Skip to main content

Linkage Disequilibrium and Association Mapping in the Triticeae

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Genetics and Genomics of the Triticeae

Part of the book series: Plant Genetics and Genomics: Crops and Models ((PGG,volume 7))

Abstract

Association mapping, also referred to as linkage disequilibrium mapping, has gained considerable popularity as an efficient genetic mapping methodology because of improved statistical approaches that increase power and reduce false positive associations. Association mapping exploits historical recombination events in a diverse population of distantly related or unrelated individuals. In this chapter, linkage disequilibrium estimates and association mapping results for the Triticeae are reviewed and compared to other species. Strategies for implementing association mapping are discussed that take into account objectives, types of markers, species and population size and composition. Finally, different methodologies for the application of association analysis to crop improvement are presented along with issues specific to breeding programs.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Akbari, M., Wenzl, P., Caig, V., Carling, J., Xia, L., Yang, S., Uszynski, G., Mohler, V., Lehmensiek, A. and Kuchel, H. (2006) Diversity arrays technology (DArT) for high-throughput profiling of the hexaploid wheat genome. TAG Theor. Appl. Genet. 113, 1409–1420.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akhunov, E. D., Goodyear, A. W., Geng, S., Qi, L. L., Echalier, B., Gill, B. S., Gustafson, J. P., Lazo, G., Chao, S. and Anderson, O. D. (2003) The organization and rate of evolution of wheat genomes are correlated with recombination rates along chromosome arms. Genome Res. 13, 753–763.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arbelbide, M., Yu, J. and Bernardo, R. (2006) Power of mixed-model QTL mapping from phenotypic, pedigree, and marker data in self-pollinated crops. Theor. Appl. Genet. 112, 876–884.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernardo, R. and Charcosset, A. (2006) Usefulness of gene information in marker-assisted recurrent selection: a simulation appraisal. Crop Sci. 46, 614–621.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernardo, R., Moreau, L. and Charcosset, A. (2006) Number and fitness of selected individuals in marker-assisted and phenotypic recurrent selection. Crop Sci. 46, 1972–1980.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernardo, R. and Yu, J. (2007) Prospects for genomewide selection for quantitative traits in maize. Crop Sci. 47, 1082–1090.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blott, S., Kim, J. J., Moisio, S., Schmidt-Kuntzel, A., Cornet, A., Berzi, P., Cambisano, N., Ford, C., Grisart, B., Johnson, D., Karim, L., Simon, P., Snell, R., Spelman, R., Wong, J., Vilkki, J., Georges, M., Farnir, F. and Coppieters, W. (2003) Molecular dissection of a quantitative trait locus: a phenylalanine-to-tyrosine substitution in the transmembrane domain of the bovine growth hormone receptor is associated with a major effect on milk yield and composition. Genetics 163, 253–266.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bradbury, P., Zhang, Z., Kroon, D., Casstevens, T., Ram-Doss, Y. and Buckler, E. (2007) TASSEL: software for association mapping of complex traits in diverse samples. Bioinformatics 23, 2633–2635.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breseghello, F. and Sorrells, M. E. (2006a) Association analysis as a strategy for improvement of quantitative traits in plants. Crop Sci. 46, 1323–1330.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breseghello, F. and Sorrells, M. E. (2006b) Association mapping of kernel size and milling quality in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. Genetics 172, 1165–1177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brim, C. A. and Stuber, C. W. (1973) Application of genetic male sterility to recurrent selection schemes in soybeans. Crop Sci. 14, 528–530.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buntjer, J., Sørensen, A. and Peleman, J. (2005) Haplotype diversity: the link between statistical and biological association. Trends Plant Sci. 10, 466–471.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caldwell, K., Russell, J., Langridge, P. and Powell, W. (2006) Extreme population-dependent linkage disequilibrium detected in an inbreeding plant species, Hordeum vulgare. Genetics 172, 557–567.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chao, S., Zhang, W., Dubcovsky, J. and Sorrells, M. E. (2007) Evaluation of genetic diversity and genome-wide linkage disequilibrium amoung us wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) germplasm representing different market classes. Crop Sci. 47, 1018–1030.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Charmet, G., Robert, N., Perretant, M. R., Gay, G., Sourdille, P., Groos, C., Bernard, S. and Bernard, M. (1999) Marker-assisted recurrent selection for cumulating additive and interactive QTLs in recombinant inbred lines. Theor. Appl. Genet. 99, 1143–1148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Charmet, G., Robert, N., Perretant, M. R., Gay, G., Sourdille, P., Groos, C., Bernard, S. and Bernard, M. (2001) Marker assisted recurrent selection for cumulating QTLs for bread-making related traits. Euphytica 119, 89–93.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christopher, M., Mace, E., Jordan, D., Rodgers, D., McGowan, P., Delacy, I., Banks, P., Sheppard, J., Butler, D. and Poulsen, D. (2007) Applications of pedigree-based genome mapping in wheat and barley breeding programs. Euphytica 154, 307–316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Churchill, G. A., Airey, D. C., Allayee, H., Angel, J. M., Attie, A. D., Beatty, J., Beavis, W. D., Belknap, J. K., Bennett, B., Berrettini, W., Bleich, A., Bogue, M., Broman, K. W., Buck, K. J., Buckler, E., Burmeister, M., Chesler, E. J., Cheverud, J. M., Clapcote, S., Cook, M. N., Cox, R. D., Crabbe, J. C., Crusio, W. E., Darvasi, A., Deschepper, C. F., Doerge, R. W., Farber, C. R., Forejt, J., Gaile, D., Garlow, S. J., Geiger, H., Gershenfeld, H., Gordon, T., Gu, J., Gu, W., de Haan, G., Hayes, N. L., Heller, C., Himmelbauer, H., Hitzemann, R., Hunter, K., Hsu, H. C., Iraqi, F. A., Ivandic, B., Jacob, H. J., Jansen, R. C., Jepsen, K. J., Johnson, D. K., Johnson, T. E., Kempermann, G., Kendziorski, C., Kotb, M., Kooy, R. F., Llamas, B., Lammert, F., Lassalle, J. M., Lowenstein, P. R., Lu, L., Lusis, A., Manly, K. F., Marcucio, R., Matthews, D., Medrano, J. F., Miller, D. R., Mittleman, G., Mock, B. A., Mogil, J. S., Montagutelli, X., Morahan, G., Morris, D. G., Mott, R., Nadeau, J. H., Nagase, H., Nowakowski, R. S., O’Hara, B. F., Osadchuk, A. V., Page, G. P., Paigen, B., Paigen, K., Palmer, A. A., Pan, H. J., Peltonen-Palotie, L., Peirce, J., Pomp, D., Pravenec, M., Prows, D. R., Qi, Z., Reeves, R. H., Roder, J., Rosen, G. D., Schadt, E. E., Schalkwyk, L. C., Seltzer, Z., Shimomura, K., Shou, S., Sillanpaa, M. J., Siracusa, L. D., Snoeck, H. W., Spearow, J. L., Svenson, K. et al. (2004) The collaborative cross, a community resource for the genetic analysis of complex traits. Nat. Genet. 36, 1133–1137.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crepieux, S., Lebreton, C., Flament, P. and Charmet, G. (2005) Application of a new IBD-based QTL mapping method to common wheat breeding population: analysis of kernel hardness and dough strength. Theor. Appl. Genet. 111, 1409–1419.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crossa, J., Burgueno, J., Dreisigacker, S., Vargas, M., Herrera-Foessel, S., Lillemo, M., Singh, R., Trethowan, R., Warburton, M., Franco, J., Reynolds, M., Crouch, J. and Ortiz, R. (2007) Association analysis of historical bread wheat germplasm using additive genetic covariance of relatives and population structure. Genetics 177, 1889–1913.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darvasi, A. and Soller, M. (1995) Advanced intercross lines, an experimental population for fine genetic mapping. Genetics 141, 1199–1207.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dreisigacker, S., Zhang, P., Warburton, M. L., Van Ginkel, M., Hoisington, D., Bohn, M. and Melchinger, A. E. (2004) SSR and pedigree analyses of genetic diversity among CIMMYT wheat lines targeted to different megaenvironments. Crop Sci. 44, 381.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ersoz, E. S., Yu, J. and Buckler, E. (2007) Applications of linkage disequilibrium and association mapping in crop plants. In: R. Varshney and R. Tuberosa (Eds.), Genomics-Assisted Crop Improvement. Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Falush, D., Stephens, M. and Pritchard, J. K. (2003) Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data: linked loci and correlated allele frequencies. Genetics 164, 1567–1587.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flint-Garcia, S., Thornsberry, J. and Buckler, E. (2003) Structure of linkage disequilibrium in plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 54, 357–374.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gabriel, S. B., Schaffner, S. F., Nguyen, H., Moore, J. M., Roy, J., Blumenstiel, B., Higgins, J., DeFelice, M., Lochner, A. and Faggart, M. (2002) The structure of haplotype blocks in the human genome. Science 296, 2225–2229.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gaut, B. S. and Long, A. D. (2003) The lowdown on linkage disequilibrium. Am. Soc. Plant Biol. 15, 1502–1506.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta, P., Rustgi, S. and Kulwal, P. (2005) Linkage disequilibrium and association studies in higher plants: present status and future prospects. Plant Mol. Biol. 57, 461–485.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hardy, O. J. and Vekemans, X. (2002) SPAGeDi: a versatile computer program to analyse spatial genetic structure at the individual or population levels. Mol. Eco. Notes 2, 618–620.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haudry, A., Cenci, A., Ravel, C., Bataillon, T., Brunel, D., Poncet, C., Hochu, I., Poirier, S., Santoni, S., Glémin S. and David J. (2007) Grinding up wheat: A massive loss of nucleotide diversity since domestication. Mol. Biol. Evol. 24, 1506–1517.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hedrick, P. W. (1987). Gametic Disequilibrium Measures: Proceed With Caution. Genetics 117, 331–341.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heffner, E. L., Ornubol, C., Williams, K. R. and Sorrells, M. E. (2008) Dominant male-sterile populations for association mapping and introgression of exotic wheat germplasm. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 59, 470–474.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, W. G. and Robertson, A. (1968) Linkage disequilibrium in finite populations. TAG Theor. Appl. Genetic. 38, 226–231.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hirschhorn, J. N. and Daly, M. J. (2005) Genome-wide association studies for common diseases and complex traits. Nat. Rev. Genet. 6, 95–108.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jannink, J. L., Bink, M. and Jansen, R. C. (2001) Using complex plant pedigrees to map valuable genes. Trends Plant Sci. 6, 337–342.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jannink, J. L. and Jansen, R. (2001) Mapping epistatic quantitative trait loci with one-dimensional genome searches. Genetics 157, 445–454.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jansen, R. C., Jannink, J. L. and Beavis, W. D. (2003) Mapping quantitative trait loci in plant breeding populations: use of parental haplotype sharing. Crop Sci. 43, 829–834.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, L. (2001) Marker assisted sweet corn breeding: a model for specialty crops. In: Proceedings of the 56th Annual Corn and Sorghum Industrial Research Conference, Chicago, IL. 5–7 Dec. 2001. American Seed Trade Association, Washington, DC, pp. 25–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, R. (2004). Marker-assisted selection. Plant Breed. Rev. 24(1), 293–309.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kraakman, A. T. W., Niks, R. E., Van den Berg, P., Stam, P. and Van Eeuwijk, F. A. (2004) Linkage disequilibrium mapping of yield and yield stability in modern spring barley cultivars. Genetics 168, 435–446.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lande, R. and Thompson, R. (1990) Efficiency of marker-assisted selection in the improvement of quantitative traits. Genetics 124, 743–756.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewontin, R. C. (1964) The interaction of selection and linkage. II. Optimum models. Genetics 50, 757–782.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, C., Zhou, A. and Sang, T. (2006) Rice domestication by reducing shattering. Science 311, 1936–1939.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, J. Z., Morrell, P. L. and Clegg, M. T. (2002) The influence of linkage and inbreeding on patterns of nucleotide sequence diversity at duplicate alcohol dehydrogenase loci in wild barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum). Genetics 162, 2007–2015.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Long, A. D. and Langley, C. H. (1999) The power of association studies to detect the contribution of candidate genetic loci to variation in complex traits. Genome Res. 9, 720–731. Cold Spring Harbor Lab.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maccaferri, M., Sanguineti, M. C., Natoli, V., Ortega, J. L. A., Salem, M. B., Bort, J., Chenenaoui, C., De Ambrogio, E., del Moral, L. G. and De Montis, A. (2006) A panel of elite accessions of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) suitable for association mapping studies. Plant Genet. Resour.: Characterization and Utilization 4, 79–85.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maccaferri, M., Sanguineti, M. C., Noli, E. and Tuberosa, R. (2005) Population structure and long-range linkage disequilibrium in a durum wheat elite collection. Mol. Breeding 15, 271–290.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mackay, I. and Powell, W. (2007) Methods for linkage disequilibrium mapping in crops. Trends Plant Sci. 12, 57–63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malysheva-Otto, L. V., Ganal, M. W. and Röder, M. S. (2006) Analysis of molecular diversity, population structure and linkage disequilibrium in a worldwide survey of cultivated barley germplasm (Hordeum vulgare L.). BMC Genetics 7, 6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Melchinger, A. E., Graner, A., Singh, M. and Messmer, M. M. (1994) Relationships among European barley germplasm. I: Genetic diversity among winter and spring cultivars revealed by RFLPs. Crop Sci. 34, 1191–1199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Melchinger, A. E., Utz, H. F. and Schon, C. C. (1998) Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping using different testers and independent population samples in maize reveals low power of QTL detection and large bias in estimates of QTL effects. Genetics 149, 383–403.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meuwissen, T. H., Hayes, B. J. and Goddard, M. E. (2001) Prediction of total genetic value using genome-wide dense marker maps. Genetics 157, 1819–1829.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meuwissen, T. H., Karlsen, A., Lien, S., Olsaker, I. and Goddard, M. E. (2002) Fine mapping of a quantitative trait locus for twinning rate using combined linkage and linkage disequilibrium mapping. Genetics 161, 373–379.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morrell, P. L., Toleno, D. M., Lundy, K. E. and Clegg, M. T. (2005) Low levels of linkage disequilibrium in wild barley (Hordeum vulgar e ssp. spontaneum) despite high rates of self-fertilization. Proc. National Acad. Sci. 102, 2442–2447.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mott, R., Talbot, C. J., Turri, M. G., Collins, A. C. and Flint, J. (2002) A method for fine mapping quantitative trait loci in outbred animal stocks. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 12649–12654.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mott, R. and Flint, J. (2002) Simultaneous detection and fine mapping of quantitative trait loci in mice using heterogeneous stocks. Genetics 160, 1609–1618.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nordborg, M., Borevitz, J. O., Bergelson, J., Berry, C. C., Chory, J., Hagenblad, J., Kreitman, M., Maloof, J. N., Noyes, T., Oefner, P. J., Stahl, E. A. and Weigel, D. (2002) The extent of linkage disequilibrium in Arabidopsis thaliana. Nat. Genet. 30, 190–193.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nordborg, M. and Donnelly, P. (1997) The coalescent process with selfing. Genetics 146, 1185–1195.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nordborg, M., Hu, T. T., Ishino, Y., Jhaveri, J., Toomajian, C., Zheng, H., Bakker, E., Calabrese, P., Gladstone, J., Goyal, R., Jakobsson, M., Kim, S., Morozov, Y., Padhukasahasram, B., Plagnol, V., Rosenberg, N. A., Shah, C., Wall, J. D., Wang, J., Zhao, K., Kalbfleisch, T., Schultz, V., Kreitman, M. and Bergelson J. (2005) The pattern of polymorphism in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS Biol. 3:e196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parisseaux, B. and Bernardo, R. (2004) In silico mapping of quantitative trait loci in maize. Theor. Appl. Genet. 109, 508–514.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peleman, J. D. and van der Voort, J. R. (2003) Breeding by design. Trends Plant Sci. 8, 330–334.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pestsova, E. and Röder, M. (2002) Microsatellite analysis of wheat chromosome 2D allows the reconstruction of chromosomal inheritance in pedigrees of breeding programmes. Theor. Appl. Genet. 106, 84–91.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Price, A. H. (2006a) Believe it or not, QTLs are accurate! Trends Plant Sci. 11, 213–216.

    Google Scholar 

  • Price, A. L., Patterson, N. J., Plenge, R. M., Weinblatt, M. E., Shadick, N. A. and Reich, D. (2006b) Principal components analysis corrects for stratification in genome-wide association studies. Nat. Genet. 38, 904–909.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pritchard, J. K. and Przeworski, M. (2001) Linkage disequilibrium in humans: models and data. Am. J. Human Genet. 69, 1–14.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pritchard, J. K. and Rosenberg, N. A. (1999) Use of unlinked genetic markers to detect population stratification in association studies. Am. J. Human Genet. 65, 220–228.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pritchard, J. K. Stephens, M. and Donnelly, P. (2000) Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics 155, 945–959.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ravel, C., Praud, S., Murigneux, A., Linossier, L., Dardevet, M., Balfourier, F., Dufour, P., Brunel, D. and Charmet, G. (2006) Identification of Glu-B1-1 as a candidate gene for the quantity of high-molecular-weight glutenin in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by means of an association study. Theor. Appl. Genet. 112, 738–743.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Remington, D. L., Thornsberry, J. M., Matsuoka, Y., Wilson, L. M., Whitt, S. R., Doebley, J., Kresovich, S., Goodman, M. M. and Buckler, E. S. (2001) Structure of linkage disequilibrium and phenotypic associations in the maize genome. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 11479–11484.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rostoks, N., Ramsay, L., MacKenzie, K., Cardle, L., Bhat, P., Roose, M., Svensson, J., Stein, N., Varshney, R., Marshall, D., Graner, A., Close, T. and Waugh, R. (2006) Recent history of artificial outcrossing facilitates whole-genome association mapping in elite inbred crop varieties. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 18656–18661.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, J. R., Booth, A., Fuller, J. D., Baum, M., Ceccarelli, S., Grando, S. and Powell, W. (2003) Patterns of polymorphism detected in the chloroplast and nuclear genomes of barley landraces sampled from Syria and Jordan. TAG Theor. Appl. Genet. 107, 413–421.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Satagopan, J. M., Sen, S. and Churchill, G. A. (2007) Sequential quantitative trait locus mapping in experimental crosses. Stat. Appl. Genet. Mol. Biol. 6, Article12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schon, C. C., Utz, H. F., Groh, S., Truberg, B., Openshaw, S. and Melchinger, A. E. (2004) Quantitative trait locus mapping based on resampling in a vast maize testcross experiment and its relevance to quantitative genetics for complex traits. Genetics 167, 485–498.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skøt, L., Humphreys, J., Humphreys, M. O., Thorogood, D., Gallagher, J., Sanderson, R., Armstead, I. P. and Thomas, I. D. (2007) Association of candidate genes with flowering time and water-soluble carbohydrate content in Lolium perenne (L.). Genetics 177, 535.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Somers, D., Banks, T., Depauw, R., Fox, S., Clarke, J., Pozniak, C. and McCartney, C. (2007). Genome-wide linkage disequilibrium analysis in bread wheat and durum wheat. Genome 50, 557–567.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sorrells, M. E. and Fritz, S. E. (1982) Application of a dominant male-sterile allele to the improvement of self-pollinated crops. Crop Sci. 22, 1033–1035.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steffenson, B. J., Olivera, P., Roy, J. K., Jin, Y., Smith, K. P. and Muehlbauer, G. J. (2007) A walk on the wild side: mining wild wheat and barley collections for rust resistance genes. Austl. J. Agric. Res. 58, 532.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strake, S., Presterl, T., Stein, N., Perovic, D., Ordon, F. and Graner, A. (2007) Effects of introgression and recombination on haplotype structure and linkage disequilibrium surrounding a locus encoding Bymovirus resistance in barley. Genetics 175, 805–817.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tenaillon, M.I., Mark C. Sawkins, M. C., Long, A.D., Gaut, R. L., Doebley, J. F. and Gaut, B. S. (2001) Patterns of DNA sequence polymorphism along chromosome 1 of maize (Zea mays ssp. mays L.). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 9161–9166.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thornsberry, J. M., Goodman, M. M., Doebley, J., Kresovich, S., Nielsen, D. and Buckler, E. S. (2001) Dwarf8 polymorphisms associate with variation in flowering time. Nat. Genet. 28, 286–289.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tommasini, L., Schnurbusch, T., Fossati, D., Mascher, F. and Keller, B. (2007) Association mapping of Stagonospora nodorum blotch resistance in modern European winter wheat varieties. Theor. Appl. Genet. 115, 697–708.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weber, A., Clark, R., Vaughn, L., de Jesús Sánchez-Gonzalez, J., Yu, J., Yandell, B. S., Bradbury, P. and Doebley, J. (2007) Major regulatory genes in maize contribute to standing variation in teosinte (Zea mays ssp. parviglumis). Genetics 177, 2349–2359.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weir, B. S. (1996) Genetic Data Analysis II: Methods for Discrete Population Genetic Data. Sinauer Associates Inc., USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wenzl, P., Carling, J., Kudrna, D., Jaccoud, D., Huttner, E., Kleinhofs, A. and Kilian, A. (2004) Diversity arrays technology (DArT) for whole-genome profiling of barley. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 9915–9920.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • WTCCC. (2007) Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases and 3,000 shared controls. Nature 447, 661–678.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, R., Ma, C. X. and Casella, G. (2002) Joint linkage and linkage disequilibrium mapping of quantitative trait loci in natural populations. Genetics 160, 779–792.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, R. and Zeng, Z. B. (2001) Joint linkage and linkage disequilibrium mapping in natural populations. Genetics 157, 899–909.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, J., Arbelbide, M. and Bernardo, R. (2005) Power of in silico QTL mapping from phenotypic, pedigree, and marker data in a hybrid breeding program. Theor. Appl. Genet. 110, 1061–1067.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, J. and Buckler, E. (2006) Genetic association mapping and genome organization of maize. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 17, 155–160.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, J., Holland, J. B., McMullen, M. D. and Buckler, E. S. (2008) Genetic design and statistical power of nested association mapping in maize. Genetics 178, 539–551.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, J., Pressoir, G., Briggs, W., Vroh Bi, I., Yamasaki, M., Doebley, J., McMullen, M., Gaut, B., Nielsen, D., Holland, J., Kresovich, S. and Buckler, E. (2006) A unified mixed-model method for association mapping that accounts for multiple levels of relatedness. Nat. Genet. 38, 203–208.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, J., Zhang, Z., Zhu, C., Tabanao, D., Pressoir, G., Tuinstra, M. R., Kresovich, S., Todhunter, R. S. and Buckler, E. S. (2009). Simulation appraisal of the adequacy of number of background markers for relationship estimation in association mapping. The Plant Genome 2, xxx–xxx (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Y. M., Mao, Y., Xie, C., Smith, H., Luo, L. and Xu, S. (2005) Mapping quantitative trait loci using naturally occurring genetic variance among commercial inbred lines of maize (Zea mays L.). Genetics 169, 2267–2275.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao, K., Aranzana, M. J., Kim, S., Lister, C., Shindo, C., Tang, C., Toomajian, C., Zheng, H., Dean, C., Marjoram, P. and Nordborg, M. (2007) An Arabidopsis example of association mapping in structured samples. PLoS Genet. 4, 71–82.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mark E. Sorrells .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Sorrells, M.E., Yu, J. (2009). Linkage Disequilibrium and Association Mapping in the Triticeae. In: Muehlbauer, G., Feuillet, C. (eds) Genetics and Genomics of the Triticeae. Plant Genetics and Genomics: Crops and Models, vol 7. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-77489-3_22

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics