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Notes
- 1.
41 Originally in Kritik der reinen Vernunft and often translated as “Experience without theory is blind, but theory without experience is mere intellectual play,” this translation does not capture the whole original citation. Kant wrote his first works in Latin but moved later to German, contributing significantly to the recognition of German as a language of science. Basically, he links practice to theory but also the importance of terminology and the relevance of practical context to methodology and thinking.
- 2.
42According to IDC, September 5, 2003.
- 3.
43 IBM Zürich Research Labs, 1979.
- 4.
44 Acquired in 1991 by AT&T.
- 5.
45 With an incredible amount of luck, I succeeded in getting early samples of this chipset already in 1996 before the market introduction in Europe [Eberle96].
- 6.
46 CNET News.com, “Cisco ‘winds down’ wireless chipsets,” February 2, 2004.
- 7.
47 For example, 802.11e for QoS, 802.11h for power control, 802.11i for security, and 802.11j for interoperability.
- 8.
48 Second-generation IWLAN, SIEMENS Automation and Drives, press release, November 2003.
- 9.
49 METRO Group, press release, January 2004.
- 10.
50 Intel Corp., “Microsoft Corporation: 35,000 employees go wireless with WLAN,” January 2003, http://www.intel.com/business/casestudies/microsoft.pdf.
- 11.
51 According to Dataquest, 2003.
- 12.
52 T-Mobile, “T-Mobile constructs Austria's biggest WLAN network,” press release, February 18, 2004.
- 13.
53 Lower layers are identical.
- 14.
54 Quoting Rose: “Sell the application, not the network.” [Rose01]
- 15.
55 Our terms QoE and QoS match, respectively, the terms perceived QoS and intrinsic QoS as defined by ITU/ETSI [Gozdecki03]. Note, however, that perceived QoS in ITU/ETSI encompasses required and perceived QoS by the user as well as offered and achieved QoS by the provider. We always use the user perspective.
- 16.
56 Note that, in the context of WLAN, the cell-size taxonomy is shifted toward smaller areas. While picocells in cellular systems may cover an entire building, picocells in WLAN target a single room [Prasad99, Skellern97].
- 17.
57 Also called basestations.
- 18.
58 Goodput is the error-free throughput at the interface to the application layer (L7).
- 19.
59 The small-office home-office case aggregates office tasks with multimedia consumer services.
- 20.
60 This short-distance high-speed link could be taken up by devices according to IEEE 802.15.3a.
- 21.
61 The importance of both peak power and average energy consumption is detailed in Chap. 6.
- 22.
62 For classical direct spread-spectrum techniques, higher throughput results in higher signal bandwidth. It was clear that available spectrum is limited (either because it is licensed for fairly high costs such as in the GSM or UMTS cases, or it can become crowded in the case of unlicensed spectrum such as the 2.4-GHz bands). Hence, a solution was required that both offers a better spectral efficiency and allows an intrinsic scalability from low to high bit rates and to varying channel conditions. OFDM meets these requirements.
- 23.
63 OFDM is typically seen as a candidate for medium to high bit rates for two reasons. First, the number of subcarriers increases with the frequency selectivity of the channel which is typically not a problem for low-data rates in the range of kbit s−1. Second, OFDM offers advanced bandwidth allocation schemes, e.g., for multiuser applications which are often not needed for low bit-rate transmission.
- 24.
64 The excess delay is defined relative to the time of arrival of the first propagation path.
- 25.
65 Equalization is here reduced to a single-tap gain and phase adjustment.
- 26.
66 The baud rate is defined as the number of signal transitions per second. The actual bit rate can be derived from the baud rate when the amount of signal constellations is known, i.e., the modulation scheme has been defined.
- 27.
67 20 MHz is the bandwidth of IEEE 802.11a/g and HiperLAN/2 WLAN.
- 28.
68 Note that, assuming the classical hexagonal cellular layout, no solution exists for the three channels in the 2.4-GHz band, while the eight (12) channels in the 5-GHz band can be effectively used to implement a proper cellular system.
- 29.
69 The Collins TE-206 KINEPLEX system from 1959 used four equally spaced tones between 935 and 2,255 Hz. This spectrum was upconverted to a 21-kHz carrier. Two channels were multiplexed on a single tone. The equipment was already transistorized but still it had cabinet size and required a 100-W power supply.
- 30.
70 The classical papers mostly used the term tone. In this dissertation, we will use the modern term subcarrier instead of tone.
- 31.
71 The paper was declassified later and reprinted in 1981.
- 32.
72 Submitted 1966, published 1969. The corresponding patent was granted in 1970. Note that it also included the optimum design of the transmit filters for a given amplitude transfer function ǀh(f)ǀ of the channel.
- 33.
73 In literature, also block length or frame length is used.
- 34.
74 Note this particular view of the data input to the Fourier transform as a time multiplex of different sources. In OFDM today, the data stream of a single source is mapped to subcarriers in a particular way.
- 35.
75 Other common names are cyclic extension, guard interval, or guard time.
- 36.
76 Also: circular convolution.
- 37.
77 This is the title of a frequently cited article by [Bingham90].
- 38.
78 In the xDSL community, the term discrete multitone (DMT) is preferred over OFDM.
- 39.
79 Preliminary specifications include a 500-MHz band, 128 QPSK-modulated subcarriers, 4–10 m ranges, and data rates beyond 100 Mbps at very low-power spectral density.
- 40.
80 The transmitter expects its input as constellation points in the complex phase domain.
- 41.
81 This results in an optimization problem, which is dealt with in adaptive loading [Kalet89, Thoen02].
- 42.
82 Recently, frequency-domain equalization has become popular in single-carrier system, too [Czylwik97].
- 43.
83 With integration, we mean a system-in-a-package (SiP) approach.
- 44.
84 For completeness, IEEE 802.11 provides also more efficient protocol flavors such as an RTS/CTS scheme.
- 45.
85 A 4,095 byte payload at the lowest possible modulation/coding rate (BPSK with half-rate coding).
- 46.
86 This is fairly realistic even in industrial contexts when referring to early R&D phases. In these phases, functionality or performance is dominating metrics.
- 47.
87 Note that neither IEEE 802.11a nor ETSI HiperLAN/2 were finalized when our first IC design started. Note, however, that we designed our second IC toward the IEEE 802.11a standard.
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(2008). Specification for a Wireless LAN Terminal. In: Wireless Transceiver Systems Design. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-74516-9_3
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