palamakula, A., Nutan, M., & Khan, M. A. (2004). Response Surface Methodology for Optimization and Characterization of Limonene-based Coenzyme Q10 Self-Nanoemulsified Capsule Dosage Form. AAPS Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, 5: article 66.
Panyam, J., & Labhasetwar, V. (2003). Biodegradable nanoparticles for drug and gene delivery to cells and tissue. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 55, 329–347.
Patri, A. K., Majoros, J. I., & Baker, J. R., Jr. (2002). Dendritic polymer macromolecular carriers for drug delivery. Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, 6, 466–471.
Randolph, T. W., Randolph, A. D., Mebes, M., & Yeung, S. (1993). Sub-micron-sized biodegradable particles of poly(L-lactic acid) via the gas antisolvent spray precipitation process. Biotechnology Progress, 9, 429–435.
Redzisqewski, P. (1997). Predictive model for ball mill wear, Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 36, 87–93.
Reverchon, E. (1999). Supercritical antisolvent precipitation of micro- and nano- particles. Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 15, 1–21.
Reverchon, E., DellaPorta, G., Trolio, A. D., & Pace, S. (1998). Supercritical antisolvent precipitation of nanoparticles of superconductor precursors. Industrial Engineering & Chemical Research, 37, 952–958.
Roco, M. C. (2003). Government nanotechnology funding: An international outlook. National Science Foundation, June 30.
Roney, C., Kulkarni, P., Arora, V., Antich, P., Bonte, F., Wu, A., Mallikarjuana N. N., Manohar, S., Liang, H. F., Kulkarni, A. R., Sung, H. W., Sairam, M., & Aminabhavi, T. M. (2005). Targeted nanoparticles for drug delivery through the blood-brain-barrier for Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Controlled Release, 108, 193–214.
Roy, I., Mitra, S., Maitra, A., & Mozumdar, S. (2003). Calcium phosphate nanoparticles as novel non-viral vectors for targeted gene delivery. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 250, 25–33.
Ryman-Rasmussen, J. P., Riviere, J. E., & Monteiro-Riviere, N. A., (2006). Penetration of intact skin by quantum dots with diverse physicochemical properties. Toxicological sciences, 91, 159–165.
Saxton, J. (2007). Nanotechnology: The future is coming sooner than you think. United States Congress Joint Economic Committee, March, 1–20.
Science Policy Section. (2004). Nanosciences and nanotechnologies: Opportunities and uncertainties. Royal Society and Royal Academy of Engineering. July. www.nanotec.org.uk/finalReport.htm
Seymour, L. W., Ferry, D. R., Anderson, D., Hesselwood, S., Julyan, P., Poyner, R., Doran, J., Young, A., Burtles, S., & Kerr, D. (2002). Hepatic drug targeting: phase I evaluation of polymer-bound doxorubicin. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 20, 1668–1676.
Shvedova, A. A., Kisin, E. R., Mercer, R., Murray, A., Johnson, V., Potapovich, A., Tyurina, Y., Gorelik, O., Arepalli, S., Schwegler-Berry, D., Hubbs, A., Antonini, J., Evans, D., Ku, B., Ramsey, D., Maynard, A., Kagan, V., Castranova, V., & Baron, P. (2005). Unusual inflammatory and fibrogenic pulmonary responses to single-walled carbon nanotubes in mice. American Journal of Physiology -Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, 289, 698–708.
Soppimath, K. S., Aminabhavi, T. M., Kulkarni A. R., & Rudzinskib, W. E. (2001). Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles as drug delivery devices. Journal of Controlled Release, 70, 1–20.
Svenson, S., & Tomalia, D. A. (2005). Dendrimers in biomedical applications-reflections on the field. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 57, 2106–2129.
Sweeney, S., Woehrle, G., & Hutchison, J. (2006). Rapid purification and size Separation of gold nanoparticles via diafiltration. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 128(10), 3190–3197.
Swiss Re. (2004). Nanotechnology, Small size, large impact? Risk dialogue series, Center for global dialogue, December.
Taylor, M. (2006). Regulating the products of nanotechnology, does FDA have the tools it needs? PEN 5, October.
Thanos, C. G., Liu, Z., Reineke, J., Edwards, E., & Mathiowitz, E. (2003). Improving relative bioavailability of dicumarol by reducing particle size and adding the adhesive poly(fumaric-co-sebacic) anhydride. Pharmaceutical Research, 20, 1093–1100.
Thomas, M., & Klibanov, A. M. (2003). Conjugation to gold nanoparticles enhances polyethylenimine’s transfer of plasmid DNA into mammalian cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100, 9138–9143.
Tinkle, S. S., Antonini, J. M., Rich, B. A., Rich, B., Roberts, J., Salmen, R., DePree, K., & Adkins, E. (2003). Skin as a route of exposure and sensitization in chronic beryllium disease. Environmental Health Perspectives, 111, 1202–1208.
Tom, J. W., & Debenedetti, P. G. (1991a). Particle formation with supercritical fluids - a review. Journal of Aerosol Science, 22, 555–584.
Tom, J. W., & Debenedetti, P. G. (1991b). Formation of bioerodable polymeric microspheres and microparticles by rapid expansion of supercritical solution. Biotechnology Progress, 7, 403–411.
Tom, J. W., Debenedetti, P. G., & Jerome, R. (1994). Preparation of poly(L-lactic acid) and composite poly(L-lactic acid)-pyrene by rapid expansion of supercritical solution. Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 7, 9–29.
Tomalia, D. A., Reyna, L. A., & Svenson, S. (2007). Dendrimers as multi-purpose nanodevices for oncology drug delivery and diagnostic imaging. Biochem Society Transaction, 35, 61–67.
Tronc, E., Ezzirb, A., Cherkaouib, R., Chanéaca, C, Noguèsb, M., Kachkachib, H., Fioranid, D., Testa, A. M., Grenèchec, J. M., & Joliveta, J. P. (2000). Surface-related properties of γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 221, 63–79.
UK Council for Science and Technology report (2007). Nanoscience and nanotechnologies: A review of Government’s progress on its policy commitments. UK Council for Science and Technology, March, 1–45.
UK Royal Society and the Royal Academy of Engineering report. (2004). Nanoscience and nanotechnologies: Opportunities and uncertainties. Royal Society and the Royal Academy of Engineering, July, pp. 5.
Umbreit, T. H., Weaver, J. L., Miller, T. J., Zhang, J., Shah, R. B., Khan, M.A., Stratmeyer, M. E., & Tomazic-Jezic V. J. (2007). Toxicology of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles: 1. Characterization and tissue distribution in subcutaneously and intravenously injected mice. Society of Toxicology Annual Meeting, Charlotte, NC.
Vasey, P.A., Kaye, S.B., Morrison, R., Twelves, C., Wilson, P., Duncan, R., Thomson, A., Murray, L., Hilditch, T., Murray, T., Burtles, S., Fraier, D., Frigerio, E., Cassidy J., & on behalf of the Cancer Research Campaign Phase I/II Committee. (1999). Phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study of PK of [N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide copolymer doxorubicin]. Clinical Cancer Research, 5, 83–94.
Vinee, W., Guo, K., Zegelman, J., & Helsel, S. (2006). Nanotechnology: Nanodrugs, fact, fiction and fantasy, Drug Delivery Technology, 6, 34–39.
Wakefield, G., Green, M., Lipscomb, S., & Flutter, B. (2004). Modified titania nanomaterials for sunscreen applications—reducing free radical generation and DNA damage. Materials Science and Technology, 20, 985–988.
Waterhouse, D. N., Madden T. D., Cullis P. R., Bally, M. B., Mayer, L. D., & Webb, M. S. (2005). Preparation, characterization, and biological analysis of liposomal formulations of vincristine. Methods in Enzymology, 391, 40–57.
Waterman, K. C., & Sutton, S. C. (2003). A computational model for particle size influence on drug absorption during controlled-release colonic delivery. Journal of Controlled Release, 86, 293–304.
Wechsler, J. (2006). Regulatory beat: Nanotechnology presents opportunities and challenges for FDA and manufacturers. Biopharmaceutics International, Jul 1.
Wong, C., West, P. E., Olson, K. S., Mecartney, M. L., & Starostina, N. (2007). Tip dilation and AFM capabilities in the characterization of nanoparticles. Journal of Metals, 59, 12–16.
Xu, P., Van Kirk, E. A., Li, S., Murdoch, W. J., Ren, J., Hussain, M. D., Radosz, M., & Shen, Y. (2006). Highly stable core-surface-crosslinked nanoparticles as cisplatin carriers for cancer chemotherapy. Colloids and Surfaces B, 48, 50–57.
Zidan, A. S., Sammour, O. A., Hammad, M. A., Megrab, N. A., Habib, M. J., & Khan, M. A. (2007). Quality by design: understanding the formulation variables of a self-nanoemulsified drug delivery systems of cyclosporine A by Box-Behnken design and desirability function. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 332, 55–63.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Acronyms
- ADME
-
Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination
- AFM
-
Atomic force microscopy
- ANDA
-
Abbreviated New Drug Application
- ANF
-
Asia Nano Forum
- ASTM
-
American Standards for Testing and Materials
- API
-
Active pharmaceutical ingredient
- BCS
-
Biopharmaceutical Classification System
- BLA
-
Biological Licensing Application
- CBER
-
Center for Biological Evaluations and Research
- CDER
-
Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
- CDRH
-
Center for Device and Radiological Health
- CFR
-
Code of Federal Registrar
- CMC
-
Chemistry, manufacturing, and control
- CRN
-
Center for Responsible Nanotechnology
- CST
-
Council for Science and Technology (United Kingdom)
- CTA
-
Center for Technology Assessment
- CVM
-
Center for Veterinary Medicine
- DNA
-
Deoxyribonucleic acid
- EPA
-
Environmental Protection Agency
- FDA
-
Food and Drug Administration
- FD&C act
-
Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act
- FoE
-
Friends of Earth
- GRAS
-
Generally regarded as safe
- ICH
-
International Conference on Harmonization
- ICON
-
International Council on Nanotechnology
- ICTA
-
International Center for Technology Assessment
- IIG
-
Inactive Ingredient Guide
- IV
-
Intravenous
- MHRA
-
Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (United Kingdom)
- MRI
-
Magnetic resonance imaging
- NCL
-
National Characterization Laboratory
- NCI
-
National Cancer Institute
- NDA
-
New Drug Application
- NIST
-
National Institute of Standards and Technology
- NNI
-
National Nanotechnology Initiative
- NSCT
-
National Strategy for Combating Terrorism
- ORA
-
Office of Regulatory Affairs
- OSHC
-
Office of Science and Health Coordination
- PD
-
Pharmacodynamics
- PK
-
Pharmacokinetics
- PAT
-
Process analytical technology
- PSD
-
Particle size distributionh
- QbD
-
Quality by Design
- R&D
-
Research and Development
- SC
-
Subcutaneous
- SEDDS
-
Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems
- SNEDDS
-
Self-nano-emulsifying drug delivery systems
- USC
-
United States Code
- UV
-
Ultraviolet
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Shah, R.B., Khan, M.A. (2009). Nanopharmaceuticals: Challenges and Regulatory Perspective. In: de Villiers, M.M., Aramwit, P., Kwon, G.S. (eds) Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery. Biotechnology: Pharmaceutical Aspects, vol X. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-77668-2_21
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-77668-2_21
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-77667-5
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-77668-2
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)