Evidence-Based Treatment of Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Abramowitz, J. S. (1997). Effectiveness of psychological and pharmacological treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A quantitative review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 44–52.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Abramowitz, J. S., Franklin, M. E., Schwartz, S. A., & Furr, J. M. (2003). Symptom presentation and outcome of cognitive-behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 1049–1057.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Abramowitz, J. S., Franklin, M. E., Street, G. P., Kozak, M. J., & Foa, E. B. (2000). Effects of comorbid depression on response to treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behavior Therapy, 31, 517–528.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Araujo, L. A., Ito, L. M., & Marks, I. (1996). Early compliance and other factors predicting outcome of exposure for obsessive-compulsive disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 169, 747–752.PubMedGoogle Scholar

Barrett, P., Farrell, L., Dadds, M., & Boulter, N. (2005). Cognitive-behavioral family treatment of childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder: Long-term follow-up and predictors of outcome. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 1005–1014.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barrett, P., Healy-Farrell, L., & March, J. S. (2004). Cognitive-behavioral family treatment of childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder: A controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 46–62.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Benazon, N. R., Ager, J., & Rosenberg, D. R. (2002). Cognitive behavior therapy in treatment-naive children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder: An open trial. Behavior Research and Therapy, 40, 529–539.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Black, D. W., Monahan, P., Gable, J., Blum, N., Clancy, G., & Baker, P. (1998). Hoarding and treatment response in 38 nondepressed subjects with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59, 420–425.PubMedGoogle Scholar

Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (2005). Worsening depression and suicidality in patients being treated with antidepressant medications. Retrieved April 10, 2005, from www.fda.gov/cder/drug/antidepressants/AntidepressanstPHA.htm.Google Scholar

Chambless, D. L., & Steketee, G. (1999). Expressed emotion and behavior therapy outcome: A prospective study with obsessive compulsive and agoraphobic outpatients. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 658–665.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Committee on Safety of Medicines. (2004). Use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder (MDD)—Only fluoxetine (Prozac) shown to have a favourable balance of risks and benefits for the treatment of MDD in the under 18s. Retrieved April 20, 2005, from http://medicines.mhra.gov.uk ourwork/monitorsafequalmed/ safetymessages/ssris_spc_061204.pdf.Google Scholar

Cook, E. H., Wagner, K. D., March, J. S., Biederman, J., Landau, P., Wolkow, R., et al. (2001). Long-term sertraline treatment of children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 1175–1181.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cottraux, J., Messy, P., Marks, I. M., Mollard, E., & Bouvard, M. (1993). Predictive factors in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorders with fluvoxamine and/or behavior therapy. Behavioural Psychotherapy, 21, 45–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

de Hann, E., Hoogduin, K. A. L., Buitelaar, J. K., & Keijesers, G. P. J. (1998). Behavior therapy versus clomipramine for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 1022–1029.Google Scholar

de Haan, E., van Oppen, P., van Balkom, A. J., Spinhoven, P., Hoogduin, K. A., & Van Dyck, R. (1997). Prediction of outcome and early vs. late improvement in OCD patients treated with cognitive behaviour therapy and pharmacotherapy. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 96, 354–361.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

DeVeaugh-Geiss, J., Moroz, G., Biederman, J. B., Cantwell, D., Fontaine, R., Greist, J. H., et al. (1992). Clomipramine hydrochloride in childhood and adolescent obsessive-compulsive disorder: A multicenter trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 45–49.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dougherty, D. D., Rauch, S. L., & Jenike, M. A. (2002). Pharmacological treatments for obsessive compulsive disorder. In A Guide to Treatments That Work, 2nd ed. (pp. 387–410). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Douglass, H. M., Moffitt, T. E., Dar, R., McGee, R., & Silva, P. (1995). Obsessive-compulsive disorder in a birth cohort of 18-year-olds: Prevalence and predictors. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 1424–1431.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ellingrod, V. L. (1998). Pharmacotherapy of primary obsessive-compulsive disorder: Review of the literature. Pharmacotherapy, 18, 936–960.PubMedGoogle Scholar

Figueroa, Y., Rosenberg, D. R., Birmaher, B., & Keshavan, M. S. (1998). Combination treatment with clomipramine and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 8, 61–67.PubMedGoogle Scholar

Fischer, D., Himle, J. A., & Hanna, G. L. (1998). Group behavioral therapy for adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder: Preliminary outcomes. Research in Social Work, 8, 629–636.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Flament, M. F., Rapoport, J. L., Berg, C. J., Sceery, W., Kilts, C., Mellstrom, B., et al. (1985). Clomipramine treatment of childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder: A double-blind controlled study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 1088–1092.Google Scholar

Foa, E. B., Liebowitz, M. R., Kozak, M. J., Davies, S., Campeas, R., Franklin, M. E., et al. (2005). Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of exposure and ritual prevention, clomipramine, and their combination in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 151–161.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Franklin, M. E., Kozak, M. J., Cashman, L. A., Coles, M. E., Rheingold, A. A., & Foa, E. (1998). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: An open clinical trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 412–419.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gallant, J., Storch, E. A., Valderhaug, R., & Geffken, G. R. (2005). School Psychologists’ Views and Management of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Children and Adolescents. Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar

Geller, D. A., Biederman, J., Stewart, S. E., Mullin, B., Farrell, C., Wagner, K. D., et al. (2003a). Impact of comorbidity on treatment response to paroxetine in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: Is the use of exclusion criteria empirically supported in randomized clinical trials? Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychchopharmacology, 13S, S19–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Geller, D. A., Biederman, J., Stewart, S. E., Mullin, B., Martin, A., Spencer, T., et al. (2003b). Which SSRI? A meta-analysis of pharmacotherapy trials in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 1919–1928.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Geller, D. A., Hoog, S. L., Heiligenstein, J. H., Ricardi, R. K., Tamura, R., Kluszynski, S., et al. (2001). Fluoxetine treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents: A placebo-controlled clinical trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 773–779.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gold-Steinberg, S., & Logan, D. (1999). Integrating play therapy in the treatment of children with obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 69, 495–503.Google Scholar

Goodman, W.K., Price, L.H., Rasmussen, S.A., Mazure, C., Fleischman, R.L., Hill, C.L., et al. (1989). The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: I. Development, use, and reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 1006–1011.PubMedGoogle Scholar

Grados, M. A., & Riddle, M. A. (2001). Pharmacological treatment of childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder: From theory to practice. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30, 67–79.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Keijsers, G. P., Hoogduin, C. A., & Schaap, C. P. (1994). Predictors of treatment outcome in the behavioural treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 781–786.PubMedGoogle Scholar

Larson, M. J., Storch, E. A., Lewin, A. B., Geffken, G. R., Murphy, T. K., & Goodman, W. K. (2005). Update on the treatment of pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. Current Psychiatry Reviews, 1, 281–291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Leonard, H. L., Swedo, S. E., Lenane, M. C., Rettew, D. C., Hamburger, S. D., Bartko, J. J., et al. (1993). A 2- to 7-year follow-up study of 54 obsessive-compulsive children and adolescents. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 429–439.PubMedGoogle Scholar

Lewin, A. B., Storch, E. A., Adkins, J. W., Murphy, T. K., & Geffken, G. R. (2005). Current directions in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. Pediatric Annals, 34, 128–134.PubMedGoogle Scholar

Lewin, A. B., Storch, E. A., Merlo, L. J., Adkins, J. W., Murphy, T. K., & Geffken, G. R. (in press). Intensive cognitive-behavioral therapy for pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: A treatment protocol for mental health providers. Psychological Services.Google Scholar

Liebowitz, M. R., Turner, S. M., Piacentini, J., Beidel, D. C., Clarvit, S. R., Davies, S. O., et al. (2002). Fluoxetine in children and adolescents with OCDL: A placebo-controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 1431–1438.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

March, J. S., Biederman, J., Wolkow, R., Safferman, A., Mardekian, J., Cook, E. H., et al. (1998). Sertraline in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A multicenter randomized control trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 280, 1752–1756.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

March, J. S., Franklin, M. E., Nelson, A., & Foa, E. (2001). Cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy for pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30, 8–18.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

March, J. S., & Mulle, K. (1998). OCD in Children and Adolescents: A Cognitive Behavioral Treatment Manual. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar

March, J. S., Mulle, K., & Herbel, B. (1994). Behavioral psychotherapy for children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder: An open trial of a new protocol-driven treatment package. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33, 333–341.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mataix-Cols, D., Marks, I. M., Greist, J. H., Kobak, K. A., & Baer, L. (2002). Obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions as predictors of compliance with and response to behaviour therapy: Results from a controlled trial. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 71, 255–262.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

McGuire, P. K., Bench, C. J., Frith, C. D., Marks, I. M., Frackowiak, R. S., & Dolan, R. J. (1994). Functional anatomy of obsessive-compulsive phenomena. British Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 459–468.PubMedGoogle Scholar

Murphy, T. K., Sajid, M., Soto, O., Shapira, N., Edge, P., Yang, M., et al. (2004). Detecting pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcus in children with obsessive-compulsive disorder and tics. Biological Psychiatry, 55, 61–68.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Obsessive-Compulsive Foundation. http://www.ocfoundation.org/ocf1130d.htm; accessed on December 18, 2004.Google Scholar

Obsessive-Compulsive Foundation. http://www.ocfoundation.org/1003/index. html; acces-sed on October 19, 2005.Google Scholar

Pediatric OCD Treatment Study Team (2004). Cognitive-behavior therapy, sertraline, and their combination for children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of the American Medical Association, 292, 1969–1976.Google Scholar

Piacentini, J., Bergman, R. L., Jacobs, C., McCracken, J., & Kretchman, J. (2002). Open trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy for childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 16, 207–219.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Piacentini, J., Bergman, R. L., Keller, M., & McCracken, J. (2003). Functional impairment in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 13S-1, S61–S69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Piacentini, J., Gitow, A., Jaffer, M., Graae, F., & Whitaker, A. (1994). Outpatient behavioral treatment of child and adolescent obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 8, 277–289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Piacentini, J., & Langley, A. K. (2004). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for children who have obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 1181–1194.Google Scholar

Practice Parameters (1998). Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37S, 27S–45S.Google Scholar

Rapoport, J. L., Inoff-Germain, G., Weissman, M. M., Greenwald, S., & Narrow, W. E. (2000). Childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder in the NIMH MECA study: Parent versus child identification of cases. Methods for the Epidemiology of Child and Adolescent Mental Disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 14, 535–548.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Riddle, M. A., Reeve, E. A., Yaryura-Tobias, J. A., Yang, H. M., Claghorn, J. L., Gaffney, G., et al. (2001). Fluvoxamine for children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A randomized, controlled, multicenter trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 222–229.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Riddle, M. A., Scahill, L., King, R., Harding, M., Anderson, G., Ort, S. I., et al. (1992). Double-blind, crossover trial of fluoxetine and placebo in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 1062–1069.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Scahill, L., Riddle, M. A., McSwiggin-Hardin, M., Ort, S. I., King, R. A., Goodman, W. K., et al. (1997). Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: Reliability and validity. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 844–852.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Simeon, J. G., Thatte, S., & Wiggins, D. (1990). Treatment of adolescent obsessive-compulsive disorder with clomipramine-fluoxetine combination. Psychopharmacological Bulletin, 26, 285–290.Google Scholar

Steketee, G., & Frost, R. (2003). Compulsive hoarding: Current status of the research. Clinical Psychology Review, 23, 905–927.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Steketee, G., & Shapiro, L. J. (1995). Predicting behavioral treatment outcome for agoraphobia and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 15, 315–346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Storch, E. A. (2005a). But is it OCD? A guide to detection and effective treatment. Contemporary Pediatrics, 22(11), 58–70.Google Scholar

Storch, E. A. (2005b). Update on childhood anxiety. Pediatric Annals, 34, 78–81.Google Scholar

Storch, E. A., & Geffken, G. R. (2004). Intensive Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Paper presented at the Anxiety Disorders Association of America, Miami, FL.Google Scholar

Storch, E. A., Geffken, G. R., Merlo, L. J., Mann, G., Duke, D., Munson, M., Adkins, J., Grabill, K., Murphy, T. K., & Goodmann, W. K., (2007). Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Comparison of Intensive and Weekly Approaches. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 469–478.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Storch, E. A., Gerdes, A., Atkins, J., Geffken, G. R., Star, J., & Murphy, T. (2004). Behavioral treatment of child with pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder associated with group A streptococcal infection. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 510–511.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Storch, E. A., & Merlo, L. J. (2006). Evaluation and treatment of the patient with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Family Practice, 55, 329–333.PubMedGoogle Scholar

Task Force on Promotion and Dissemination of Psychological Procedures (1995). Training in and dissemination of empirically-valid psychological treatments: Report and recommendations. Clinical Psychologist, 48, 3–23.Google Scholar

Thienemann, M., Martin, J., Cregger, B., Thompson, H. B., & Dyer-Friedman, J. (2001). Manual-driven group cognitive-behavioral therapy of adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A pilot study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 1254–1260.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Thomsen, P. H. (1998). Obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents. Clinical guidelines. European Journal of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 7, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Thoren, P., Asberg, M., & Cronholm, B. (1980). Clomipramine treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder: A controlled clinical trial. Archives of General Psychiatry, 37, 1281–1285.PubMedGoogle Scholar

Treadwell, K., & Tolin, D. (2007). Clinical challenges in the treatment of pediatric OCD. In E. A. Storch, G. Geffken, & T. Murphy (Eds.), Handbook of Child and Adolescent Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 273–294.Google Scholar

Ursu, S., Stenger, V. A., Shear, M. K., Jones, M. R., & Carter, C. S. (2003). Overactive action monitoring in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging. Psychological Science, 14, 347–353.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Waters, T., Barrett, P., & March, J. S. (2001). Cognitive-behavioral family treatment of childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder: An open clinical trial. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 55, 105–113.Google Scholar

Wever, C., & Rey, J. (1997). Juvenile obsessive-compulsive disorder. Australia New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 31, 105–113.Google Scholar

Zak, J. P., Miller, J. A., Jr., Sheehan, D. V., & Fanous, B. S. (1988). The potential role of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 49S, 23–29.Google Scholar