Skip to main content

Leaving Earth: From Dreams to Reality?

  • Chapter
  • 626 Accesses

Part of the book series: Springer Praxis Books ((POPS))

Abstract

With the perspective of an increasing population, with the limits faced on the most crucial resources required for sustaining life, with the deterioration and the warming of the climate, plus the possibilities offered by space techniques, the option of leaving a planet that may become inhabitable if not properly managed is an alternative to our future that many have envisioned. Finding hospitable outposts outside the Earth through the Solar System has in fact very often been addressed. Even without any pressing needs, humans have for a long time dreamt of escaping the Earth and exploring the Universe around it. At the turn of the 17th century, in his Somnium seu Astronomia Lunari — A Dream or Astronomy of the Moon, with a lot of fantasy but also accuracy, Kepler described how the Sun and its planets would appear to an inhabitant of the Moon. He imagined the living creatures of that new world where the length of the day was different, the temperatures were different and the seasons were different, but where the laws of celestial mechanics would be the same as on Earth.

We can do anything we want. We can say anything we want to ourselves, because it is easy to fool ourselves. But, we cannot fool Nature. And if we try to fool Nature, we only court disaster. Richard P. Feynman

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD   49.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

9.6 Notes and references

  1. According to McKay, C.P., 1982, Extrapolation 23, No. 4, Kent State University Press, 309–314, the object of terraforming is to alter the environment of another planet to improve the chances of survival of an indigenous biology, or in the absence of an indigenous biology, to allow habitation by most, if not all, terrestrial life forms.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Kasting, J.F. et al., 1988, ‘How climate evolved on the terrestrial planets’, Scientific American 256, 46–54.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  3. Lunine, J.I., 1999, Earth: Evolution of a Habitable World, Cambridge University Press, p. 319.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Bertaux, J.L., 2006, ‘Solar variability and climate impact on terrestrial planets’, in Solar Variability and Planetary Climates (ISSI Book Series No. 23), Calisesi Y. et al. (eds), Springer Publication; and Space Science Reviews 125, Issue 1–4, 435–444. Taylor, F., 2006, ‘Climate variability on Venus and Titan’, Solar Variability and Planetary Climates (ISSI Book Series No. 23), Calisesi, Y. et al. (eds), Springer Publication; and Space Science Reviews 125, Issue 1–4, 445–455.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Ingersoll, A.P., 2007, ‘Express dispatches’, Nature 450, 617–618.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  6. Kasting, J.F. and Catling, D., 2003, ‘Evolution of a habitable planet’, Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 41, 429–463.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. Fogg, M.J., 1987, ‘The terraforming of Venus’, Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 40, 551–564.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. Dyson, F., 1989, ‘Terraforming Venus’, Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 42, 593–596.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Dyson, F., 1966, ‘The search for extraterrestrial technology’, Perspective in Modern Physics, Interscience Publishers, New York, 641–655.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Sagan, C., 1994, Pale Blue Dot, Random House edn, New York, p. 429.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Ecopoeisis has a more modest aim than terraforming. It refers to the fabrication of a self-sustaining ecosystem on a lifeless planet. The expression is derived from the Greek roots, oικoζ, an abode, house or dwelling place (from which we also derive ‘ecology’ and ‘economics’) and πoινσιξ a fabrication or production (from which we derive ‘poesy’, as well as a variety of other biological terms such as biopoiesis, haematopoiesis, etc.). Ecopoiesis is now used in the literature to describe the implantation of a pioneering and, hence, microbial ecosystem on a planet, either as an end in itself or as an initial stage in a more lengthy process of terraforming (see Haynes, R.H., 1993, ‘How might Mars become a home for humans’, The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Mankind).

    Google Scholar 

  12. McKay, C.P. et al., 1991, ‘Making Mars habitable’, Nature 352, 489–496.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  13. Forget, F., Costard, F. and Lognonné P., 2003, La planete Mars, histoire d’un autre monde, Pour la Science Eds, Berlin, p. 144.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Poulet, F. et al., 2005, ‘Phyllosilicates on Mars and implications for early Martian climate’, Nature 438, 638.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Lundin, R. et al., 2005, ‘Planetary magnetic fields and solar forcing — critical aspects for the evolution of the Earth-like planets’, Geology and Habitability of Terrestrial Planets (ISSI Book Series 24), Fishbaugh K. et al. (eds), Springer Publication; and Space Science Reviews 129, Issue 1–3, 245–278.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Kurahashi-Nakamura, T. and Tajika, E., 2006, ‘Atmospheric collapse and transport of carbon dioxide into the subsurface on early Mars’, Geophysical Research Letters 33, L18205, p. 5.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Laskar, J. et al., 2002, ‘Orbital forcing of the Martian polar layered deposits’, Nature 419, 375–377. Laskar, J. et al., 2004, ‘Long term evolution and chaotic diffusion of the insolation quantities of Mars’, Icarus 170, 343–364.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  18. Montmessin, F., 2006, ‘The orbital forcing of climate changes on Mars’, Solar Variability and Planetary Climates (ISSI Book Series No. 23), Calisesi Y. et al. (eds), Springer Publication and Space Science Reviews 125, Issue 1–4, 457–472.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Fogg, M.J., 2005, ‘On the possibility of terraforming Mars’. http://www.redcolony.com/

    Google Scholar 

  20. Lovelock, J.E. and Allaby, M., 1984, The Greening of Mars, Warner Brothers Inc., New York.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Oberg, J.E., 1981, New Earths, New American Library Inc., New York.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Gott III, J.R., 2007, ‘Why humans must leave Earth’, New Scientist 2620, 51–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Fogg, M.J., 1991, ‘Terraforming, as part of a strategy for interstellar colonization’, Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 44, 183–192.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  24. Raymond, S.N. et al., 2006, ‘Predicting Planets in known Extrasolar Planetary Systems. III Forming Terrestrial Planets’, Astrophysical Journal 644, 1223–1231.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  25. Udry, S. et al., 2007, ‘The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets XI. An habitable super-Earth (5 Earth masses) in a 3-planet system’, Astronomy and Astrophysics 469 (3), Letter L43.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  26. Cole, G.H.A., 2006, ‘Observed Exoplanets and Intelligent Life’, Surveys in Geophysics 27 (3), 365–382.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  27. Labeyrie A, 1996, ‘Resolved imaging of extra-solar planets with future 10–100 km optical interferometric arrays’, Astronomy and Astrophysics Supp. Series 118, 517–524.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  28. Crystall, B., 2007, ‘Engage the antimatter drive’, New Scientist 2620, 62–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Hamilton, S.A. et al., 2006, ‘A murine model for bone loss from therapeutic and space-relevant sources of radiation’, Journal of Applied Physiology 101, 789–793; DOI:10.1152/japplphysiol.01078.2005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Parker, E.N., 2005, ‘Shielding space explrers from cosmic rays’, Space Weather 3 (8); Parker, E.N., 2006,’ shielding Space travelers’, Scientific American 294 (3), 22–29; Parker, E.N., 2006, ‘Peut-on protéger les Voyageurs Spatiaux?’, Pour la Science 343, May.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Cucinotta, F.A. and Durante, M., 2006, ‘Cancer risk from exposure to galactic cosmic rays: implications for space exploration by human beings’, Lancet Oncology 7, 431–435.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. O’ Neill, G.K., 1974, ‘The colonization of space’, Physics Today 27 (9).

    Google Scholar 

  33. Odum, P., 1996, ‘Cost of living in domed cities’, Nature 382, p. 18.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  34. Webb, S., 2002, Where is Everybody?, Copernicus Books, Praxis, New York, p. 288.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Mission to the Moon, 1992, ESA SP-1150, p. 190, and Towards a World Strategy for the Exploration and Utilization of our Natural Satellite, 1994, ESA SP-1170, p. 167.

    Google Scholar 

  36. The Scientific Context for Exploration of the Moon: Final Report, 2007, Committee on the Scientific Context for Exploration of the Moon, National Research Council, ISBN: 978-0-309-10919-2, p. 120.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Kopal, Z., 1974, The Moon in the Post-Apollo Era, Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht, Holland, p. 223.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Bonnet, R.M., 1996, ‘How might we approach a major lunar programme?’, Advances in Space Research 18 (11), 7–13.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  39. Schmitt, H.M., 2006, Return to the Moon: Exploration, Enterprise, and Energy in the Human Settlement of Space, Praxis Publishing, p. 335.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Lewis, J.S., 1996, Mining the Sky, Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-201-47959-1, p. 274.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Sonter, M.J., 1998, The Technical and Economic Feasibility of Mining the Near-Earth Asteroids, 49th IAF Congress, Melbourne, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Dyson, F., 1976, ‘Can we control the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?’, Energy 2, 287–291.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Schiermeier, Q., 2006, ‘Putting the carbon back, the hundred billion tons challenge’, Nature 442, 620–623.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  44. Jayaraman, K.S., 2007, ‘India’s carbon dioxide trap’, Nature 445, 350.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  45. Crutzen, P.J., 2006, Foreword to Solar Variability and Planetary Climates (ISSI Book Series No. 23), Calisesi Y. et al. (eds), Springer Publication and Space Science Reviews 125, Issue 1–4, 1–3.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Crutzen, P.J., 2006, ‘Albedo enhancement by stratospheric sulfur injections: a contribution to resolve a policy dilemma’, Climatic Change 77, 211–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Morton, O., 2007, ‘Is this what it takes to save the world?’, Nature 447, 132–136.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  48. Angel, R., 2006, ‘Feasibility of cooling the Earth with a cloud of small spacecraft near the inner Lagrange point (L1)’, Proceedings National Academy of Sciences 103, 17184–17189.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Praxis Publishing Ltd.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

(2008). Leaving Earth: From Dreams to Reality?. In: Surviving 1,000 Centuries. Springer Praxis Books. Praxis. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-74635-7_9

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics