Skip to main content

The Application of Modern Portfolio Theory to Real Estate: A Brief Survey

  • Chapter
Handbook of Portfolio Construction

Abstract

Unlike their colleagues in the stock and bond markets, institutional real estate investors have been slow to use Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT) in their decisionmaking processes. Surveys by Wiley, (1976), Webb (1984), Louargand (1992), and Worzala and Bajelsmit (1997) have shown that diversification has slowly entered into the lexicon and decision-making processes of institutional real estate investors, but those that used the quantitative methods espoused by MPT were in the minority. To be sure, not all stock and bond managers use MPT to construct or analyze their portfolios, but the real estate practitioners’ unwillingness to use these quantitative tools was due to their discomfort with MPTs reliance on data they saw as unrepresentative and MPTs abstraction from the traditional real estate decision-making process, which has been concernedwith the details and specifics of “doing the deal.”

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

 eferences

  • Addae-Dapaah, K., Wee, S.G., Ebrahim, M., “Real Estate Portfolio Diversification by Sources of Return.” Journal of Real Estate Portfolio Management 8 (2002):1–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Bajtelsmit, V.L., Worzala, E.M., “Real Estate Allocation in Pension Fund Portfolios.” Journal of Real Estate Portfolio Management 1 (1995):25–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Benjamin, J.D. Sirmans, G.S., Zietz, E.N., “Returns and Risk on Real Estate and Other Investments: More Evidence.” Journal of Real Estate Portfolio Management 7 (2001):183–214

    Google Scholar 

  • Bond, S.A., Patel, K., “The Conditional Distribution of Real Estate Returns: Are Higher Moments Time Varying?” Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics 26 (2003):319–339

    Google Scholar 

  • Booth, P.M., “Real Estate Investment in an Asset/Liability Modeling Context.” Journal of Real Estate Portfolio Management 8 (2002):183–198

    Google Scholar 

  • Brinson, G.P., Diermeier, J.J., Schlarbaum, G.G., “A Composite Portfolio Benchmark for Pension Plans.” Financial Analysts Journal 42 (1986):15–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, R.J., Li, L.H., Lusht, K., “A Note on Intracity Geographic Diversification of Real Estate Portfolios: Evidence From Hong Kong.” Journal of Real Estate Portfolio Management 6 (2000):131–140

    Google Scholar 

  • Buetow, Gerald W. Jr., Johnson, R.R., “The Real Estate Asset Allocation Decision: Monetary Policy Implications.” Journal of Real Estate Portfolio Management 7 (2001):215–223

    Google Scholar 

  • Byrne, P., Lee, S., “Real Estate Portfolio Analysis Under Conditions of Non-Normality: The Case of NCREIF.” Journal of Real Estate Portfolio Management 3 (1997):37–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Cambridge Associates LLC. “U.S. Private Equity Index and Selected Benchmark Statistics.” June 30 (2007a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cambridge Associates LLC. “U.S. Venture Capital Index and Selected Benchmark Statistics.” June 30 (2007b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Center for International Securities and Derivatives Markets. “The Benefits of Real Estate Investment: 2006 Update.” Amherst, Massachusetts, University of Massachusetts, (May 2006)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, P., “Asymmetric Risk Measures and Real Estate Returns.” Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics 30 (February 2005):89–102

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, P. “Comparing Downside-Risk and Mean-Variance Analysis Using Bootstrap Simulation.” Journal of Real Estate Portfolio Management 7 (2001):225–238

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, P., Liang, Y., “Optimal Diversification: Is It really Worthwhile?” Journal of Real Estate Portfolio Management 6 (2000):7–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, P., Wolverton, M.L., “MPT and the Downside Risk Framework: A Comment on Two Recent Studies.” Journal of Real Estate Portfolio Management 7 (2001):125–131

    Google Scholar 

  • Cho, H., Kawaguchi, Y., Shilling, J.D., “Unsmoothing Commercial Property Returns: A Revision to Fisher-Geltner-Webb’s Unsmoothing Methodology.” Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics 27 (November 2003):393–405

    Google Scholar 

  • Conover, C.M., Friday, H.S., Sirmans, G.S., “Diversification Benefits from Foreign Real Estate Investments.” Journal of Real Estate Portfolio Management 8 (2002):17–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Cole, R., Guilkey, D., Miles, M., Webb, B., “More Scientific Diversification Strategies for Commercial Real Estate.” Real Estate Review 19 (Spring 1989):59–66

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooperman, L.G., Einhorn, S.G., Melnikoff, M., “Property Revisited: The Role of Property in Pension Fund Investments.” New York, NY: Goldman Sachs, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  • Corgel, J.B., de Roos, J.A., “Recovery of Real Estate Returns for Portfolio Allocation.” Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics 18 (May 1999):279–296

    Google Scholar 

  • Craft, T.M., “The Role of Private and Public Real Estate in Pension Plan Portfolio Allocation Choices.” Journal of Real Estate Portfolio Management 7 (2001):17–23

    Google Scholar 

  • DiPasquale, D., Wheaton, W.C., “The Markets for Real Estate Assets and Space: A Conceptual Framework.” Journal of the American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association 20 (Summer 1992):181–197

    Google Scholar 

  • Edelstein, R.H., Quan, D.C., “How Does Appraisal Smoothing Bias Real Estate Returns Measurement?” Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics 32 (February 2006):41–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Efron, B., Morris, C., “Stein’s Paradox in Statistics.” Scientific American 236 (May 1977):119–127

    Google Scholar 

  • Eichholtz, P.M.A., Hoesli, M., MacGregor, B.D., Nanthakumaran, N., “Real Estate Portfolio Diversification By Property Type and Region.” Journal of Property Finance 6 (1995):39–59

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ennis, R.M., Burik, P., “Pension Fund Real Estate Investment Under a Simple Equilibrium Pricing Model.” Financial Analysts Journal 47 (May–June 1991):20–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Findlay, M.C., Hamilton, CW., Messner, S.D., Yorkman, J.S., “Optimal Real Estate Portfolios.” Journal of the American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association 7 (Fall 1979):298–317

    Google Scholar 

  • Firstenberg, P.M., Ross, S.A., Zisler, R.C., “Real Estate: The Whole Story.” Journal of Portfolio Management 14 (Spring 1988):22–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, J., Geltner, D., Pollakowski, H., “A Quarterly Transactions-Based Index of Institutional Real Estate Investment Performance and Movements in Supply and Demand.” Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics 34 (January 2007):5–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, J.D., Geltner, D.M., Webb, R.B., “Value Indices of Commercial Real Estate: A Comparison of Index Construction Methods.” Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics 9 (1994):137–164

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, J.D., Liang, Y., “Is Property Type Diversification More Important Than Regional Diversifcation?” Real Estate Finance 17 (2000):35–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Fogler, H.R., “Twenty Percent in Real Estate: Can Theory Justify It?” Journal of Portfolio Management 10 (1984):6–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Foresti, S.J., Toth, T.E., “Private Equity Investing Part 2 – Generating Asset Class Assumptions.” Wilshire Associates Incorporated. January 23, 2006

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, H.C., “Real Estate Investment and Portfolio Theory.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 6 (March 1971):861–874

    Google Scholar 

  • Geltner, D.M., “Smoothing in Appraisal-Based Returns.” Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics 4 (September 1991):327–345

    Google Scholar 

  • Geltner, D., “Estimating Market Values From Appriased Values Without Assuming an Efficient Market.” Journal of Real Estate Research 8 (Summer 1993):325–345

    Google Scholar 

  • Geltner, D., Goetzmann, W., “Two Decades of Commercial Property Returns: A Repeated-Measures Regression-Based Version of the NCREIF Index.” Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics 21 (July 2000):5–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Geltner, D., Miller, N.G., Commercial Real Estate Analysis and Investments. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2001

    Google Scholar 

  • Giliberto, M., “Real Estate Risk and Return: 1991 Survey Results.” New York, NY: Salomon Brothers, 1992

    Google Scholar 

  • Giliberto, M., Hamelink, F., Hoesli, M., MacGregor, B., “Optimal Diversification Within Mixed-Asset Portfolios Using a Conditional Heteroskedasticity Approach: Evidence From the U.S. and the U.K.” Journal of Real Estate Portfolio Management 5 (1999):31–45

    Google Scholar 

  • Goetzmann, W.N., Wachter, S.M., “Clustering Methods for Real Estate Portfolios.” Real Estate Economics 23 (1995):271–310

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gold, R.B., “Real Estate: Can Institutional Portfolios Be Diversified Without It?” Chicago, IL: JMB Institutional Realty Corporation, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  • Gold, R.B., “Why the Efficient Frontier for Real Estate is ‘Fuzzy.”’ Journal of Real Estate Portfolio Management 1 (1995):59–66

    Google Scholar 

  • Grabenwarter, U., Weidig, T., Exposed to the J-Curve: Understanding and Managing Private Equity Fund Investments. London, England: Euromoney Books, 2005

    Google Scholar 

  • Graff, R.A., Young, M.S., “Real Estate Return Correlations: Real-World Limitations on Relationships Inferred from NCREIF Data.” Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics 13 (September 1996):121–142

    Google Scholar 

  • Grissom, T.V., Hartzell, D., Liu, C., “An Approach to Industrial Real Estate Market Segmentation and Valuation Using the Arbitrage Pricing Paradigm.” Journal of the American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association 15 (1987):199–219

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grissom, T.V., Kuhle, J.L., Walther, C.H., “Diversification Works in Real Estate, Too.” Journal of Portfolio Management (Winter 1987):66–71

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartzell, D., “Real Estate in the Portfolio.” New York, NY: Salomon Brothers, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartzell, D., Hekman, J., Miles, M., “Diversification Categories in Investment Real Estate.” Journal of the American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association 13 (Spring 1985):32–47

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartzell, D., Shulman, D., Wurtzebach, C., “Refining the Analysis of Regional Diversification for Income Producing Real Estate.” Journal of Real Estate Research 2 (1987):85–95

    Google Scholar 

  • Hess, R., Liang, Y., “A Sector View of Public Market Ownership in the United States.” Journal of Real Estate Portfolio Management 8 (2002):271–284

    Google Scholar 

  • Higgs, H., Worthington, A.C., “The Prospects for Geographic Diversification in U.K. Regional Property Investment Implications Derived From Multivariate Cointegration Analysis.” In: Worthington, A., (ed) Discussion Paper in Economics, Finance and International Competitiveness. Queensland University of Technology, Australia, 2002, pp 1–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoag, J.W., “Towards Indices of Real Estate Value and Return.” Journal of Finance 35 (May 1980):569–580

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodgson, D.J., Slade, B.A., Vorkink, K.P., “Constructing Commercial Indices: A Semiparametric Adaptive Estimator Approach.” Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics 32 (March 2006):151–168

    Google Scholar 

  • Hudson-Wilson, S., “New Trends in Portfolio Theory.” Journal of Property Management 55 (May/June 1990):57–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Hudson-Wilson, S., Wurtzebach, C.H., (ed) Managing Real Estate Portfolios. Burr Ridge, IL: Richard D. Irwin, Inc., 1994

    Google Scholar 

  • Ilkiw, J., “Asset Allocation and Real Estate: How to Make Prudent and Profitable Decisions.” PREA Quarterly (Summer 2001):2–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Irwin, S.H., Landa, D. “Real Estate, Futures, and Gold as Portfolio Assets.” Journal of Portfolio Management 13 (1987):29–34

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Isserman, A.M., Merrifield, J., “The Use of Control Groups in Evaluating Economic Policy.” Regional Science and Urban Economics 12 (February 1982):43–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Jorion, P., “Bayes-Stein Estimation for Portfolio Analysis.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 21 (September 1986):279–292

    Google Scholar 

  • Jud, G.D., Wingler, Tony R., Winkler, D.T., “The Integration of Retail Space Markets.” Journal of Real Estate Portfolio Management 8 (2002):79–92

    Google Scholar 

  • Kallberg, J.G., Liu, C.H., Greig, D.W., “The Role of Real Estate in the Portfolio Allocation Process.” Real Estate Economics 24 (1996):359–377

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King, D.A. Jr., Young, M.S., “Why Diversification Doesn’t Work.” Real Estate Review 25 (Summer 1994):6–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Ledoit, O., “A Well-Conditioned Estimator for Large Dimensional Covariance Matrices.” University of California Los Angeles. Working Paper. October 1996

    Google Scholar 

  • Ledoit, O., “Improved Estimation of the Covariance matrix of Stock Returns with an Application to Portfolio Selection.” University of California Los Angeles. Working Paper. January 14, 1999

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, S.L., “Correlation Shifts and Real Estate Portfolio Management.” Journal of Real Estate Portfolio Management 9 (2003):45–57

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, S.L., “The Relative Importance of Property Type and Regional Factors in Real Estate Returns.” Journal of Real Estate Portfolio Management 7 (2001):159–167

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, S., Byrne, P., “Diversification By Sector, Region or Function? A Mean Absolute Deviation Optimisation.” Journal of Property Valuation and Investment 16 (1998):38–56

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, S., Lizieri, C., “Asset Allocation, Cross-Class Correlations and the Structure of Property Returns.” Paper presented to the RICS “Cutting Edge” Research Conference, Cambridge, England, September 1999

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, S., Stevenson, S., “Real Estate Portfolio Construction and Estimation Risk.” A paper presented at the 7th European Real Estate Society Conference, Bordeaux, France, June 14–17, 2000

    Google Scholar 

  • Lhabitant, F.-S., Handbook of Hedge Funds. West Sussex, England: Wiley, 2006

    Google Scholar 

  • Liang, Y., McIntosh, W., “Measuring the Overall and Diversification Benefits of an Investment.” Real Estate Finance 16 (Fall 1999):55–63

    Google Scholar 

  • Louargand, M.A., “A Survey of Pension Fund Real Estate Portfolio Risk Management Practices.” Journal of Real Estate Research 7 (Fall 1992):361–373

    Google Scholar 

  • MacKinlay, A.C., Pastor, L., “Asset Pricing Models: Implications for Expected Returns and Portfolio Selection.” Review of Financial Studies 13 (Winter 2000):883–916

    Google Scholar 

  • Malizia, E.E., Simons, R.A., “Comparing Regional Classifications for Real Estate Portfolio Diversification.” Journal of Real Estate Research 6 (Spring 1991):53–77

    Google Scholar 

  • Maurer, R., Reiner, F., “International Asset Allocation With Real Estate Securities in a Shortfall Risk Framework: The Viewpoint of German and U.S. Investors.” Journal of Real Estate Portfolio Management 8 (2002):27–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Michaud, R.O., Efficient Asset Management: A Practical Guide to Stock Portfolio Optimization and Asset Allocation. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 1998

    Google Scholar 

  • Miles, M., Cole, R., Guilkey, D., “A Different Look at Commercial Real Estate Returns.” Journal of the American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association 18 (Winter 1990):403–430

    Google Scholar 

  • Miles, M., McCue, T., “Historic Returns and Institutional Real Estate Portfolios.” Journal of the American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association 10 (1982):184–198

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miles, M., McCue, T., “Diversification in the Real Estate Portfolio.” Journal of Financial Research 7 (Spring 1984):57–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Mueller, G.R., Laposa, S.P., “Property-Type Diversification in Real Estate Portfolios: A Size and Return Perspective.” Journal of Real Estate Portfolio Management 1 (1995):39–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Mueller, G.R., Ziering, B.A., “Real Estate Portfolio Diversification Using Economic Diversification.” Journal of Real Estate Research 7 (1992):375–386

    Google Scholar 

  • Munneke, H.J., Slade, B.A., “An Empirical Study of Sample Selection Bias in Indices of Commercial Real Estate.” Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics 21 (July 2000):45–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Myer, F.C.N., Webb, V.R., “Estimating allocations for mixed asset Portfolios using Bootstrap Technique.” Paper presented at the American Real Estate Society Meetings, Saroscta, Florida, April 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Council of Real Estate Investment Fiduciaries. “Frequently Asked Questions About NCREIF and the NCREIF Property Index (NPI).”

    Google Scholar 

  • Newell, G., MacFarlane, J., “Improved Risk Estimation Using Appraisal-Smoothed Real Estate Returns.” Journal of Real Estate Portfolio Management 1 (1995):51–57

    Google Scholar 

  • Norman, E.J., Sirmans, G.S., Benjamin, J.D., “The Historical Environment of Real Estate Returns.” Journal of Real Estate Portfolio Management 1 (1995):1–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Olaleye, A., Aluko, B.T., “Evaluating Managers Diversification of Real Estate Portfolios: Evidence from Nigeria.” International Journal of Strategic Property Management (September 2007)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ong, S.-E., Ranasinghe, M., “Portfolio Variance and Covariance Matrices.” Journal of Real Estate Portfolio Management 6 (2000):1–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Pagliari, J.L., Jr., (ed) The Handbook of Real Estate Portfolio Management. Chicago, IL: Richard D. Irwin, Inc., 1995

    Google Scholar 

  • Pagliari, J.L., Jr., Lieblich, F., Schaner, M., Webb, J.R., “Twenty Years of the NCREIF Property Index.” Working Paper, September 1998

    Google Scholar 

  • Pagliari, J.L., Jr., Webb, J.R., Del Casino, J.J., “Applying MPT to Institutional Real Estate Portfolios: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly.” Journal of Real Estate Portfolio Management 1 (1995):67–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Patel, K., Sing, T.F., “Implied Volatility in U.K. Commercial Property Market: Empirical Evidence Based on Transaction Data.” Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics 20 (January 2000):5–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Robichek, A.A., Cohn, R.A., Pringle, J.J., “Returns on Alternative Investment Media and Implications for Portfolio Construction.” Journal of Business 55 (July 1972):427–443

    Google Scholar 

  • Roulac, S.E., “How to Structure Real Estate Investment Management.” Journal of Portfolio Management 8 (Fall 1981):32–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanders, A.B., Pagliari, J.L., Webb, J.R., “Portfolio Management Concepts and the Application to Real Estate.” In: Pagliari, J.L., (ed) Handbook of Real Estate Portfolio Management, Chicago, IL: Irwin Professional Publishing, 1995, pp 117–172

    Google Scholar 

  • Schuck, E.J., “Why Diversification Does Work.” Real Estate Review 25 (Spring 1995):12–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwann, G.M., “A Real Estate Price Index for Thin Markets.” Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics 16 (May 1998):269–287

    Google Scholar 

  • Seiler, M.J., Webb, J.R., Myer, F.C.N., “Diversification Issues in Real Estate Investment.” Journal of Real Estate Literature 7 (1999):163–179

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seiler, M.J., Webb, J.R., Myer, F.C.N., “Can Private Real Estate Portfolios Be Rebalanced/Diversified Using Equity REIT Shares?” Journal of Real Estate Portfolio Management 7 (2001):25–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaoqun, W., Ying, H., “Potential for Portfolio Diversification Across China’s Real Estate Markets.” Paper presented at the Asian Real Estate Society Conference, Dehli, India, August 9–12, 2004

    Google Scholar 

  • Sing, T.F., Ong, S.E., “Asset Allocation in a Downside Risk Framework.” Journal of Real Estate Portfolio Management 6 (2000):213–223

    Google Scholar 

  • Sirmans, C.F., Fisher, J.D., “Real Estate in Pension Fund Portfolios: A Review of the Literature and Annotated Bibliography.” Pension Real Estate Association

    Google Scholar 

  • Sivitanides, P.S., “A Downside-risk Approach to Real Estate Portfolio Structuring.” Journal of Real Estate Portfolio Management 4 (1998):159–168

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson, S., “Bayes-Stein Estimators and International Real Estate Allocation.” Journal of Real Estate Research 21 (2001):89–103

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson, S., “Ex-Ante and Ex-Post Performance of Optimal REIT Portfolios.” Journal of Real Estate Portfolio Management 8 (2002):199–207

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomson, T.A., “Long-Term Portfolio Returns from Timber and Financial Assets.” Journal of Real Estate Porfolio Management 3 (1997):57–73

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomson Financial Venture Economics. http://vx.thomsonib.com

  • Viezer, T.W., “Building Real Estate Portfolios One Deal at a Time, With an Eye on Diversification.” Real Estate Finance (Fall 1999a):1–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Viezer, T.W., “Econometric Integration of Real Estate’s Space and Capital Markets.” Journal of Real Estate Research 18 (1999b):503–519

    Google Scholar 

  • Viezer, T.W., “Simulating and Testing Metropolitan Area/Property Type Returns.” Real Estate Finance (Fall 1999c):1–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Viezer, T.W., “Evaluating ‘Within Real Estate’ Diversification Strategies.” Journal of Real Estate Portfolio Management 6 (2000):75–95

    Google Scholar 

  • Viezer, T.W., “Statistical Strategies for Real Estate Portfolio Diversification.” Doctoral Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1998

    Google Scholar 

  • Webb, J.R., “Real Estate Investment Acquisition Rules for Life Insurance Companies and Pension Funds: A Survey.” Journal of the American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association 12 (Winter 1984):495–520

    Google Scholar 

  • Webb, JR., Curico, R.J., Rubens, J.H., “Diversification Gains From Including Real Estate in Mixed-Asset Portfolios.” Decision Sciences 19 (1988):434–452

    Google Scholar 

  • Webb, J.R., Rubens, J.H., “Portfolio Considerations in the Valuation of Real Estate.” Journal of the American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association 14 (1986):465–495

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Webb, J.R., Rubens, J.H., “How Much in Real Estate? A Surprise Answer.” Journal of Portfolio Management 13 (1987):10–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wellner, K., Thomas, M., “Diversification Benefits From European Direct Real Estate Investments With a Special Focus on the German Market.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Real Estate Society, Captiva Iceland, 2004

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiley, R.J., “Real Estate Investment Analysis: An Empirical Study.” Appraisal Journal (October 1976):586–592

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, P.J., Zurbruegg, R., “International Diversification of Real Estate Assets: Is It Worth It? Evidence from the Literature.” Journal of Real Estate Literature 11 (2003):259–277

    Google Scholar 

  • Worzala, E.M., Bajelsmit, V.L., “Real Estate Asset Allocation and the Decisionmaking Framework Used By Pension Fund Managers.” Journal of Real Estate Portfolio Management 3 (1997):46–56

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, M.S., “Making Sense of the CNREIF Property Index: A New Formulation Revisited.” Journal of Real Estate Portfolio Management 11 (2005):211–223

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, M.S., “Revisiting Non-Normal Real Estate Return Distributions by Property Type in the U.S.” Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics. 36 (February 2008):233–248

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, M.S., Graff, R.A., “Real Estate is Not Normal: A Fresh Look at Real Estate Return Distributions.” Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics 10 (May 1995):225–259

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, M.S., Greig, D.W., “Drums Along the Efficient Frontier.” Real Estate Review 22 (Winter 1993):18–29

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, M.S., Lee, S.L., Devaney, S.P., “Non-Normal Real Estate Return Distributions by Property Type in the U.K.” Journal of Property Research 23 (June 2006):109–133

    Google Scholar 

  • Zerbst, R.H., Cambon, B.R., “Real Estate: Historical Returns and Risks.” Journal of Portfolio Management 10 (Spring 1984):5–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Ziering, B., Hess, R., “A Further Note on Economic Versus Geographic Diversification.” Real Estate Finance (Fall 1995):53–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Ziobrowski, B.J., Ziobrowski, A.J., “Higher Real Estate Risk and Mixed-Asset Portfolio Performance.” Journal of Real Estate Portfolio Management 3 (1997):107–115

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Timothy W. Viezer .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Viezer, T.W. (2010). The Application of Modern Portfolio Theory to Real Estate: A Brief Survey. In: Guerard, J.B. (eds) Handbook of Portfolio Construction. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-77439-8_29

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics