Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
SpringerLink
Log in

Glutamate Transporters and Their Role in Brain

  • Chapter
Neurochemical Aspects of Excitotoxicity

  • 583 Accesses

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Amara S. G. and Fontana A. C. (2002). Excitatory amino acid transporters: keeping up with glutamate. Neurochem. Int. 41:313–318.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aoyama K., Suh S. W., Hamby A. M., Liu J., Chan W. Y., Chen Y., and Swanson R. A. (2006). Neuronal glutathione deficiency and age-dependent neurodegeneration in the EAAC1 deficient mouse. Nat. Neurosci. 9:119–126.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arriza J. L., Eliasof S., Kavanaugh M. P., and Amara S. G. (1997). Excitatory amino acid transporter 5, a retinal glutamate transporter coupled to a chloride conductance. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:4155–4160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Attwell D. (2000). Brain uptake of glutamate: food for thought. J. Nutr. 130:1023S–1025S.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barbour B., Brew H., and Attwell D. (1988). Electrogenic glutamate uptake in glial cells is activated by intracellular potassium. Nature 335:433–435.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beart P. M. and O’Shea R. D. (2007). Transporters for L-glutamate: An update on their molecular pharmacology and pathological involvement. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 150:5–17.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Behrens P. F., Franz P., Woodman B., Lindenberg K. S., and Landwehrmeyer G. B. (2002). Impaired glutamate transport and glutamate-glutamine cycling: downstream effects of the Huntington mutation. Brain 125:1908–1922.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bergles D. E., Diamond J. S., and Jahr C. E. (1999). Clearance of glutamate inside the synapse and beyond. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 9:293–298.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boehmer C., Rajamanickam J., Schniepp R., Kohler K., Wulff P., Kuhl D., Palmada M., and Lang F. (2005). Regulation of the excitatory amino acid transporter EAAT5 by the serum and glucocorticoid dependent kinases SGK1 and SGK3. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 329:738–742.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Camacho A. and Massieu L. (2006). Role of glutamate transporters in the clearance and release of glutamate during ischemia and its relation to neuronal death. Arch. Med. Res. 37:11–18.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Casado M., Bendahan A., Zafra F., Danbolt N. C., Aragòn C., Gimènez C., and Kanner B. I. (1993). Phosphorylation and modulation of brain glutamate transporters by protein kinase C. J. Biol. Chem. 268:27313–27317.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chaudhry F. A., Lehre K. P., van Lookeren Campagne M., Ottersen O. P., Danbolt N. C., and Storm-Mathisen J. (1995). Glutamate transporters in glial plasma membranes: highly differentiated localizations revealed by quantitative ultrastructural immunocytochemistry. Neuron 15:711–720.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen Y. and Swanson R. A. (2003). The glutamate transporters EAAT2 and EAAT3 mediate cysteine uptake in cortical neuron cultures. J. Neurochem. 84:1332–1339.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Choi D. W. and Rothman S. M. (1990). The role of glutamate neurotoxicity in hypoxic-ischemic neuronal death. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 13:171–182.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chrètien F., Le Pavec G., Vallat-Decouvelaere A. V., Delisle M. B., Uro-Coste E., Ironside J. W., Gambetti P., Parchi P., Crèminon C., Dormont D., Mikol J., Gray F., and Gras G. (2004). Expression of excitatory amino acid transporter-1 (EAAT-1) in brain macrophages and microglia of patients with prion diseases. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 63:1058–1071.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Conti F., DeBiasi S., Minelli A., Rothstein J. D., and Melone M. (1998). EAAC1, a high-affinity glutamate tranporter, is localized to astrocytes and gabaergic neurons besides pyramidal cells in the rat cerebral cortex. Cereb. Cortex 8:108–116.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crino P. B., Jin H., Shumate M. D., Robinson M. B., Coulter D. A., and Brooks-Kayal A. R. (2002). Increased expression of the neuronal glutamate transporter (EAAT3/EAAC1) in hippocampal and neocortical epilepsy. Epilepsia 43:211–218.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Danbolt N. C. (2001). Glutamate uptake. Prog. Neurobiol. 65:1–105.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Danik M., Cassoly E., Manseau F., Sotty F., Mouginot D., and Williams S. (2005). Frequent coexpression of the vesicular glutamate transporter 1 and 2 genes, as well as coexpression with genes for choline acetyltransferase or glutamic acid decarboxylase in neurons of rat brain. J. Neurosci. Res. 81:506–521.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dirson G., Desjardins P., Tannenberg T., Dodd P., and Butterworth R. F. (2002). Selective loss of expression of glutamate GluR2/R3 receptor subunits in cerebellar tissue from a patient with olivopontocerebellar atrophy. Metab Brain Dis. 17:77–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dunlop J., Lou Z., Zhang Y., and McIlvain H. B. (1999). Inducible expression and pharmacology of the human excitatory amino acid transporter 2 subtype of L-glutamate transporter. Br. J. Pharmacol. 128:1485–1490.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Erecinska M. and Silver I. A. (1990). Metabolism and role of glutamate in mammalian brain. Prog. Neurobiol. 35:245–296.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eriksson G., Peterson A., Iverfeldt K., and Walum E. (1995). Sodium-dependent glutamate uptake as an activator of oxidative metabolism in primary astrocyte cultures from newborn rat. Glia 15:152–156.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fairman W. A. and Amara S. G. (1999). Functional diversity of excitatory amino acid transporters: ion channel and transport modes. Am. J. Physiol 277:F481–F486.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farooqui, A. A., Anderson, D. K., and Horrocks, L. A. (1994). Potentiation of diacylglycerol and monoacylglycerol lipase activities by glutamate and its analogs. J. Neurochem. 62, S74B

    Google Scholar 

  • Flatscher-Bader T., van der Brug M., Hwang J. W., Gochee P. A., Matsumoto I., Niwa S. I., and Wilce P. A. (2005). Alcohol-responsive genes in the frontal cortex and nucleus accumbens of human alcoholics. J. Neurochem. 93:359–370.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flowers J. M., Powell J. F., Leigh P. N., Andersen P., and Shaw C. E. (2001). Intron 7 retention and exon 9 skipping EAAT2 mRNA variants are not associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann. Neurol. 49:643–649.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Furuta A., Rothstein J. D., and Martin L. J. (1997). Glutamate transporter protein subtypes are expressed differentially during rat CNS development. J. Neurosci. 17:8363–8375.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gegelashvili G., Danbolt N. C., and Schousboe A. (1997). Neuronal soluble factors differentially regulate the expression of the GLT1 and GLAST glutamate transporters in cultured astroglia. J. Neurochem. 69:2612–2615.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gendreau S., Voswinkel S., Torres-Salazar D., Lang N., Heidtmann H., Detro-Dassen S., Schmalzing G., Hidalgo P., and Fahlke C. (2004). A trimeric quaternary structure is conserved in bacterial and human glutamate transporters. J. Biol. Chem. 279:39505–39512.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg M. P. and Choi D. W. (1993). Combined oxygen and glucose deprivation in cortical cell culture: Calcium-dependent and calcium-independent mechanisms of neuronal injury. J. Neurosci. 13:3510–3524.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gras C., Vinatier J., Amilhon B., Guerci A., Christov C., Ravassard P., Giros B., and El Mestikawy S. (2005). Developmentally regulated expression of VGLUT3 during early post-natal life. Neuropharmacology 49:901–911.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grunewald M., Menaker D., and Kanner B. I. (2002). Cysteine-scanning mutagenesis reveals a conformationally sensitive reentrant pore-loop in the glutamate transporter GLT-1. J. Biol. Chem. 277:26074–26080.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guo H., Lai L., Butchbach M. E., Stockinger M. P., Shan X., Bishop G. A., and Lin C. L. (2003). Increased expression of the glial glutamate transporter EAAT2 modulates excitotoxicity and delays the onset but not the outcome of ALS in mice. Hum. Mol. Genet. 12:2519–2532.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hardin-Pouzet H., Krakowski M., Bourbonnière L., Didier-Bazes M., Tran E., and Owens T. (1997). Glutamate metabolism is down-regulated in astrocytes during experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Glia 20:79–85.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hertz L. (2006). Glutamate, a neurotransmitter-And so much more. A synopsis of Wierzba III. Neurochem. Int. 48:416–425.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hertz L., Dringen R., Schousboe A., and Robinson S. R. (1999). Astrocytes: glutamate producers for neurons. J. Neurosci. Res. 57:417–428.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Himi T., Ikeda M., Yasuhara T., Nishida M., and Morita I. (2003). Role of neuronal glutamate transporter in the cysteine uptake and intracellular glutathione levels in cultured cortical neurons. J. Neural Transm. 110:1337–1348.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoogland G., van Oort R. J., Proper E. A., Jansen G. H., van Rijen P. C., van Veelen C. W., van Nieuwenhuizen O., Troost D., and De Graan P. N. (2004). Alternative splicing of glutamate transporter EAAT2 RNA in neocortex and hippocampus of temporal lobe epilepsy patients. Epilepsy Res. 59:75–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hossain M. A., Wakabayashi H., Izuishi K., Okano K., Yachida S., and Maeta H. (2006). The role of prostaglandins in liver ischemia-reperfusion injury. Curr. Pharmaceut. Design 12:2935–2951.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Howland D. S., Liu J., She Y., Goad B., Maragakis N. J., Kim B., Erickson J., Kulik J., DeVito L., Psaltis G., DeGennaro L. J., Cleveland D. W., and Rothstein J. D. (2002). Focal loss of the glutamate transporter EAAT2 in a transgenic rat model of SOD1 mutant-mediated amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:1604–1609.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hu W. H., Walters W. M., Xia X. M., Karmally S. A., and Bethea J. R. (2003). Neuronal glutamate transporter EAAT4 is expressed in astrocytes. Glia 44:13–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jabaudon D., Scanziani M., Gahwiler B. H., and Gerber U. (2000). Acute decrease in net glutamate uptake during energy deprivation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:5610–5615.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson M., Song W., Liu M. Y., Jin L., Dykes-Hoberg M., Lin C. I., Bowers W. J., Federoff H. J., Sternweis P. C., and Rothstein J. D. (2001). Modulation of the neuronal glutamate transporter EAAT4 by two interacting proteins. Nature 410:89–93.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kanai Y., Nussberger S., Romero M. F., Boron W. F., Hebert S. C., and Hediger M. A. (1995). Electrogenic properties of the epithelial and neuronal high affinity glutamate transporter. J. Biol. Chem. 270:16561–16568.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim A. H., Kerchner G. A., and Choi D. W. (2002). Blocking excitotoxicity. In: Marcoux F. W. and Choi D. W. (eds.), CNS Neuroprotection. Springer, New York, pp. 3–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim D. S., Kwak S. E., Kim J. E., Jung J. Y., Won M. H., Choi S. Y., Kwon O. S., and Kang T. C. (2006). Transient ischaemia affects plasma membrane glutamate transporter, not vesicular glutamate transporter, expressions in the gerbil hippocampus. Anat. Histol. Embryol. 35:265–270.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kosugi T. and Kawahara K. (2006). Reversed actrocytic GLT-1 during ischemia is crucial to excitotoxic death of neurons, but contributes to the survival of astrocytes themselves. Neurochem. Res. 31:933–943.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lauriat T. L., Dracheva S., Chin B., Schmeidler J., McInnes L. A., and Haroutunian V. (2006). Quantitative analysis of glutamate transporter mRNA expression in prefrontal and primary visual cortex in normal and schizophrenic brain. Neuroscience 137:843–851.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Legay V., Deleage C., Beaulieux F., Giraudon P., Aymard M., and Lina B. (2003). Impaired glutamate uptake and EAAT2 downregulation in an enterovirus chronically infected human glial cell line. Eur. J. Neurosci. 17:1820–1828.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lehre K. P., Levy L. M., Ottersen O. P., Storm-Mathisen J., and Danbolt N. C. (1995). Differential expression of two glial glutamate transporters in the rat brain: quantitative and immunocytochemical observations. J. Neurosci. 15:1835–1853.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levy L. M., Lehre K. P., Walaas S. I., Storm-Mathisen J., and Danbolt N. C. (1995). Down-regulation of glial glutamate transporters after glutamatergic denervation in the rat brain. Eur. J. Neurosci. 7:2036–2041.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li L. B., Toan S. V., Zelenaia O., Watson D. J., Wolfe J. H., Rothstein J. D., and Robinson M. B. (2006). Regulation of astrocytic glutamate transporter expression by Akt: evidence for a selective transcriptional effect on the GLT-1/EAAT2 subtype. J. Neurochem. 97:759–771.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liao S. L. and Chen C. J. (2001). Differential effects of cytokines and redox potential on glutamate uptake in rat cortical glial cultures. Neurosci. Lett. 299:113–116.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lievens J. C., Woodman B., Mahal A., Spasic-Boscovic O., Samuel D., Kerkerian-Le Goff L., and Bates G. P. (2001). Impaired glutamate uptake in the R6 Huntington’s disease transgenic mice. Neurobiol. Dis. 8:807–821.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin C. L., Bristol L. A., Jin L., Dykes-Hoberg M., Crawford T., Clawson L., and Rothstein J. D. (1998). Aberrant RNA processing in a neurodegenerative disease: the cause for absent EAAT2, a glutamate transporter, in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuron 20:589–602.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ma K., Zheng S., and Zuo Z. (2006). The transcription factor regulatory factor X1 increases the expression of neuronal glutamate transporter type 3. J. Biol. Chem. 281:21250–21255.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maragakis N. J., Dykes-Hoberg M., and Rothstein J. D. (2004). Altered expression of the glutamate transporter EAAT2b in neurological disease. Ann. Neurol. 55:469–477.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin L. J., Brambrink A. M., Lehmann C., Portera-Cailliau C., Koehler R., Rothstein J., and Traystman R. J. (1997). Hypoxia-ischemia causes abnormalities in glutamate transporters and death of astroglia and neurons in newborn striatum. Ann. Neurol. 42:335–348.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Masliah E., Alford M., Mallory M., Rockenstein E., Moechars D., and van Leuven F. (2000). Abnormal glutamate transport function in mutant amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice. Exp Neurol. 163:381–387.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matsugami T. R., Tanemura K., Mieda M., Nakatomi R., Yamada K., Kondo T., Ogawa M., Obata K., Watanabe M., Hashikawa T., and Tanaka K. (2006). Indispensability of the glutamate transporters GLAST and GLT1 to brain development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103:12161–12166.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer T., Fromm A., Münch C., Schwalenstöcker B., Fray A. E., Ince P. G., Stamm S., Grön G., Ludolph A. C., and Shaw P. J. (1999). The RNA of the glutamate transporter EAAT2 is variably spliced in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and normal individuals. J. Neurol. Sci. 170:45–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Münch C., Ebstein M., Seefried U., Zhu B., Stamm S., Landwehrmeyer G. B., Ludolph A. C., Schwalenstöcker B., and Meyer T. (2002). Alternative splicing of the 5’-sequences of the mouse EAAT2 glutamate transporter and expression in a transgenic model for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J. Neurochem. 82:594–603.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nakajima K. and Kohsaka S. (2004). Microglia: neuroprotective and neurotrophic cells in the central nervous system. Curr. Drug Targets Cardiovasc. Haematol. Disord. 4:65–84.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nieoullon A., Canolle B., Masmejean F., Guillet B., Pisano P., and Lortet S. (2006). The neuronal excitatory amino acid transporter EAAC1/EAAT3: does it represent a major actor at the brain excitatory synapse? J. Neurochem. 98:1007–1018.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohgoh M., Hanada T., Smith T., Hashimoto T., Ueno M., Yamanishi Y., Watanabe M., and Nishizawa Y. (2002). Altered expression of glutamate transporters in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J. Neuroimmunol. 125:170–178.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pellerin L. and Magistretti P. J. (1994). Glutamate uptake into astrocytes stimulates aerobic glycolysis: a mechanism coupling neuronal activity to glucose utilization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:10625–10629.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perego C., Vanoni C., Bossi M., Massari S., Basudev H., Longhi R., and Pietrini G. (2000). The GLT-1 and GLAST glutamate transporters are expressed on morphologically distinct astrocytes and regulated by neuronal activity in primary hippocampal cocultures. J. Neurochem. 75:1076–1084.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pignataro L., Sitaramayya A., Finnemann S. C., and Sarthy V. P. (2005). Nonsynaptic localization of the excitatory amino acid transporter 4 in photoreceptors. Mol. Cell Neurosci.28:440–451.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pow D. V., Naidoo T., Lingwood B. E., Healy G. N., Williams S. M., Sullivan R. K., O’Driscoll S., and Colditz P. B. (2004). Loss of glial glutamate transporters and induction of neuronal expression of GLT-1B in the hypoxic neonatal pig brain. Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res. 153:1–11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pradillo J. M., Hurtado O., Romera C., Cárdenas A., Fernández-Tomé P., Alonso-Escolano D., Lorenzo P., Moro M. A., and Lizasoain I. (2006). TNFR1 mediates increased neuronal membrane EAAT3 expression after in vivo cerebral ischemic preconditioning. Neuroscience 138:1171–1178.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rauen T., Wiessner M., Sullivan R., Lee A., and Pow D. V. (2004). A new GLT1 splice variant: cloning and immunolocalization of GLT1c in the mammalian retina and brain. Neurochem. Int. 45:1095–1106.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson M. B. (1998). The family of sodium-dependent glutamate transporters: a focus on the GLT-1/EAAT2 subtype. Neurochem. Int. 33:479–491.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rothstein J. D., Martin L., Levey A. I., Dykes-Hoberg M., Jin L., Wu D., Nash N., and Kuncl R. W. (1994). Localization of neuronal and glial glutamate transporters. Neuron 13:713–725.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rothstein J. D., Dykes-Hoberg M., Pardo C. A., Bristol L. A., Jin L., Kuncl R. W., Kanai Y., Hediger M. A., Wang Y., Schielke J. P., and Welty D. F. (1996). Knockout of glutamate transporters reveals a major role for astroglial transport in excitotoxicity and clearance of glutamate. Neuron 16:675–686.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saier M. H., Jr. (1999). Eukaryotic transmembrane solute transport systems. Int. Rev. Cytol. 190:61–136.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seal R. P. and Amara S. G. (1998). A reentrant loop domain in the glutamate carrier EAAT1 participates in substrate binding and translocation. Neuron 21:1487–1498.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sims K. D. and Robinson M. B. (1999). Expression patterns and regulation of glutamate transporters in the developing and adult nervous system. Crit. Rev. Neurobiol. 13:169–197.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slotboom D. J., Konings W. N., and Lolkema J. S. (1999). Structural features of the glutamate transporter family. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 63:293–307.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sontheimer H. and Ritchie J. M. (1995). Voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels in neuroglia. In: Kettenmann H. and Ransom B. R. (eds.), Neuroglia. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 202–220.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanimirovic D. B., Ball R., and Durkin J. P. (1997). Stimulation of glutamate uptake and Na,K-ATPase activity in rat astrocytes exposed to ischemia-like insults. Glia 19:123–134.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Storck T., Schulte S., Hofmann K., and Stoffel W. (1992). Structure, expression, and functional analysis of a Na+-dependent glutamate/aspartate transporter from rat brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:10955–10959.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suárez I., Bodega G., and Fernández B. (2000). Modulation of glutamate transporters (GLAST, GLT-1 and EAAC1) in the rat cerebellum following portocaval anastomosis. Brain Res. 859:293–302.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi S., Shibata M., Gotoh J., and Fukuuchi Y. (2000). Astroglial cell death induced by excessive influx of sodium ions. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 408:127–135.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka K., Watase K., Manabe T., Yamada K., Watanabe M., Takahashi K., Iwama H., Nishikawa T., Ichihara N., Kikuchi T., Okuyama S., Kawashima N., Hori S., Takimoto M., and Wada K. (1997). Epilepsy and exacerbation of brain injury in mice lacking the glutamate transporter GLT-1. Science 276:1699–1702.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tian G., Lai L., Guo H., Lin Y., Butchbach M. E., Chang Y., and Lin C. L. (2007). Translational control of glial glutamate transporter EAAT2 expression. J. Biol. Chem. 282:1727–1737.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Torp R., Danbolt N. C., Babaie E., Bjoras M., Seeberg E., Storm-Mathisen J., and Ottersen O. P. (1994). Differential expression of two glial glutamate transporters in the rat brain: an in situ hybridization study. Eur. J. Neurosci. 6:936–942.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Torres-Salazar D. and Fahlke C. (2006). Intersubunit interactions in EAAT4 glutamate transporters. J. Neurosci. 26:7513–7522.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vallat-Decouvelaere A. V., Chrétien F., Gras G., Le Pavec G., Dormont D., and Gray F. (2003). Expression of excitatory amino acid transporter-1 in brain macrophages and microglia of HIV-infected patients. A neuroprotective role for activated microglia? J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 62:475–485.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vallejo-Illarramendi A., Domercq M., Pérez-Cerdá F., Ravid R., and Matute C. (2006). Increased expression and function of glutamate transporters in multiple sclerosis. Neurobiol. Dis. 21:154–164.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van Landeghem F. K., Stover J. F., Bechmann I., Bruck W., Unterberg A., Buhrer C., and von Deimling A. (2001). Early expression of glutamate transporter proteins in ramified microglia after controlled cortical impact injury in the rat. Glia 35:167–179.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Landeghem F. K. H., Weiss T., Oehmichen M., and von Deimling A. (2006). Decreased expression of glutamate transporters in astrocytes after human traumatic brain injury. J. Neurotrauma 23:1518–1528.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vera-Portocarrero L. P., Mills C. D., Ye Z., Fullwood S. D., McAdoo D. J., Hulsebosch C. E., and Westlund K. N. (2002). Rapid changes in expression of glutamate transporters after spinal cord injury. Brain Res. 927:104–110.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vermeiren C., Najimi M., Vanhoutte N., Tilleux S., de Hemptinne I., Maloteaux J. M., and Hermans E. (2005). Acute up-regulation of glutamate uptake mediated by mGluR5a in reactive astrocytes. J. Neurochem. 94:405–416.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vinatier J., Herzog E., Plamont M. A., Wojcik S. M., Schmidt A., Brose N., Daviet L., El Mestikawy S., and Giros B. (2006). Interaction between the vesicular glutamate transporter type 1 and endophilin A1, a protein essential for endocytosis. J. Neurochem. 97:1111–1125.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Voutsinos-Porche B., Koning E., Clément Y., Kaplan H., Ferrandon A., Motte J., and Nehlig A. (2006). EAAC1 glutamate transporter expression in the rat lithium-pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab 26:1419–1430.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wadiche J. I., Amara S. G., and Kavanaugh M. P. (1995). Ion fluxes associated with excitatory amino acid transport. Neuron 15:721–728.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wakabayashi Y., Yagihashi T., Kezuka J., Muramatsu D., Usui M., and Iwasaki T. (2006). Glutamate levels in aqueous humor of patients with retinal artery occlusion. Retina 26:432–436.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Z., Pekarskaya O., Bencheikh M., Chao W., Gelbard H. A., Ghorpade A., Rothstein J. D., and Volsky D. J. (2003). Reduced expression of glutamate transporter EAAT2 and impaired glutamate transport in human primary astrocytes exposed to HIV-1 or gp120. Virology 312:60–73.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang S., Lim G., Yang L., Sung B., and Mao J. (2006). Downregulation of spinal glutamate transporter EAAC1 following nerve injury is regulated by central glucocorticoid receptors in rats. Pain 120:78–85.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ward M. M., Jobling A. I., Puthussery T., Foster L. E., and Fletcher E. L. (2004). Localization and expression of the glutamate transporter, excitatory amino acid transporter 4, within astrocytes of the rat retina. Cell Tissue Res. 315:305–310.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watase K., Hashimoto K., Kano M., Yamada K., Watanabe M., Inoue Y., Okuyama S., Sakagawa T., Ogawa S., Kawashima N., Hori S., Takimoto M., Wada K., and Tanaka K. (1998). Motor discoordination and increased susceptibility to cerebellar injury in GLAST mutant mice. Eur. J. Neurosci. 10:976–988.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wersinger E., Schwab Y., Sahel J. A., Rendon A., Pow D. V., Picaud S., and Roux M. J. (2006). The glutamate transporter EAAT5 works as a presynaptic receptor in mouse rod bipolar cells. J. Physiol.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson J. M., Khabazian I., Pow D. V., Craig U. K., and Shaw C. A. (2003). Decrease in glial glutamate transporter variants and excitatory amino acid receptor down-regulation in a murine model of ALS-PDC. NeuroMolecular Med. 3:105–118.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamashita A., Makita K., Kuroiwa T., and Tanaka K. (2006). Glutamate transporters GLAST and EAAT4 regulate postischemic Purkinje cell death: an in vivo study using a cardiac arrest model in mice lacking GLAST or EAAT4. Neurosci. Res. 55:264–270.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ye Z. C., Rothstein J. D., and Sontheimer H. (1999). Compromised glutamate transport in human glioma cells: reduction-mislocalization of sodium-dependent glutamate transporters and enhanced activity of cystine-glutamate exchange. J. Neurosci. 19:10767–10777.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yeh T. H., Hwang H. M., Chen J. J., Wu T., Li A. H., and Wang H. L. (2005). Glutamate transporter function of rat hippocampal astrocytes is impaired following the global ischemia. Neurobiol. Dis. 18:476–483.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yi J. H. and Hazell A. S. (2006). Excitotoxic mechanisms and the role of astrocytic glutamate transporters in traumatic brain injury. Neurochem. Int. 48:394–403.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zerangue N. and Kavanaugh M. P. (1996). Flux coupling in a neuronal glutamate transporter. Nature 383:634–637.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zoia C. P., Tagliabue E., Isella V., Begni B., Fumagalli L., Brighina L., Appollonio I., Racchi M., and Ferrarese C. (2005). Fibroblast glutamate transport in aging and in AD: correlations with disease severity. Neurobiol. Aging 26:825–832.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 3120 Herrick Road, Columbus, Ohio, USA

    Akhlaq A. Farooqui

  2. Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore

    Wei-Yi Ong

  3. The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio

    Lloyd A. Horrocks

Authors
  1. Akhlaq A. Farooqui
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Wei-Yi Ong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Lloyd A. Horrocks
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Farooqui, A.A., Ong, WY., Horrocks, L.A. (2008). Glutamate Transporters and Their Role in Brain. In: Neurochemical Aspects of Excitotoxicity. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-73023-3_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation