Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Intersecting Genetics with Lifestyle: the Role of Exercise and Diet in Synaptic Plasticity and Cognitive Enhancement

  • Chapter
Transcriptional Regulation by Neuronal Activity

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adams J., Roberson E.D., English J.D., Selcher J.C., Sweatt J.D. (2000) MAPK regulation of gene expression in the central nervous system. Acta. Neurobiol. Exp. 60, 377–394.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allison D.B., Fontaine K.R., Manson J.E., Stevens J., VanItallie T.B. (1999) Annual deaths attributable to obesity in the United States. JAMA 282, 1530–1538.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • American Diabetes Association. Diabetes (1996) Vital Statistics. American Diabetes, Alexandria.

    Google Scholar 

  • Association.American Heart Association. (1999) Heart and Stroke Statistical Update. American Heart Association. Dallas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, R.J., Freedland, K.E., Clouse, R.E. and Lustman, P.J. (2001) The prevalence of comorbid depression in adults with diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 24, 1069–1078.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anway, M.D., Cupp, A.S., Uzumcu, M. and Skinner, M.K. (2005) Epigenetic transgenerational actions of endocrine disruptors and male fertility. Science 308, 1466–1469.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ariyasu, H., Takaya, K., Tagami, T., Ogawa, Y., Hosoda, K., Akamizu, T., Suda, M., Koh, T., Natsui, K., Toyooka, S., Shirakami, G., Usui, T., Shimatsu, A., Doi, K., Hosoda, H., Kojima, M., Kangawa, K. and Nakao, K. (2001) Stomach is a major source of circulating ghrelin, and feeding state determines plasma ghrelin-like im munoreactivity levels in humans. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86, 4753–4758.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arvanitakis, Z., Wilson, R.S., Bienias, J.L., Evans, D.A. and Bennett, D.A. (2004) Diabetes mellitus and risk of Alzheimer disease and decline in cognitive function. Arch. Neurol. 61, 661–666.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Astrand, P.O. and Rodahl, K. (1986) Textbook of Work Physiology. McGraw Hill, New York, pp 1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atkins, C.M., Selcher, J.C., Petraitis, J.J., Trzaskos, J.M. and Sweatt, J.D. (1998) The MAPK cascade is required for mammalian associative learning. Nat. Neurosci. 1, 602–609.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bachevalier J. (1990) Ontogenetic development of habit and memory formation in primates. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 608, 457-77 discussion 477–484.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bading, H., Ginty, D.D., Greenberg, M.E. (1993) Regulation of gene expression in hippo campal neurons by distinct calcium signaling pathways. Science 260, 181–186.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bannerman, D.M., Good, M.A., Butcher, S.P., Ramsay, M. and Morris, R.G. (1995) Distinct components of spatial learning revealed by prior training and NMDA receptor blockade. Nature 378, 182–186.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barbacid, M. (1994) The Trk family of neurotrophin receptors. J. Neurobiol. 25, 1386–1403.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barde, Y.A. (1994) Neurotrophins: A family of proteins supporting the survival of neurons. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 390, 45–56.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Yosef O, Belfer-Cohen (1992) From foraging to farming in the Mediterranean Levant. In: A.B. Gebauer and T.D. Price, (Eds.) Transitions to agriculture in prehis tory. Prehistory Press. pp. 21–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bito, H., Deisseroth, K. and Tsien, R.W. (1996) CREB phosphorylation and dephosphorylation: a Ca(2+)- and stimulus duration-dependent switch for hippocampal gene expression. Cell 87, 1203–1214.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blanquet, P.R., Mariani, J. and Derer, P. (2003) A calcium/calmodulin kinase pathwayconnects brain-derived neurotrophic factor to the cyclic AMP-responsive transcrip tion factor in the rat hippocampus. Neurosci. 118, 477–490.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blanquet, P.R., and Lamour, Y. (1997) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor increases Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 2 activity in hippocampus. J. Biol . Chem. 272, 24133–24136.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blum, S., Moore, A.N., Adams, F. and Dash, P.K. (1999) A mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade in the CA1/CA2 subfield of the dorsal hippocampus is essential for long-term spatial memory. J. Neurosci. 19, 3535–3544.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boaz, N.T. (2002) Evolving health: The origins of illness and how the modern world is making us sick. Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bohannon, R.W. (1993) Physical rehabilitation in neurologic diseases. Curr. Opin. Neu rol. 6, 765–772.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bolton, M.M., Lo, D.C. and Sherwood, N.T. (2000) Long-term regulation of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission in hippocampal cultures by brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Prog. Brain Res. 128, 203–18.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bolton, M.M., Pittman, A.J. and Lo, D.C. (2000) Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Differentially Regulates Excitatory and Inhibitory Synaptic Transmission in Hippocam pal Cultures. J. Neurosci.. 20, 3221–3232.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Booth, F.W., Chakravarthy, M.V., Gordon, S.E. and Spangenburg, E.E. (2002) Waging war on physical inactivity: using modern molecular ammunition against an ancient enemy. J. Appl. Physiol. 93, 3–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boss, O., Samec, S., Dulloo, A., Seydoux, J., Muzzin, P. and Giacobino, J.P. (1997) Tissue-dependent upregulation of rat uncoupling protein-2 expression in response to fasting or cold. FEBS 412, 111–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouillaud, F., Ricquier, D., Thibault, J. and Weissenbach, J. (1985) Molecular approach to thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue: cDNA cloning of the mitochondrial un coupling protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82, 445–448.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boulanger, L. and Poo, M.M. (1999) Gating of BDNF-induced synaptic potentiation by cAMP. Science 284, 1982–1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bourtchouladze, R., Frenguelli, B., Blendy, J., Cioffi, D., Schutz, G. and Silva, A.J. (1994) Deficient long-term memory in mice with a targeted mutation of the cAMP- responsive element-binding protein. Cell 79, 59–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourtchouladze, R., Frenguelli, B., Blendy, J., Cioffi, D., Schutz, G., Silva, A.J. (1994) Deficient long-term memory in mice with a targeted mutation of the cAMP- re sponsive element-binding protein. Cell, 79, 59–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bova, R., Micheli, M.R., Qualadrucci, P. and Zucconi, G.G. (1998) BDNF and trkB mRNAs oscillate in rat brain during the light-dark cycle. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 57, 321–324.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Braceland, F.J., Meduna L.J. and Vaichulis J.A. (1945) Delayed action of insulin in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 102, 108–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brambilla, F., Guastalla, A., Guerrini, A., Riggi, F., Rovere, C., Zanoboni A. and Zanoboni-Muciaccia W. (1976) Glucose–insulin metabolism in chronic schizophrenia. Dis. Nerv. Syst. 37, 98–103.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Branchi, I., Francia, N. and Alleva, E. (2004) Epigenetic control of neurobehavioral plasticity: the role of neurotrophins. Behav. Pharm.. 15, 353–362.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bredy, T.W., Grant, R.J., Champagne, D.L. and Meaney, M.J. (2003) Maternal care influences neuronal survival in the hippocampus of the rat. Eur. J. Neurosci. 18, 2903–2909.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bruce-Keller, A.J., Umberger, G., McFall, R. and Mattson, M.P. (1999) Food restriction reduces brain damage and improves behavioral outcome following excitotoxic and metabolic insults. Ann. Neurol. 45, 8–15.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burzynski, S.R. (2003) Gene silencing–a new theory of aging. Med. Hypotheses. 60, 578–583.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caldji, C., Tannenbaum, B., Sharma, S., Francis, D., Plotsky, P.M. and Meaney, M.J. (1998) Maternal care during infancy regulates the development of neural systems mediating the expression of fearfulness in the rat. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 5335–5340.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carlini, V.P., Varas, M.M., Cragnolini, A.B., Schioth, H.B., Scimonelli, T.N. and de Barioglio, S.R. (2004) Differential role of the hippocampus, amygdala, and dorsal raphe nucleus in regulating feeding, memory, and anxiety-like behavioral responses to ghrelin. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 313, 635–641.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Castren, E., Pitkanen, M., Sirvio, J., Parsadanian, A., Lindholm, D., Thoenen, H. and Riekkinen, P.J. (1993) The induction of LTP increases BDNF and NGF mRNA but decreases NT-3 mRNA in the dentate gyrus. Neuroreport 4, 895–898.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Castren, E., Zafra, F., Thoenen, H., Lindholm, D. (1992) Light regulates expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA in rat visual cortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 9444–9448.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2001) Behavioral Risk factor Surveil lance System survey data. US Department of Health and Human Services, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, W,G., Chang, Q., Lin, Y., Meissner, A., West, A.E., Griffith, E.C., Jaenisch, R. and Greenberg, M.E. (2003) Derepression of BDNF transcription involves calcium- dependent phosphorylation of MeCP2. Science 302, 885–889.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, W.P., Chang, Y.C. and Hsieh, S.T. (1999) Trophic interactions between sensory nerves and their targets. J. Biomed. Sci. 6, 79–85.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, Z.Y., Patel, P.D., Sant, G., Meng, C.X., Teng, K.K., Hempstead, B.L. and Lee, F.S. (2004) Variant brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) (Met66) alters the in tracellular trafficking and activity-dependent secretion of wild-type BDNF in neu rosecretory cells and cortical neurons. J. Neurosci. 24, 4401–4411.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chrivia, J.C., Kwok, R.P., Lamb, N., Hagiwara, M., Montminy, M.R. and Goodman, R.H. (1993) Phosphorylated CREB binds specifically to the nuclear protein CBP. Nature 365, 855–859.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clapp, J.F. 3rd, Kim, H., Burciu, B., Schmidt, S., Petry, K. and Lopez, B. (2002) Continuing regular exercise during pregnancy: effect of exercise volume on fetoplacental growth. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 186, 142–147.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, K.B., Krahl, S.E., Smith, D.C. and Jensen, R.A. (1995) Post-training unilateral vagal stimulation enhances retention performance in the rat. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 63, 213–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, K.B., Naritoku, D.K., Smith, D.C., Browning, R.A. and Jensen, R.A. (1999) Enhanced recognition memory following vagus nerve stimulation in human subjects. Nat. Neurosci. 2, 94–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, K.B., Smith, D.C., Hassert, D.L., Browning, R.A., Naritoku, D.K. and Jensen, R.A. (1998) Posttraining electrical stimulation of vagal afferents with concomitant vagal efferent inactivation enhances memory storage processes in the rat. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 70, 364–73.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colcombe, S. and Kramer, A.F. (2003) Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: a meta-analytic study. Psychol. Sci. 14, 125–130.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Contestabile, A., Ciani, E. and Contestabile A. (2004) Dietary restriction differentially protects from neurodegeneration in animal models of excitotoxicity. Brain Res. 1002, 162–166.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cordain, L., Eaton, S.B., Sebastian, A., Mann, N., Lindeberg, S., Watkins, B.A., O’Keefe, J.H. and Brand-Miller, J. (2005) Origins and evolution of the Western diet: health implications for the 21st century. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 81, 341–354.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cordain, L., Gotshall, R.W., Eaton, S.B., Eaton, S.B. 3rd. (1998) Physical activity, energy expenditure and fitness: an evolutionary perspective. Int. J. Sports Med. 19, 328–335.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cordain, L., Miller, J.B., Eaton, S.B., Mann, N., Holt, S.H. and Speth, J.D. (2000) Plant- animal subsistence ratios and macronutrient energy estimations in worldwide hunter- gatherer diets. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 71, 682–692.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cordain, L. (1999) Cereal grains: humanity’s double-edged sword. World Rev. Nutr. Diet. 84, 19–73

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cowley, M.A. et al. (2003) The distribution and mechanism of action of ghrelin in the CNS demonstrates a novel hypothalamic circuit regulating energy homeostasis. Neuron 37, 649–661

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cunnane, S.C. (2005) Origins and evolution of the Western diet: health implications for the 21st century. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 81, 341–354.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daly, C., Sugimori, M., Moreira, J.E., Ziff, E.B. and Llinas, R. (2000) Synaptophysin regulates clathrin-independent endocytosis of synaptic vesicles, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 6120–6125.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dash, P.K., Hochner, B. and Kandel, E.R. (1990) Injection of the cAMP-responsive element into the nucleus of Aplysia sensory neurons blocks long-term facilitation. Nature 345, 718–721.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Kloet, E.R., Vreugdenhil, E., Oitzl, M.S. and Joels, M. (1998) Brain corticosteroid receptor balance in health and disease. Endocr. Rev. 19, 269–301.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Diano, S., Farr, S.A., Benoit, S.C., McNay, E.C., da Silva, I., Horvath, B., Gaskin, F.S., Nonaka, N., Jaeger, L.B., Banks, W.A., Morley, J.E., Pinto, S., Sherwin, R.S., Xu, L., Yamada, K.A., Sleeman, M.W., Tschop, M.H. and Horvath TL. (2006) Ghrelin controls hippocampal spine synapse density and memory performance. Nat. Neurosci. 9, 381–388.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ding, Q., Vaynman, S., Souda, P., Whitelegge, J.P. and Gomez-Pinilla, F. (2006) Exercise affects energy metabolism and neural plasticity-related proteins in the hippo campus as revealed by proteomic analysis. Eur. J. Neurosci. 24, 1265–76.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dixon, L., Weiden, P., Delahanty, J., Goldberg, R., Postrado, L., Lucksted, A. and Lehman, A. (2000) Prevalence and correlates of diabetes in national schizophrenia sam ples. Schizophr. Bull. 26, 903–912.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eades, M.R. and Eades, M.D. (2000) The protein power lifeplan. Warner Books, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eaton, W.W., Armenian, H., Gallo, J., Pratt, L. and Ford, D.E. (1996) Depression and risk for onset of type II diabetes. A prospective population-based study. Diabetes Care 19, 1097–2102.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eaton, S.B., Eaton, S.B. 3rd and Konner, M.J. (1997) Paleolithic nutrition revisited: a twelve-year retrospective on its nature and implications. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 51, 207–216.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eaton, S.B. and Konner, M. (1985) Paleolithic nutrition. A consideration of its nature and current implications. N. Engl. J. Med. 312, 283–289.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Egan, M.F., Kojima, M., Callicott, J.H., Goldberg, T.E., Kolachana, B.S., Bertolino, A., Zaitsev, E., Gold, B., Goldman, D., Dean, M., Lu. B. and Weinberger, D.R. (2003) The BDNF val66met polymorphism affects activity-dependent secretion of BDNF and human memory and hippocampal function. Cell 112 , 257–269.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • English, J.D. and Sweatt, J.D. (1997) A requirement for the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade in hippocampal long term potentiation. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 19103–19106.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ennaceur, A, Delacour J. (1988) A new one-trial test for neurobiological studies of memory in rats. I: Behavioral data. Behav. Brain. Res. 31, 47–59.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ernfors, P., Bengzon, J., Kokaia, Z., Persson, H. and Lindvall, O. (1991) Increased levels of messenger RNAs for neurotrophic factors in the brain during kindling epilepto genesis. Neuron 7, 165–176.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fagan JF 3rd. (1970) Memory in the infant. J. Exp. Child Psychol. 9, 217–226.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farhadi, H.F., Mowla, S.J., Petrecca, K., Morris, S.J., Seidah, N.G. and Murphy, R.A. (2000) Neurotrophin-3 sorts to the constitutive secretory pathway of hippocampal neurons and is diverted to the regulated secretory pathway by coexpression with brain-derived neurotrophic factor. J. Neurosci. 20, 4059–4068.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Faulconbridge, L.F., Cummings, D.E., Kaplan, J.M. and Grill, H.J.(2003) Hyperphagic effects of brainstem ghrelin administration. Diabetes 52, 2260–2265.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fehm, H.L., Kern, W. and Peters, A. (2006) The selfish brain: competition for energy resources. Prog. Brain Res. 153, 129–40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Felsenfeld, G. and Groudine M. (2003) Controlling the double helix. Nature 421, 448–453.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Filus, J.F. and Rybakowski, J. (2005) Neurotrophic factors and their role in the pathogenesis of affective disorders. Psychiatr. Pol. 39, 883–97.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Finkbeiner, S., Tavazoie, S.F., Maloratsky, A., Jacobs, K.M., Harris, K.M. and Greenberg, M.E. (1997) CREB: a major mediator of neuronal neurotrophin responses. Neuron 19, 1031–1047.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fischle, W., Wang, Y. and Allis, C.D. (2003) Histone and chromatin cross-talk. Curr Opin. Cell Biol. 15, 172–183.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flegal, K.M., Carrol, M.D., Kuczmarski, R.J. and Johnson, C.L. (1998) Overweight and obesity in the United States: prevalence and trends, 1960–1994. Int. J. Obesity 22, 39–47.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fordyce, D.E. and Farrar, R.P. (1991) Enhancement of spatial learning in F344 rats by physical activity and related learning-associated alterations in hippocampal and cor tical cholinergic functioning. Behav. Brain Res. 46, 123–33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Foster, L.A., Ames, N.K. and Emery, R.S. (1991) Food intake and serum insulin responses to intraventricular infusions of insulin and IGF-I. Physiol. Behav. 50, 745–749.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Francis, D., Diorio, J., Liu, D. and Meaney, M.J. (1999a) Nongenomic transmission across generations of maternal behavior and stress responses in the rat. Science 286, 1155–1158.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Francis, D.D., Champagne, F.A., Liu, D. and Meaney, M.J. (1999b) Maternal care, gene expression, and the development of individual differences in stress reactivity. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 896, 66–84.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, J.M. and Halaas, J.L. (1998) Leptin and the regulation of body weight in mammals. Nature 395, 763–770.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gabrieli, J.D., Brewer, J.B., Desmond, J.E. and Glover, G.H. (1997) Separate neural bases of two fundamental memory processes in the human medial temporal lobe. Science 276, 264–266.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gall, C.M. and Isackson, P.J. (1989) Limbic seizures increase neuronal production of messenger RNA for nerve growth factor. Science 245, 758–761.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia, C.C., Blair, H.J., Seager, M., Coulthard, A., Tennant, S., Buddles, M., Curtis, A. and Goodship, J.A. (2004) Identification of a mutation in synapsin I, a synaptic vesicle protein, in a family with epilepsy. J. Med. Genet. 41, 183–186.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gavard, J.A., Lustman, P.J. and Clouse, R.E. (1993) Prevalence of depression in adults with diabetes. An epidemiological evaluation. Diabetes Care 16, 1167–1178.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gilmore, J.H., Jarskog, L.F. and Vadlamudi, S. (2003) Maternal infection regulates BDNF and NGF expression in fetal and neonatal brain and maternal-fetal unit of the rat. J. Neuroimmunol. 138, 49–55.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gomez-Pinilla, F., Ying, Z., Roy, R.R., Molteni, R. and Edgerton, R. (2002) Voluntary exercise induces a BDNF-mediated mechanism that promotes neuroplasticity. J. Neu rophysiol. 88, 2187–2195.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gould, E., Tanapat, P., Rydel, T. and Hastings, N. (2000) Regulation of hippocampal neurogenesis in adulthood. Biol. Psychiatry 48, 715–720.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gould, S.J. (2002) The structure evolutionary theory. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grealy, M.A., Johnson, D.A. and Rushton, S.K. (1999) Improving cognitive function after brain injury: the use of exercise and virtual reality. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 80, 661–667.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greengard, P. and Czernik, A.J. (1996) Neurotrophins stimulate phosphorylation of synapsin I by MAP kinase and regulate synapsin I-actin interactions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 3679–83.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guan, X.M. et al. (1997) Distribution of mRNA encoding the growth hormone secretagogue receptor in brain and peripheral tissues. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 48, 23–29

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, J., Thomas, K.L. and Everitt, B.J. (2000) Rapid and selective induction of BDNF expression in the hippocampus during contextual learning. Nat. Neurosci. 3, 533–535.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hardingham, G., Arnold, F.J. and Bading, H. (2001) Nuclear calcium signaling controls CREB-mediated gene expression triggered by synaptic activity. Nat. Neurosci. 4, 261–267.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hariri, A.R., Goldberg, T.E., Mattay, V.S., Kolachana, B.S., Callicott, J.H., Egan, M.F. and Weinberger, D.R. (2003) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor val66met polymor phism affects human memory-related hippocampal activity and predicts memory performance. J. Neurosci. 23(17) 6690–6694.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hartmann, H., Heumann, R. and Lessmann, V. (2001) Synaptic secretion of BDNF after high frequency stimulation of glutamatergic synapses, EMBO J. 20, 5887–5897.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haubensak, W., Narz, F., Heumann, R. and Lessmann, V. (1998) BDNF-GFP containing secretory granules are localized in the vicinity of synaptic junctions of cultured cortical neurons. J. Cell Sci. 111, 1483–1493.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heffernan, A.E. (2000) Exercise and pregnancy in primary care. Nurse Pract. 25, 42–49.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ho, B.C., Milev, P., O’Leary, D.S., Librant, A., Andreasen, N.C. and Wassink, T. H. (2006) Cognitive and magnetic resonance imaging brain morphometric correlates of brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met gene polymorphism in patients with schizophrenia and healthy volunteers. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 63, 731–740.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holliday, R. (1998) Ageing in the 21st century. Lancet. 354 Suppl:SIV4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang, Y.Y., Kandel, E.R., Varshavsky, L., Brandon, E.P., Qi, M., Idzerda, R.L., McKnight, G.S. and Bourtchouladze, R. (1995) A genetic test of the effects of mutations in PKA on mossy fiber LTP and its relation to spatial and contextual learning. Cell 83, 1211–1222.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hwang, J.P., Tsai, S.J., Hong, C.J., Yang, C.H., Lirng, J.F. and Yang, Y.M. (2005) The Val66Met polymorphism of the brain-derived neurotrophic-factor gene is associated with geriatric depression. Neurobiol. Aging. 27, 1834–1837.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Impey, S., Fong, A.L., Wang, Y., Cardinaux, J.R., Fass, D.M., Obrietan, K., Wayman, G.A., Storm, D.R., Soderling, T.R. and Goodman, R.H. (2002) Phosphorylation of CBP mediates transcriptional activation by neural activity and CaM kinase IV. Neuron 34, 235–244.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Impey, S., Obrietan, K. and Storm, D.R. (1999) Making new connections: role of ERK/MAP kinase signaling in neuronal plasticity. Neuron 23, 11–14.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ingram, D.K., Weindruch, R., Spangler, E.L., Freeman, J.R., Walford, R.L. (1987) Dietary restriction benefits learning and motor performance of aged mice. J. Gerontol. 42, 78–81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Janknecht, R. and Hunter, T. (1996) Versatile molecular glue. Transcriptional control. Curr. Biol. 6, 951–954.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jenuwein, T. and Allis, C.D. (2001) Translating the histone code. Science 293, 1074–1080.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, A.N. and Rose, S.P. (2001) Memory consolidation in day-old chicks requires BDNF but not NGF or NT-3: and anti-sense study. Mol. Brain Res. 88, 26–36.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Josselyn, S.A., Shi, C., Carlezon, W.A. Jr., Neve, R.L., Nestler, E.J. and Davis, M. (2001) Long-term memory is facilitated by cAMP response element binding protein overexpression in the amygdala. J. Neurosci. 21, 2404–2412.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jovanovic, J.N., Benfenati, F., Siow, Y.L., Sihra, T.S., Sanghera, J.S., Pelech, S.I., Greengard, P. and Czernik, A.J. (1996) Neurotrophins stimulate phosphorylation of synapsin I by MAP kinase and regulate synapsin I-actin interactions, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 3679–3683.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jung, R.T. (1997) Obesity as a disease. Br. Med. Bull. 53, 307–321.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kafitz, K.W., Rose, C.R., Thoenen, H. and Konnerth, A. (1999) Neurotrophin-evoked rapid excitation through TrkB receptors. Nature 401, 918–921

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaisho, Y., Ohta, H., Miyamato, M. and Igarashi, K. (1999) Nerve growth factor promotor driven neurotrophin-3 overexpression in the mouse and the neuroprotective effects of transgene on age related behavioral deficits. Neurosci. Lett. 277, 181–184.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kang, H. and Schuman, E.M. (1996) Long-lasting neurotrophin-induced enhancement of synaptic transmisssion in the adult hippocampus. Science 273, 1402–1406.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kempermann, G., Kuhn, H.G. and Gage, F.H. (1998) Experience-induced neurogenesis in the senescent dentate gyrus. J. Nuerosci. 18, 3206–3212.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kernie, S.G., Liebl, D.J. and Parada, L.F. (2000) BDNF regulates eating behavior and locomotor activity in mice. EMBO J. 19, 1290–1300.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keskiner, A., el-Toumi, A. and Bousquet, T. (1973) Psychotropic drugs, diabetes and chronic mental illness. Psychosomatics 14, 176–181.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kesslak, J.P., So, V., Choi, J., Cotman, C.W. and Gomez-Pinilla, F. (1998) Learning upregulates brain-derived neurotrophic factor messenger ribonucleic acid: a mechanism to facilitate encoding of circuit maintenance. Beh. Neurosci. 112, 1012–1019.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kida, S., Josselyn, S.A., de Ortiz, S.P., Kogan, J.H., Chevere, I., Masushige, S. and Silva, A.J. (2002) CREB is required for the stability of new and reactivated fear memories. Nat. Neurosci. 5, 348–355.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kojima, M., Takei, N., Numakawa, T., Ishikawa, Y., Suzuki, S., Matsumoto, T., Katoh-Semba, R., Nawa, H. and Hatanaka, H. (2001) Biological characterization and optical imaging of brain-derived neurotrophic factor-green fluorescent protein suggest an activity-dependent local release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in neurites of cultured hippocampal neurons. J. Neurosci. Res. 64, 1–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kojima, M., Hosoda, H., Date, Y., Nakazato, M. and Kangawa, K. (1999) Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach. Nature 402, 656–660.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kooy, F.H. (1919) Hyperglycemia in mental disorders. Brain 42, 214–289.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krabbe, K.S., Nielsen, A.R., Krogh-Madsen, R., Plomgaard, P., Rasmussen, P., Erikstrup, C., Fischer, C.P., Lindegaard, B., Petersen, A.M., Taudorf, S., Secher, N.H., Pilegaard, H., Bruunsgaard, H. and Pedersen, B.K. (2007) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 50, 431–438.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kramer, A.F., Hahn, S., Cohen, N.J., Banich, M.T., McAuley, E., Harrison, C.R., Chason, J., Vakil, E., Bardell, L., Boileau, R.A., Colcombe, A. (1999) Ageing, fitness and neurocognitive function. Nature 400, 418–419.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lachner. M. and Jenuwein, T. (2002) The many faces of histonelysine methylation. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 14, 286–298.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lachner, M., O’Sullivan, R.J. and Jenuwein, T. (2003) An epigenetic road map for histone lysine methylation. J. Cell Sci. 116, 2117–2124.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laurin, D., Verreault, R., Lindsay, J., MacPherson, K. and Rockwood, K. (2001) Physical activity and risk of cognitive impairment and dementia in elderly persons. Arch. Neurol. 58, 498–504.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, H.H., Kim, H., Lee, J.W., Kim, Y.S., Yang, H.Y., Chang, H.K., Lee, T.H., Shin, M.C., Lee, M.H., Shin, M.S., Park, S., Baek, S. and Kim, C.J. (2006) Maternal swimming during pregnancy enhances short-term memory and neurogenesis in the hippocampus of rat pups. Brain. Dev. 28, 147–154.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J., Duan, W. and Mattson, M.P. (2002) Evidence that brain-derived neurotrophic factor is required for basal neurogenesis and mediates, in part, the enhancement of neurogenesis by dietary restriction in the hippocampus of adult mice. J. Neurochem. 82, 1367–1375.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liang, F.Q., Walline, R., Earnest, D.J. (1998) Circadian rhythm of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neurosci. Lett. 242, 89–92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Libman, I. and Arslanian, S.A. (1999) Type 2 diabetes mellitus: no longer just adults. Pediatr. Ann. 28, 589–593.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lilliker, S.L. (1980) Prevalence of diabetes in a manic-depressive population. Compr. Psychiatry 21, 270–275.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindvall, O., Ernfors, P., Bengzon, J., Kokaia, Z., Smith, M.L., Siesjo, B.K. and Persson, H. (1992) Differential regulation of mRNAs for nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and neurotrophin 3 in the adult rat brain following cerebral ischemia and hypoglycemic coma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 648–52.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Linnarsson, S., Bjorklund, A. and Ernfors, P. (1997) Learning deficit in BDNF mutant mice. Eur. J. Neurosci. 9, 2581–2587.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, D., Diorio, J., Day, J.C., Francis, D.D. and Meaney, M.J. (2000) Maternal care, hippocampal synaptogenesis and cognitive development in rats. Nat. Neurosci. 3, 799–806.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, D., Diorio, J., Tannenbaum, B., Caldji, C., Francis, D., Freedman, A., Sharma, S., Pearson, D., Plotsky, P.M. and Meaney, M.J. (1997) Maternal care, hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to stress. Science 277, 1659–1662.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Logroscino, G., Marder, K., Cote, L., Tang, M.X., Shea, S. and Mayeux, R. (1996) Dietary lipids and antioxidants in Parkinson’s disease: a population-based, case-control study. Ann. Neurol. 39, 89–94.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lohof, A.M., Ip, N.Y. and Poo, M.M. (1993) Potentiation of developing neuromuscular synapses by the neurotrophins NT-3 and BDNF, Nature 363, 350–353.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lom, B. and Cohen-Cory, S. (1999) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor differentially regulates retinal ganglion cell dendritic and axonal arborization in vivo. J. Neurosci. 19, 9928–9938.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lu, B. and Chow, A. (1999) Neurotrophins and hippocampal synaptic transmission and plasticity. J. Neurosci. Res. 58, 76–87.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lu, B. (2003) BDNF and activity-dependent synaptic modulation. Learn. Mem. 10, 86–98.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luchsinger, J.A., Tang, M.X., Shea, S. and Mayeux, R. (2002) Caloric intake and the risk of Alzheimer disease. Arch. Neurol. 59, 1258–1263.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lyons, W.E., Mamounas, L.A., Ricaurte, G.A., Coppola, V., Reid, S.W., Bora, S.H., Wihler, C., Koliatsos, V.E. and Tessarollo, L. (1999) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor-deficient mice develop aggressiveness and hyperphagia in conjunction with brain serotonergic abnormalities. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 15239–15244.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ma, Y.L., Wang, H.L., Wu, H.C., Wei, C.L. and Lee, E.H. (1998) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor antisense oligonucleotide impairs memory retention and inhibits long-term potentiation in rats. Neurosci. 82, 957–967.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mao, W., Yu, X.X., Zhong, A., Li, W., Brush, J., Sherwood, S.W., Adams, S.H., Pan, G. (1999) UCP4, a novel brain-specific mitochondrial protein that reduces membrane potential in mammalian cells. FEBS Lett. 443, 326–330.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martinez, A., Alcantara, S., Borrell, V., Del Rio, J.A., Blasi, J., Otal, R., Campos, N., Boronat, A., Barbacid, M., Silos-Santiago, I. and Soriano, E. (1998) TrkB and TrkC signaling are required for maturation and synaptogenesis of hippocampal connections. J. Neurosci. 19, 7336–7350.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mattson, M.P., Maudsley, S. and Martin, B. (2004) A neural signaling triumvirate that influences ageing and age-related disease: insulin/IGF-1, BDNF and serotonin. Ageing Res. Rev. 3, 445–464.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mattson, M.P. (2002) Brain evolution and lifespan regulation: conservation of signal transduction pathways that regulate energy metabolism. Mech. Ageing Dev. 123, 947–953.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McAllister, A.K., Katz, L.C. and Lo, D.C. (1999) Neurotrophins and synaptic plasticity. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 22, 295–318.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McAllister, A.K., Katz, L.C. and Lo, D.C. (1996) Neurotrophin regulation of cortical dendritic growth requires activity. Neuron 17, 1057–1064.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCormick, J.A., Lyons, V., Jacobson, M.D., Noble, J., Diorio, J., Nyirenda, M., Weaver, S., Ester, W., Yau, J.L., Meaney, M.J., Seckl, J.R. and Chapman, K.E. (2000) 5’-heterogeneity of glucocorticoid receptor messenger RNA is tissue specific: differential regulation of variant transcripts by early-life events. Mol. Endocrinol. 14, 506–517.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McKee, R.D. and Squire, L.R. (1993) On the development of declarative memory. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 19, 397–404.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Means, L.W., Higgins, J.L., Fernandez, T.J. (1993) Mid-life onset of dietary restriction extends life and prolongs cognitive functioning. Physiol. Behav. 54, 503–508.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Melloni, R.H. Jr., Apostolides, P.J., Hamos, J.E. and DeGennaro, L.J. (1994) Dynamics of synapsin I gene expression during the establishment and restoration of functional synapses in the rat hippocampus. Neurosci. 58, 683–703.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mizuno, M., Yamada, K., Olariu, A., Nawa, H. and Nabeshima T. (2000) Involvement of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in spatial memory formation and maintenance in a radial arm maze test in rats. J. Neurosci. 20, 7116–7121.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mokdad, A.H., Bowman, B.A., Ford, E.S., Vinicor, F., Marks, J.S. and Koplan, J.P. (2001) The continuing epidemics of obesity and diabetes in the United States. JAMA 286, 1195–1200.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Molteni, R., Ying, Z. and Gomez-Pinilla, F. (2002) Differential effects of acute and chronic exercise on plasticity-related genes in the rat hippocampus revealed by microarray. Eur. J. Neurosci. 16, 1107–1116.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Molteni, R., Wu, A., Vaynman, S., Ying, Z., Barnard, R.J. and Gomez-Pinilla, F. (2004) Exercise reverses the effects of consumption of a high-fat diet on synaptic and behavioral plasticity associated to the action of Brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Neurosci. 123, 429–440.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Monteleone, P., Zanardini, R., Tortorella, A., Gennarelli, M., Castaldo, E., Canestrelli, B. and Maj, M. (2006) The 196G/A (val66met) polymorphism of the BDNF gene is significantly associated with binge eating behavior in women with bulimia nervosa or binge eating disorder. Neurosci. Lett. 406, 133–137.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morris, R.G.M., Garrud, P., Rawlins, J.N.P. and O’Keefe, J. (1982) Place navigation impaired in rats with hippocampal lesions. Nature 297, 681–683.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mowla, S.J., Pareek, S., Farhadi, H.F., Petrecca, K., Fawcett, J.P., Seidah, N.G., Morris, S.J., Sossin, W.S. and Murphy, R.A. (1999) Differential sorting of nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in hippocampal neurons. J. Neurosci. 19, 2069–2080.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mu, J., Li, W., Yao, Z. and Zhou, X. (1999) Deprivation of endogenous brain-derived neurotrophic factor results in impairment of spatial learning and memory in adult rats, Brain Res. 835, 259–265.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mueller, P.S., Heninger, G.R. and McDonald, R.K. (1969) Intravenous glucose tolerance test in depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 21, 470–477.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mukherjee, S., Decina, P., Bocola, V., Saraceni, F. and Scapicchio, P.L. (1996) Diabetes mellitus in schizophrenic patients. Comp. Psychiatry 37, 68–73.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Must, A., Spadano, J., Coakley, E.H., Field, A.E., Colditz, G. and Dietz, W.H. (1999) The disease burden associated with overweight and obesity. JAMA 282, 1523–1529.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakagawa, T., Tsuchida, A., Itakura, Y., Nomonura, T., Ono, M., Hirota, F., Inoue, T., Nakayama, C., Taiji, M. and Noguchi, H. (2000) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor regulates glucose metabolism by modulating energy balance in diabetic mice. Diabetes 49, 436–444.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nawa, H., Carnahan, J. and Gall, C. (1995) BDNF protein measured by a novel enzyme immunoassay in normal brain and after seizure: partial disagreement with mRNA levels. Eur. J. Neurosci. 7, 1527–35.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neely, K.E. and Workman, J.L. (2002) Histone acetylation and chromatin remodeling: which comes first? Mol. Genet. Metab. 76, 1–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neeper, S.A., Gomez-Pinilla, F., Choi, J. and Cotman, C.W. (1996) Physical activity increases mRNA for brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor in rat brain. Brain Res. 726 49–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neese, R.M. and Williams, G.C. (1994) Why we get sick. The new science of Darwinian Medicine. Times Books, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neves-Pereira, M., Mundo, E., Muglia, P., King, N., Macciardi, F. and Kennedy, J.L. (2002) The brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene confers susceptibility to bipolar disorder: evidence from a family-based association study. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 71, 651–655.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen, P.V. and Kandel, E.R. (1996) A macromolecular synthesis-dependent late phase of long-term potentiation requiring cAMP in the medial perforant pathway of rat hippocampal slices. J. Neurosci. 16, 3189–3198.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nonomura, T., Tsuchida, A., Ono-Kishino, M., Nakagawa, T., Taiji, M. and Noguchi, H. (2001) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor regulates energy expenditure through the central nervous system in obese diabetic mice. Int. J. Exp. Diabetes Res. 2, 201–209.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Obici, S., Feng, Z., Karkanias, G., Baskin, D.G., Rossetti, L. (2002) Decreasinghypothalamic insulin receptors causes hyperphagia and insulin resistance in rats. Nat. Neurosci. 5, 566–572.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien, J. (2005) Dementia associated with psychiatric disorders. Int. Psychogeriatr. 17 Suppl. 1, S207–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ogden, C.L., Flegal, K.M., Carroll, M.D. and Johnson, C.L. (2002) Prevalence and trends in overweight among US children and adolescents, 1999–2000. JAMA 288, 1728–1732.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Okabe, S., Collin, C., Auerbach, J.M., Meiri, N., Bengzon, J., Kennedy, M.B., Segal, M., McKay, R.D. (1998) Hippocampal synaptic plasticity in mice overexpressing an embryonic subunit of the NMDA receptor. J. Neurosci. 18, 4177–4188.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parnipiansil, P., Jutapakdeegul, N., Chentanez, T. and Kotchabhakdi, N. (2003) Exercise during pregnancy increases hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA expression and spatial learning in neonatal rat pup. Neurosci. Lett. 352, 45–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patapoutian, A. and Reichardt, L.F. (2001) Trk receptors: mediators of neurotrophin action. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 11, 272–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, S.L., Abel, T., Deuel, T.A.S., Martin, K.C., Rose, J.C., Kandel, E.R. (1996) Recombinant BDNF rescues deficits in basal synaptic transmission and hippocampal LTP in BDNF knockout mice. Neuron 16, 1137–1145.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, S.L., Grover, L.M., Schwartzkroin, P.A. and Bothwell, M. (1992) Neurotrophin expression in rat hippocampal slices: a stimulus paradigm inducing LTP in CA1 evokes increases in BDNF and NT-3 mRNAs. Neuron 9, 1081–88.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pelleymounter, M.A., Cullen, M.J. and Wellman, C.L. (1995) Characteristics of BDNF-induced weight loss. Neurol. 131, 229–238.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pinhas-Hamiel, O., Dolan, L.M., Daniels, S.R., Standiford, D., Khoury, P.R. and Zeitler, P. (1996) Increased incidence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus among adolescents. J. Pediatr. 128, 608–615.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pittenger, C., Huang, Y.Y., Paletzki, R.F., Bourtchouladze, R., Scanlin, H., Vronskaya, S. and Kandel, E.R. (2002) Reversible inhibition of CREB/ATF transcription factors in region CA1 of the dorsal hippocampus disrupts hippocampus-dependent spatial memory. Neuron 34, 447–462.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poo, M.M., (2001) Neurotrophins as synaptic modulators. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2, 24–32.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Powell, K.E. and Blair, S.N. (1994) The public health burdens of sedentary living habits: theoretical but realistic estimates. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 26, 851–856.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pozzo-Miller, L.D., Gottschalk, W., Zhang, L., McDermott, K., Du, J., Gopalakrishnan, R., Oho, C., Sheng, Z.H. and Lu, B. (1999) Impairments in high-frequency transmission, synaptic vesicle docking, and synaptic protein distribution in the hippocampus of BDNF knockout mice. J. Neurosci. 19, 4972–4983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prakash, N., Cohen-Cory, S. and Frostig, R.D. (1996) Rapid and opposite effects of BDNF and NGF on the functional organization of the adult cortex in vivo. Nature 381, 702–706.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Razin, A. and Cedar, H. (1977) Distribution of 5-methylcytosine in chromatin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 2725.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Razin, A. (1998) CpG methylation, chromatin structure and gene silencing-a three-way connection. EMBO J. 17, 4905–4908.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reaven, P. (2004) Metabolic syndrome. J. Insur. Med. 36, 132–142.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Regenold, W.T., Thapar, R.K., Marano, C., Gavirneni, S., Kondapavuluru, P.V. (2002) Increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus among psychiatric inpatients with bipolar I affective and schizoaffective disorders independent of psychotropic drug use. J. Affect. Disord. 70, 19–26.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reik, W. and Walter, J. (2001a) Genomic imprinting: parental influence on the genome. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2, 21–32.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reik, W. and Walter, J. (2001b) Evolution of imprinting mechanisms: the battle of the sexes begins in the zygote. Nat. Genet. 27, 255–256.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rigamonti, A.E., Pincelli, A.I., Corra, B., Viarengo, R., Bonomo, S.M., Galimberti, D., Scacchi. M., Scarpini, E., Cavagnini, F., Muller, E.E. (2002) Plasma ghrelin concentrations in elderly subjects: comparison with anorexic and obese patients. J. Endocrinol. 175, R1–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rios, M., Fan, G., Fekete, C., Kelly, J., Bates, B., Kuehn, R., Lechan, R.M., Jaenisch, R. (2001) Conditional deletion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the postnatal brain leads to obesity and hyperactivity. Mol. Endocrinol. 15, 1748–1757.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rocamora, N., Pascual, M., Acsady, L., de Lecea, L., Freund, T.F. and Soriano, E. (1996) Expression of NGF and NT3 mRNAs in hippocampal interneurons innervated by the GABAergic septohippocampal pathway. J. Neurosci. 16, 3991–4004.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, R.L., Meyer, J.S. and Mortel, K.F. (1990) After reaching retirement age physical activity sustains cerebral perfusion and cognition. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 38 ,123–128.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rutherford, L.C., Nelson, S.B. and Turrigiano, G.G. (1998) BDNF has opposite effects on the quantal amplitude of pyramidal neuron and interneuron excitatory synapses. Neuron 21, 521–530.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saarelainen, T., Pussinen, R., Koponen, E., Alhonen, L., Wong, G., Sirvio, J., Castren, E. (2000) Transgenic mice overexpressing truncated trkB neurotrophin receptors in neurons have impaired long-term spatial memory but normal hippocampal LTP. Synapse. 38, 102–104.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samorajski, T., Delaney, C., Durham, L., Ordy, J.M., Johnson, J.A. and Dunlap, W.P. (1985) Effect of exercise on longevity, body weight, locomotor performance, and passive-avoidance memory of C57BL/6J mice. Neurobiol. Aging 6, 17–24.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanchis, D., Fleury, C., Chomiki, N., Goubern, M., Huang, Q., Neverova, M., Gregoire, F., Easlick, J., Raimbault, S., Levi-Meyrueis, C., Miroux, B., Collins, S., Seldin, M., Richard, D., Warden, C., Bouillaud, F. and Ricquier, D. (1998) BMCP1, a novel mitochondrial carrier with high expression in the central nervous system of humans and rodents, and respiration uncoupling activity in recombinant yeast. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 34611–34615.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schaaf, M.J., DeKloet, E.R. and Vreugdenhil, E. (2000) Corticosterone effects on BDNF expression in the hippocampus: Implications for memory formation. Stress 3, 201–208.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schinder, A.F. and Poo, M. (2000) The neurotrophin hypothesis for synaptic plasticity. Trends Neurosci. 23, 639–645.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seil, F.J. and Drake-Baumann, R. (2000) TrkB receptor ligands promote activity-dependent inhibitory synaptogenesis. J. Neurosci. 20 , 5367–5373.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sen, S., Nesse, R.M., Stoltenberg, S.F., Li, S., Gleiberman, L., Chakravarti, A., Weder, A.B. and Burmeister, M. (2003) A BDNF coding variant is associated with the NEO personality inventory domain neuroticism, a risk factor for depression. Neuropsychopharmacol. 28, 397–401.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shimada, A., Mason, C.A., Morrison, M.E. (1998) TrkB signaling modulates spine density and morphology independent of dendrite structure in cultured neonatal Purkinje cells. J. Neurosci. 18, 8559–8570

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shors, T.J., Miesegaes, G., Beylin, A., Zhao, M., Rydel, T. and Gould, E. (2001) Neurogenesis in the adult is involved in the formation of trace memories. Nature 410, 372–376.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silva, A.J., Kogan, J.H., Frankland, P.W., Kida, S. (1998) CREB and memory, Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 21, 127–148.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silva, A.J., Paylor, R., Wehnet, J.M. and Tonegawa, S. (1992) Impaired spatial learning in α -calcium-calmodulin kinase II mutant mice. Science 257, 206–211.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sng, J.C., Taniura, H. and Yoneda, Y. (2006) Histone modifications in kainate-induced status epilepticus. Eur. J. Neurosci. 23, 1269–1282.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Snider, W.D. and Lichtman, J.W. (1996) Are neurotrophins synaptotrophins? Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 7, 433–442.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sothern, M.S., Hunter, S., Suskind, R.M., Brown, R., Udall, J.N. Jr. and Blecker, U. (1999) Motivating the obese child to move: the role of structured exercise in pediatric weight management. South. Med. J. 92, 577–584.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stephens, L., Smrcka, A., Cooke, F.T., Jackson, T.R., Sternweis, P.C., Hawkins, P.T. (1994) A novel phosphoinositide 3 kinase activity in myeloid-derived cells is activated by G protein beta gamma subunits. Cell. 77, 83–93.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stern, C.E., Corkin, S., Gonzalez, R.G., Guimaraues, A.R., Baker, J.R., Jennings, P.J., Carr, C.A., Sugiura, R.M., Vedantham. V., Rosen, B.R. (1996) The hippocampal formation participates in novel picture encoding: evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 8660–8665.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sugaya, K., Greene, R., Personett, D., Robbins, M., Kent, C., Bryan, D., Skiba, E., Gallagher, M., McKinney, M. (1998) Septo-hippocampal cholinergic and neurotrophin markers in age-induced cognitive decline. Neurobiol. Aging. 19, 351–361.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suominen-Troyer, S., Davis, K.J., Ismail, A.H. and Salvendy, G. (1986) Impact of physical fitness on strategy development in decision-making tasks. Percept. Mot. Skills 62, 71–77.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sweatt, J.D. (2001) The neuronal MAP kinase cascade: a biochemical signal integration system subserving synaptic plasticity and memory. J. Neurochem. 76, 1–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tabata, H., Kikuoka, M., Kikuoka, H., Bessho, H., Hirayama, J., Hanabusa, T., Kubo, K., Momotani, Y., Sanke, T., Nanjo, K., Higashi, Y. and Miyamura, K. (1987) Characteristics of diabetes mellitus in schizophrenic patients. J. Med. Assoc. Thai. 70, Suppl. 2, 90–93.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takei, Y., Harada, A., Takeda, S., Kobayashi, K., Terada, S., Noda, T., Takahashi, T. and Hirokawa N. (1995) Synapsin I deficiency results in the structural change in the presynaptic terminals in the murine nervous system. J. Cell. Biol. 131, 1789–1800.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tao, X., Finkbeiner, S., Arnold, D.B., Shaywitz, A. and Greenberg, M.E. (1998) Ca2+ influx regulates BDNF expression by a CREB dependent mechanism. Neuron 20, 709–726.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thiele, C., Hannah, M., Fahrenholz, F. and Huttner, W.B. (2000) Cholesterol binds to synaptophysin and is required for biogenesis of synaptic vesicles. Nat. Cell Biol. 2 42–49.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tonra, J.R., Ono, M., Liu, X., Garcia, K., Jackson, C., Yancopoulos, G.D., Wiegand, S.J. and Wong, V. (1999) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor improves blood glucose control and alleviates fasting hyperglycemia in C57BLKS-Lepr(db)/lepr(db) mice. Diabetes 48, 588–594.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai, S.J., Hong, C.J., Yu, Y.W. and Chen, T.J. (2004) Association study of a brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Val66Met polymorphism and personality trait and intelligence in healthy young females. Neuropsychobiol. 49, 13–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsankova, N.M., Kumar, A. and Nestler, E.J. (2004) Histone modifications at gene promoter regions in rat hippocampus after acute and chronic electroconvulsive seizures. J. Neurosci. 24, 5603–5610.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tschop, M., Wawarta, R., Riepl, R.L., Friedrich, S., Bidlingmaier, M., Landgraf, R., Folwaczny, C. (2001) Postprandial decrease of circulating human ghrelin levels. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 24, RC19–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsuchida, A., Nonomura, T., Nakagawa, T., Itakura, Y., Ono-Kishino, M., Yamanaka, M., Sugaru, E., Taiji, M. and Noguchi, H. (2002) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor ameliorates lipid metabolism in diabetic mice. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 4, 262–269.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsuchida, A., Nonomura, T., Ono-Kishino, M., Nakagawa, T., Taiji, M., Noguchi, H. (2001) Acute effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor on energy expenditure in obese diabetic mice. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord 25, 1286–1293.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tully, T. (1997) Regulation of gene expression and its role in long-term memory and synaptic-plasticity. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 4239–4241.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Uchida, S., Inanaga, Y., Kobayashi, M., Hurukawa, S., Araie, M. and Sakuragawa, N. (2002) Neurotrophic function of conditioned medium from human amniotic epithelial cells. J. Neurosci. Res. 62, 585–590.

    Google Scholar 

  • US Department of Health and Human Services. (1996) Physical Activity and Health: A report of the Surgeon General. US Dept. Of Health and Human Servs., Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Prevention and Health Promotion, Atlanta.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uzendoski, A.M., Latin, R.W., Berg, K.E. and Moshier, S. (1990) Physiological responses to aerobic exercise during pregnancy and post-partum. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness. 30, 77–82.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van der Lely, A.J., Tschop, M., Heiman, M.L. and Ghigo, E. (2004) Biological, physiological, pathophysiological, and pharmacological aspects of ghrelin. Endocr. Rev. 25, 426–457

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Praag, H., Christie, B.R., Sejnowski, T.J., and Gage, F.H. (1999) Running enhances neurogenesis, learning, and long-term potentiation in mice. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 13427–13434.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Praag, H., Kempermann, G. and Gage, F.H. (1999) Running increases cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the adult mouse dentate gyrus. Nat. Neurosci. 2, 266–70.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vaynman, S., Ying, Z., Wu, A., Gomez-Pinilla, F. (2006a) Coupling energy metabolism with a mechanism to support brain-derived neurotrophic factor-mediated synaptic plasticity. Neurosci. 139, 1221–1234.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vaynman, S. and Gomez-Pinilla, F. (2006b) Revenge of the “sit”: how lifestyle impacts neuronal and cognitive health through molecular systems that interface energy metabolism with neuronal plasticity. J. Neurosci. Res. 84, 699–715.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vaynman, S.S., Ying, Z., Yin, D. and Gomez-Pinilla, F. (2006c) Exercise differentially regulates synaptic proteins associated to the function of BDNF. Brain Res. 1070, 124–30.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vaynman, S., Ying, Z. and Gomez-Pinilla, F. (2004) Hippocampal BDNF mediates the efficacy of exercise on synaptic plasticity and cognition. Eur. J. Neurosci. 20, 2580–2590.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vaynman, S., Ying, Z. and Gomez-Pinilla, F. (2003) Interplay between BDNF and signal transduction modulators in the regulation of the effects of exercise on synaptic-plasticity. Neurosci. 122, 647–57.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vicario-Abejon, C., Collin, C., McKay, R.D.G. and Segal, M. (1998) Neurotrophins induce formation of functional excitatory and inhibitory synapses between cultrual hippocampalm neurons, J. Neurosci. 18, 7256–7271.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vidal-Puig, A., Solanes, G., Grujic, D., Flier, J.S. and Lowell, B.B. (1997) UCP3: an uncoupling protein homologue expressed preferentially and abundantly in skeletal muscle and brown adipose tissue. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 235, 79–82.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waitzkin, L. (1966) A survey for unknown diabetics in a mental hospital. II. Men from age fifty. Diabetes 15, 164–172.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weaver, I.C., Cervoni, N., Champagne, F.A., D’Alessio, A.C., Sharma, S., Seckl, J.R., Dymov, S., Szyf, M. and Meaney, M.J. (2004) Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior. Nat. Neurosci. 7, 847–854.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weaver, I.C., Grant, R.J. and Meaney, M.J. (2002) Maternal behavior regulates long-term hippocampal expression of BAX and apoptosis in the offspring. J. Neurochem. 82, 998–1002.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wendorf, M. and Goldfine, I.D. (1991) Archaeology of NIDDM. Excavation of the “thrifty” genotype. Diabetes 40, 161–165.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winokur, A., Maislin, G., Phillips, J.L. and Amsterdam, J.D., (1988) Insulin resistance after oral glucose tolerance testing in patients with major depression. Am. J. Psychiatry 145, 325–330.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Worm, N. (2002) Syndrome X oder ein Mammut auf den Teller. Mit Steinzeit-Diät det Wohl stands Falle. Systemed-Verlag, Lünen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wren, A.M., Seal, L.J., Cohen, M.A., Brynes, A.E., Frost, G.S., Murphy, K.G., Dhillo, W.S., Ghatei, M.A. and Bloom, S.R. (2001) Ghrelin enhances appetite and increases food intake in humans. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86, 5992.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, A., Ying, Z. and Gomez-Pinilla, F. (2004) The interplay between oxidative stress and brain-derived neurotrophic factor modulates the outcome of a saturated fat diet on synaptic plasticity and cognition. Eur. J. Neurosci. 19, 1699–1707.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xu, B., Goulding, E.H., Zang, K., Cepoi, D., Cone, R.D., Jones, K.R., Tecott, L.H., Reichardt, L.F. (2003) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor regulates energy balance downstream of melanocortin-4 receptor. Nat. Neurosci. 6, 736–742.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yacoubian, T.A. and Lo, D.C. (2000) Truncated and full-length TrkB receptors regulate distinct modes of dendritic growth. Nat. Neurosci. 3, 342–349.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yeo, G.S., Hung, C.-C.C., Rochford, J., Keogh, J., Gray, J., Sivaramakrishnan, S., O’Rahilly, S. and Farooqi, I.S. (2004) A de novo mutation affecting human TrkB associated with severe obesity and developmental delay. Nat. Neurosci. 7, 1187–1189.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yin, J.C., DelVecchio, M., Zhou, H. and Tully, T. (1995) CREB as a memory modulator: induced expression of a dCREB2 activator isoform enhances long-term memory in Drosophila. Cell 81, 107–115.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yin, J.C., Wallach, J.S., DelVecchio, M., Wilder, E.L., Zhou, H., Quinn, W.G. and Tully, T. (1994) Induction of a dominant negative CREB transgene specifically blocks long-term memory in Drosophila. Cell 79, 49–58.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yin, J.C. and Tully, T. (1996) CREB and the formation of long-term memory. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 6, 264–268.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ying, S., Futter, M., Rosenblum, K., Webber, M.J., Hunt, S.P., Bliss, T.V. and Bramham, C.R. (2002) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor induces long-term potentiation in intact adult hippocampus: requirement for ERK activation coupled to CREB and upregulation of Arc synthesis. J. Neurosci. 22, 1532–1540.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zafra, F., Hengerer, B., Leibrock, J., Thoenen, H. and Lindholm, D. (1990) Activity dependent regulation of BDNF and NGF mRNAs in the rat hippocampus is mediated by non-NMDA glutamate receptors. EMBO J. 9, 3545–3550.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zeineh, M.M., Engel, S.A., Bookheimer, S.Y. (2000) Application of cortical unfolding techniques to functional MRI of the human hippocampal region. NeuroImage. 11, 668–683.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao, W.Q., Chen, H., Quon, M.J., Alkon, D.L. (2004) Insulin and the insulin receptor in experimental models of learning and memory. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 490, 71–81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, Z., Hong, E.J., Cohen, S., Zhao, W.N., Ho, H.Y., Schmidt, L., Chen, W.G., Lin, Y., Savner, E., Griffith, E.C., Hu, L., Steen, J.A., Weitz, C.J. and Greenberg, M.E. (2006) Brain-specific phosphorylation of MeCP2 regulates activity-dependent BDNF transcription, dendritic growth, and spine maturation. Neuron 52, 255–269.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Fernando Gomez-Pinilla
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Shoshanna Vaynman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Neurobiology, Synaptic & Developmental Plasticity Group NIEHS/NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA

    Serena M. Dudek

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Gomez-Pinilla, F., Vaynman, S. (2008). Intersecting Genetics with Lifestyle: the Role of Exercise and Diet in Synaptic Plasticity and Cognitive Enhancement. In: Dudek, S.M. (eds) Transcriptional Regulation by Neuronal Activity. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-73609-9_17

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation