Sinus node dysfunction was initially described in the early 1900s, and is the primary indication for pacemaker implantation in industrialized countries. The only effective treatment for symptomatic sinus node dysfunction is cardiac pacing. However, despite the widespread use of pacing therapy for this group of patients, the optimal pacing mode, pacing system and site of ventricular stimulation for sinus node dysfunction remains controversial. The available data for the diagnosis and treatment of sinus node dysfunction are reviewed in this chapter.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Keith A, Flack M. The form and nature of the muscular connections between the primary divisions of the vertebrate heart. J Anat Physiol. 1907;41:172–189.
James TN. Anatomy of the human sinus node. Anat Rec. 1961;141:109–139.
James TN, Sherf L, Fine G, Morales AR. Comparative ultrastructure of the sinus node in man and dog. Circulation. 1966;34:139–163.
James TN. The sinus node. Am J Cardiol. 1977;40:965–986.
Anderson RH, Ho SY. The architecture of the sinus node, the atrioventricular conduction axis, and the internodal atrial myocardium. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 1998;9:1233–1248.
Schuessler RB, Boineau JP, Bromberg BI. Origin of the sinus impulse. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 1996;7:263–274.
Lewis T, Oppenheimer BS, Oppenheimer A. The site of origin of the mammalian heart beat: the pacemaker in the dog. Heart. 1911;2:147–169.
Meek WJ, Eyster JAE. Experiments on the origin and propagation of the mammalian heart beat: IV. The effect of vagal stimulation and of cooling on the location of the pacemaker within the sino-auricular node. Am J Physiol. 1914;34:368–383.
Boineau JP, Canavan TE, Schuessler RB, Cain ME, Corr PB, Cox JL. Demonstration of a widely distributed atrial pacemaker complex in the human heart. Circulation. 1988;77:1221–1237.
Kalman JM, Lee RJ, Fisher WG, Chin MC, Ursell P, Stillson CA, Lesh MD, Scheinman MM. Radiofrequency catheter modification of sinus pacemaker function guided by intracardiac echocardiography. Circulation. 1995;92:3070–3081.
Boineau JP, Schuessler RB, Roeske WR, Autry LJ, Miller CB, Wylds AC. Quantitative relation between sites of atrial impulse origin and cycle length. Am J Physiol. 1983;245:H781–H789.
Anderson KR, Ho SY, Anderson RH. Location and vascular supply of sinus node in human heart. Br Heart J. 1979;41:28–32.
Boyett MR, Honjo H, Kodama I. The sinoatrial node, a heterogeneous pacemaker structure. Cardiovasc Res. 2000;47:658–687.
Boyett MR, Dobrzynski H, Lancaster MK, Jones SA, Honjo H, Kodama I. Sophisticated architecture is required for the sinoatrial node to perform its normal pacemaker function. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2003;14:104–106.
Irisawa H, Brown HF, Giles W. Cardiac pacemaking in the sinoatrial node. Physiol Rev. 1993;73:197–227.
Ono K, Shibata S, Iijima T. Properties of the delayed rectifier potassium current in porcine sino-atrial node cells. J Physiol. 2000;524 Pt 1:51–62.
Matsuura H, Ehara T, Ding WG, Omatsu-Kanbe M, Isono T. Rapidly and slowly activating components of delayed rectifier K(+) current in guinea-pig sino-atrial node pacemaker cells. J Physiol. 2002;540:815–830.
Lipsius SL, Huser J, Blatter LA. Intracellular Ca2 + release sparks atrial pacemaker activity. News Physiol Sci. 2001;16:101–106.
Bogdanov KY, Vinogradova TM, Lakatta EG. Sinoatrial nodal cell ryanodine receptor and Na(+)-Ca(2+) exchanger: molecular partners in pacemaker regulation. Circ Res. 2001;88:1254–1258.
Lei M, Honjo H, Kodama I, Boyett MR. Characterisation of the transient outward K+ current in rabbit sinoatrial node cells. Cardiovasc Res. 2000;46:433–441.
DiFrancesco D. Pacemaker mechanisms in cardiac tissue. Annu Rev Physiol. 1993;55:455–472.
Sakmann B, Noma A, Trautwein W. Acetylcholine activation of single muscarinic K+ channels in isolated pacemaker cells of the mammalian heart. Nature. 1983;303:250–253.
Soejima M, Noma A. Mode of regulation of the ACh-sensitive K-channel by the muscarinic receptor in rabbit atrial cells. Pflugers Arch. 1984;400:424–431.
DiFrancesco D, Tromba C. Muscarinic control of the hyperpolarization-activated current (if) in rabbit sino-atrial node myocytes. J Physiol. 1988;405:493–510.
DiFrancesco D, Ducouret P, Robinson RB. Muscarinic modulation of cardiac rate at low acetylcholine concentrations. Science. 1989;243:669–671.
Brown HF, DiFrancesco D, Noble SJ. How does adrenaline accelerate the heart? Nature. 1979;280:235–236.
Huser J, Blatter LA, Lipsius SL. Intracellular Ca2 + release contributes to automaticity in cat atrial pacemaker cells. J Physiol. 2000;524(Pt 2):415–422.
Bernstein AD, Parsonnet V. Survey of cardiac pacing and defibrillation in the United States in 1993. Am J Cardiol. 1996;78:187–196.
Ferrer MI. The sick sinus syndrome in atrial disease. JAMA. 1968;206:645–646.
Strauss HC, Prystowsky EN, Scheinman MM. Sino-atrial and atrial electrogenesis. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1977;19:385–404.
Wiens RD, Lafia P, Marder CM, Evans RG, Kennedy HL. Chronotropic incompetence in clinical exercise testing. Am J Cardiol. 1984;54:74–78.
Kusumoto FM, Goldschlager N. Cardiac pacing. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:89–97.
Demoulin JC, Kulbertus HE. Histopathological correlates of sinoatrial disease. Br Heart J. 1978;40:1384–1389.
Shaw DB. Chronic sinus node disease and coronary artery disease. Lancet. 1988;1:1277.
Surawicz B, Hariman RJ. Follow-up of the family with congenital absence of sinus rhythm. Am J Cardiol. 1988;61:467–469.
Kaplan BM, Langendorf R, Lev M, Pick A. Tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome (so-called “sick sinus syndrome”). Pathology, mechanisms and treatment. Am J Cardiol. 1973;31:497–508.
Lev M. Aging changes in the human sinoatrial node. J Gerontol. 1954;9:1–9.
Sanders P, Morton JB, Kistler PM, Spence SJ, Davidson NC, Hussin A, Vohra JK, Sparks PB, Kalman JM. Electrophysiological and electroanatomic characterization of the atria in sinus node disease: evidence of diffuse atrial remodeling. Circulation. 2004;109:1514–1522.
Sanders P, Kistler PM, Morton JB, Spence SJ, Kalman JM. Remodeling of sinus node function in patients with congestive heart failure: reduction in sinus node reserve. Circulation. 2004;110:897–903.
Morton JB, Sanders P, Vohra JK, Sparks PB, Morgan JG, Spence SJ, Grigg LE, Kalman JM. Effect of chronic right atrial stretch on atrial electrical remodeling in patients with an atrial septal defect. Circulation. 2003;107:1775–1782.
Hocini M, Sanders P, Deisenhofer I, Jais P, Hsu LF, Scavee C, Weerasoriya R, Raybaud F, Macle L, Shah DC, Garrigue S, Le Metayer P, Clementy J, Haissaguerre M. Reverse remodeling of sinus node function after catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation in patients with prolonged sinus pauses. Circulation. 2003;108:1172–1175.
Daoud EG, Weiss R, Augostini RS, Kalbfleisch SJ, Schroeder J, Polsinelli G, Hummel JD. Remodeling of sinus node function after catheter ablation of right atrial flutter. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2002;13:20–24.
Sparks PB, Jayaprakash S, Vohra JK, Kalman JM. Electrical remodeling of the atria associated with paroxysmal and chronic atrial flutter. Circulation. 2000;102:1807–1813.
Gregoratos G, Cheitlin MD, Conill A, Epstein AE, Fellows C, Ferguson TB, Jr., Freedman RA, Hlatky MA, Naccarelli GV, Saksena S, Schlant RC, Silka MJ. ACC/AHA Guidelines for Implantation of Cardiac Pacemakers and Antiarrhythmia Devices: Executive Summary–a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Pacemaker Implantation). Circulation. 1998;97:1325–1335.
Gregoratos G, Abrams J, Epstein AE, Freedman RA, Hayes DL, Hlatky MA, Kerber RE, Naccarelli GV, Schoenfeld MH, Silka MJ, Winters SL, Gibbons RJ, Antman EM, Alpert JS, Gregoratos G, Hiratzka LF, Faxon DP, Jacobs AK, Fuster V, Smith SC, Jr. ACC/AHA/NASPE 2002 guideline update for implantation of cardiac pacemakers and antiarrhythmia devices: summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (ACC/AHA/NASPE Committee to Update the 1998 Pacemaker Guidelines). Circulation. 2002;106:2145–2161.
Reiffel JA, Bigger JT, Jr., Cramer M, Reid DS. Ability of Holter electrocardiographic recording and atrial stimulation to detect sinus nodal dysfunction in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with sinus bradycardia. Am J Cardiol. 1977;40:189–194.
Crook BR, Cashman PM, Stott FD, Raftery EB. Tape monitoring of the electrocardiogram in ambulant patients with sinoatrial disease. Br Heart J. 1973;35:1009–1013.
Brignole M, Menozzi C, Maggi R, Solano A, Donateo P, Bottoni N, Lolli G, Quartieri F, Croci F, Oddone D, Puggioni E. The usage and diagnostic yield of the implantable loop-recorder in detection of the mechanism of syncope and in guiding effective antiarrhythmic therapy in older people. Europace. 2005;7:273–279.
Reiffel JA, Kuehnert MJ. Electrophysiological testing of sinus node function: diagnostic and prognostic application-including updated information from sinus node electrograms. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1994;17:349–365.
Lamas GA, Lee KL, Sweeney MO, Silverman R, Leon A, Yee R, Marinchak RA, Flaker G, Schron E, Orav EJ, Hellkamp AS, Greer S, McAnulty J, Ellenbogen K, Ehlert F, Freedman RA, Estes NA, III, Greenspon A, Goldman L. Ventricular pacing or dual-chamber pacing for sinus-node dysfunction. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:1854–1862.
Connolly SJ, Kerr CR, Gent M, Roberts RS, Yusuf S, Gillis AM, Sami MH, Talajic M, Tang AS, Klein GJ, Lau C, Newman DM. Effects of physiologic pacing versus ventricular pacing on the risk of stroke and death due to cardiovascular causes. Canadian Trial of Physiologic Pacing Investigators. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:1385–1391.
Sweeney MO, Hellkamp AS, Ellenbogen KA, Greenspon AJ, Freedman RA, Lee KL, Lamas GA. Adverse effect of ventricular pacing on heart failure and atrial fibrillation among patients with normal baseline QRS duration in a clinical trial of pacemaker therapy for sinus node dysfunction. Circulation. 2003;107:2932–2937.
Andersen HR, Nielsen JC, Thomsen PE, Thuesen L, Mortensen PT, Vesterlund T, Pedersen AK. Long-term follow-up of patients from a randomised trial of atrial versus ventricular pacing for sick-sinus syndrome. Lancet. 1997;350:1210–1216.
Grimm W, Langenfeld H, Maisch B, Kochsiek K. Symptoms, cardiovascular risk profile and spontaneous ECG in paced patients: a five-year follow-up study. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1990;13:2086–2090.
Lamas GA, Lee KL, Sweeney MO, Silverman R, Leon A, Yee R, Marinchak RA, Flaker G, Schron E, Orav EJ, Hellkamp AS, Greer S, McAnulty J, Ellenbogen K, Ehlert F, Freedman RA, Estes NA, III, Greenspon A, Goldman L. Ventricular pacing or dual-chamber pacing for sinus-node dysfunction. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:1854–1862.
Lamas GA, Orav EJ, Stambler BS, Ellenbogen KA, Sgarbossa EB, Huang SK, Marinchak RA, Estes NA, III, Mitchell GF, Lieberman EH, Mangione CM, Goldman L. Quality of life and clinical outcomes in elderly patients treated with ventricular pacing as compared with dual-chamber pacing. Pacemaker Selection in the Elderly Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:1097–1104.
Newman D, Lau C, Tang AS, Irvine J, Paquette M, Woodend K, Dorian P, Gent M, Kerr C, Connolly SJ. Effect of pacing mode on health-related quality of life in the Canadian Trial of Physiologic Pacing. Am Heart J. 2003;145:430–437.
Fleischmann KE, Orav EJ, Lamas GA, Mangione CM, Schron E, Lee KL, Goldman L. Pacemaker implantation and quality of life in the Mode Selection Trial (MOST). Heart Rhythm. 2006;3:653–659.
Ausubel K, Furman S. The pacemaker syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 1985;103:420–429.
Heldman D, Mulvihill D, Nguyen H, Messenger JC, Rylaarsdam A, Evans K, Castellanet MJ. True incidence of pacemaker syndrome. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1990;13:1742–1750.
Ellenbogen KA, Stambler BS, Orav EJ, Sgarbossa EB, Tullo NG, Love CA, Wood MA, Goldman L, Lamas GA. Clinical characteristics of patients intolerant to VVIR pacing. Am J Cardiol. 2000;86:59–63.
Andersen HR, Thuesen L, Bagger JP, Vesterlund T, Thomsen PE. Prospective randomised trial of atrial versus ventricular pacing in sick-sinus syndrome. Lancet. 1994;344:1523–1528.
Mattioli AV, Vivoli D, Mattioli G. Influence of pacing modalities on the incidence of atrial fibrillation in patients without prior atrial fibrillation. A prospective study. Eur Heart J. 1998;19:282–286.
Mattioli AV, Castellani ET, Vivoli D, Sgura FA, Mattioli G. Prevalence of atrial fibrillation and stroke in paced patients without prior atrial fibrillation: a prospective study. Clin Cardiol. 1998;21:117–122.
Hesselson AB, Parsonnet V, Bernstein AD, Bonavita GJ. Deleterious effects of long-term single-chamber ventricular pacing in patients with sick sinus syndrome: the hidden benefits of dual-chamber pacing. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992;19:1542–1549.
Santini M, Alexidou G, Ansalone G, Cacciatore G, Cini R, Turitto G. Relation of prognosis in sick sinus syndrome to age, conduction defects and modes of permanent cardiac pacing. Am J Cardiol. 1990;65:729–735.
Stangl K, Seitz K, Wirtzfeld A, Alt E, Blomer H. Differences between atrial single chamber pacing (AAI) and ventricular single chamber pacing (VVI) with respect to prognosis and antiarrhythmic effect in patients with sick sinus syndrome. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1990;13:2080–2085.
Stambler BS, Ellenbogen KA, Orav EJ, Sgarbossa EB, Estes NA, Rizo-Patron C, Kirchhoffer JB, Hadjis TA, Goldman L, Lamas GA. Predictors and clinical impact of atrial fibrillation after pacemaker implantation in elderly patients treated with dual chamber versus ventricular pacing. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2003;26:2000–2007.
Nielsen JC, Kristensen L, Andersen HR, Mortensen PT, Pedersen OL, Pedersen AK. A randomized comparison of atrial and dual-chamber pacing in 177 consecutive patients with sick sinus syndrome: echocardiographic and clinical outcome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42:614–623.
Kristensen L, Nielsen JC, Mortensen PT, Pedersen OL, Pedersen AK, Andersen HR. Incidence of atrial fibrillation and thromboembolism in a randomised trial of atrial versus dual chamber pacing in 177 patients with sick sinus syndrome. Heart. 2004;90:661–666.
Ishikawa T, Kimura K, Yoshimura H, Kobayashi K, Usui T, Kashiwagi M, Ishii M. Acute changes in left atrial and left ventricular diameters after physiological pacing. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1996;19:143–149.
Leclercq C, Gras D, Le Helloco A, Nicol L, Mabo P, Daubert C. Hemodynamic importance of preserving the normal sequence of ventricular activation in permanent cardiac pacing. Am Heart J. 1995;129:1133–1141.
Klein LS, Miles WM, Zipes DP. Effect of atrioventricular interval during pacing or reciprocating tachycardia on atrial size, pressure, and refractory period. Contraction-excitation feedback in human atrium. Circulation. 1990;82:60–68.
Calkins H, el Atassi R, Leon A, Kalbfleisch S, Borganelli M, Langberg J, Morady F. Effect of the atrioventricular relationship on atrial refractoriness in humans. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1992;15:771–778.
Paxinos G, Katritsis D, Kakouros S, Toutouzas P, Camm AJ. Long-term effect of VVI pacing on atrial and ventricular function in patients with sick sinus syndrome. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1998;21:728–734.
Nielsen JC, Andersen HR, Thomsen PE, Thuesen L, Mortensen PT, Vesterlund T, Pedersen AK. Heart failure and echocardiographic changes during long-term follow-up of patients with sick sinus syndrome randomized to single-chamber atrial or ventricular pacing. Circulation. 1998;97:987–995.
Sparks PB, Mond HG, Vohra JK, Yapanis AG, Grigg LE, Kalman JM. Mechanical remodeling of the left atrium after loss of atrioventricular synchrony. A long-term study in humans. Circulation. 1999;100:1714–1721.
Sparks PB, Mond HG, Vohra JK, Jayaprakash S, Kalman JM. Electrical remodeling of the atria following loss of atrioventricular synchrony: a long-term study in humans. Circulation. 1999;100:1894–1900.
Gillis AM, Unterberg-Buchwald C, Schmidinger H, Massimo S, Wolfe K, Kavaney DJ, Otterness MF, Hohnloser SH. Safety and efficacy of advanced atrial pacing therapies for atrial tachyarrhythmias in patients with a new implantable dual chamber cardioverter-defibrillator. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40:1653–1659.
Carlson MD, Ip J, Messenger J, Beau S, Kalbfleisch S, Gervais P, Cameron DA, Duran A, Val-Mejias J, Mackall J, Gold M. A new pacemaker algorithm for the treatment of atrial fibrillation: results of the Atrial Dynamic Overdrive Pacing Trial (ADOPT). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42:627–633.
Lee MA, Weachter R, Pollak S, Kremers MS, Naik AM, Silverman R, Tuzi J, Wang W, Johnson LJ, Euler DE. The effect of atrial pacing therapies on atrial tachyarrhythmia burden and frequency: results of a randomized trial in patients with bradycardia and atrial tachyarrhythmias. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:1926–1932.
Blanc JJ, De Roy L, Mansourati J, Poezevara Y, Marcon JL, Schoels W, Hidden-Lucet F, Barnay C. Atrial pacing for prevention of atrial fibrillation: assessment of simultaneously implemented algorithms. Europace. 2004;6:371–379.
Padeletti L, Purerfellner H, Adler SW, Waller TJ, Harvey M, Horvitz L, Holbrook R, Kempen K, Mugglin A, Hettrick DA. Combined efficacy of atrial septal lead placement and atrial pacing algorithms for prevention of paroxysmal atrial tachyarrhythmia. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2003;14:1189–1195.
Israel CW, Barold SS. Can implantable devices detect and pace-terminate atrial fibrillation? Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2003;26:1923–1925.
Gillis AM. Clinical trials of pacing for maintenance of sinus rhythm. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2004;10(Suppl 1):55–62.
Prakash A, Delfaut P, Krol RB, Saksena S. Regional right and left atrial activation patterns during single- and dual-site atrial pacing in patients with atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 1998;82:1197–1204.
Prakash A, Saksena S, Hill M, Krol RB, Munsif AN, Giorgberidze I, Mathew P, Mehra R. Acute effects of dual-site right atrial pacing in patients with spontaneous and inducible atrial flutter and fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;29:1007–1014.
Prakash A, Saksena S, Ziegler PD, Lokhandwala T, Hettrick DA, Delfaut P, Nanda NC, Wyse DG. Dual site right atrial pacing can improve the impact of standard dual chamber pacing on atrial and ventricular mechanical function in patients with symptomatic atrial fibrillation: further observations from the dual site atrial pacing for prevention of atrial fibrillation trial. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2005;12:177–187.
Saksena S, Prakash A, Hill M, Krol RB, Munsif AN, Mathew PP, Mehra R. Prevention of recurrent atrial fibrillation with chronic dual-site right atrial pacing. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996;28:687–694.
Daubert C, Gras D, Berder V, Leclercq C, Mabo P. Permanent atrial resynchronization by synchronous bi-atrial pacing in the preventive treatment of atrial flutter associated with high degree interatrial block. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss. 1994;87:1535–1546.
Saksena S, Prakash A, Ziegler P, Hummel JD, Friedman P, Plumb VJ, Wyse DG, Johnson E, Fitts S, Mehra R. Improved suppression of recurrent atrial fibrillation with dual-site right atrial pacing and antiarrhythmic drug therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40:1140–1150.
Prinzen FW, Peschar M. Relation between the pacing induced sequence of activation and left ventricular pump function in animals. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2002;25:484–498.
Nahlawi M, Waligora M, Spies SM, Bonow RO, Kadish AH, Goldberger JJ. Left ventricular function during and after right ventricular pacing. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44:1883–1888.
van Oosterhout MF, Prinzen FW, Arts T, Schreuder JJ, Vanagt WY, Cleutjens JP, Reneman RS. Asynchronous electrical activation induces asymmetrical hypertrophy of the left ventricular wall. Circulation. 1998;98:588–595.
Prinzen FW, Cheriex EC, Delhaas T, van Oosterhout MF, Arts T, Wellens HJ, Reneman RS. Asymmetric thickness of the left ventricular wall resulting from asynchronous electric activation: a study in dogs with ventricular pacing and in patients with left bundle branch block. Am Heart J. 1995;130:1045–1053.
Thambo JB, Bordachar P, Garrigue S, Lafitte S, Sanders P, Reuter S, Girardot R, Crepin D, Reant P, Roudaut R, Jais P, Haissaguerre M, Clementy J, Jimenez M. Detrimental ventricular remodeling in patients with congenital complete heart block and chronic right ventricular apical pacing. Circulation. 2004;110:3766–3772.
Adomian GE, Beazell J. Myofibrillar disarray produced in normal hearts by chronic electrical pacing. Am Heart J. 1986;112:79–83.
Lee MA, Dae MW, Langberg JJ, Griffin JC, Chin MC, Finkbeiner WE, O’Connell JW, Botvinick E, Scheinman MM, Rosenqvist M. Effects of long-term right ventricular apical pacing on left ventricular perfusion, innervation, function and histology. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994;24:225–232.
Tse HF, Lau CP. Long-term effect of right ventricular pacing on myocardial perfusion and function. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;29:744–749.
Wilkoff BL, Cook JR, Epstein AE, Greene HL, Hallstrom AP, Hsia H, Kutalek SP, Sharma A. Dual-chamber pacing or ventricular backup pacing in patients with an implantable defibrillator: the Dual Chamber and VVI Implantable Defibrillator (DAVID) Trial. JAMA. 2002;288:3115–3123.
Sharma AD, Rizo-Patron C, Hallstrom AP, O’Neill GP, Rothbart S, Martins JB, Roelke M, Steinberg JS, Greene HL. Percent right ventricular pacing predicts outcomes in the DAVID trial. Heart Rhythm. 2005;2:830–834.
Steinberg JS, Fischer A, Wang P, Schuger C, Daubert J, McNitt S, Andrews M, Brown M, Hall WJ, Zareba W, Moss AJ. The clinical implications of cumulative right ventricular pacing in the multicenter automatic defibrillator trial II. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2005;16:359–365.
Shukla HH, Hellkamp AS, James EA, Flaker GC, Lee KL, Sweeney MO, Lamas GA. Heart failure hospitalization is more common in pacemaker patients with sinus node dysfunction and a prolonged paced QRS duration. Heart Rhythm. 2005;2:245–251.
Sweeney MO, Hellkamp AS. Heart failure during cardiac pacing. Circulation. 2006;113:2082–2088.
McGavigan AD, Roberts-Thomson KC, Hillock RJ, Stevenson IH, Mond HG. Right ventricular outflow tract pacing: radiographic and electrocardiographic correlates of lead position. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2006;29:1063–1068.
McGavigan AD, Mond HG. Selective site ventricular pacing. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2006;21:7–14.
Sweeney MO, Shea JB, Fox V, Adler S, Nelson L, Mullen TJ, Belk P, Casavant D, Sheldon T. Randomized pilot study of a new atrial-based minimal ventricular pacing mode in dual-chamber implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. Heart Rhythm. 2004;1:160–167.
Frohlig G, Gras D, Victor J, Mabo P, Galley D, Savoure A, Jauvert G, Defaye P, Ducloux P, Amblard A. Use of a new cardiac pacing mode designed to eliminate unnecessary ventricular pacing. Europace. 2006;8:96–101.
Gillis AM, Purerfellner H, Israel CW, Sunthorn H, Kacet S, Anelli-Monti M, Tang F, Young M, Boriani G. Reducing unnecessary right ventricular pacing with the managed ventricular pacing mode in patients with sinus node disease and AV block. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2006;29:697–705.
Sweeney MO, Ellenbogen KA, Miller EH, Sherfesee L, Sheldon T, Whellan D. The Managed Ventricular Pacingtrade mark Versus VVI 40 Pacing (MVP) Trial: clinical background, rationale, design, and implementation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2006.
Haywood GA, Ward J, Ward DE, Camm AJ. Atrioventricular Wenckebach point and progression to atrioventricular block in sinoatrial disease. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1990;13:2054–2058.
Bergfeldt L, Edvardsson N, Rosenqvist M, Vallin H, Edhag O. Atrioventricular block progression in patients with bifascicular block assessed by repeated electrocardiography and a bradycardia-detecting pacemaker. Am J Cardiol. 1994;74:1129–1132.
Vallin H, Edhag O. Associated conduction disturbances in patients with symptomatic sinus node disease. Acta Med Scand. 1981;210:263–270.
Rosenqvist M, Obel IW. Atrial pacing and the risk for AV block: is there a time for change in attitude? Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1989;12:97–101.
Andersen HR, Nielsen JC, Thomsen PE, Thuesen L, Vesterlund T, Pedersen AK, Mortensen PT. Atrioventricular conduction during long-term follow-up of patients with sick sinus syndrome. Circulation. 1998;98:1315–1321.
Brandt J, Anderson H, Fahraeus T, Schuller H. Natural history of sinus node disease treated with atrial pacing in 213 patients: implications for selection of stimulation mode. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992;20:633–639.
Breivik K, Ohm OJ, Segadal L. Sick sinus syndrome treated with permanent pacemaker in 109 patients. A follow-up study. Acta Med Scand. 1979;206:153–159.
Benditt DG, Milstein S, Buetikofer J, Gornick CC, Mianulli M, Fetter J. Sensor-triggered, rate-variable cardiac pacing. Current technologies and clinical implications. Ann Intern Med. 1987;107:714–724.
Bjerregaard P. Mean 24 hour heart rate, minimal heart rate and pauses in healthy subjects 40–79 years of age. Eur Heart J. 1983;4:44–51.
Rosenqvist M, Aren C, Kristensson BE, Nordlander R, Schuller H. Atrial rate-responsive pacing in sinus node disease. Eur Heart J. 1990;11:537–542.
Hedman A, Nordlander R. QT sensing rate responsive pacing compared to fixed rate ventricular inhibited pacing: a controlled clinical study. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1989;12:374–385.
Sulke N, Chambers J, Dritsas A, Sowton E. A randomized double-blind crossover comparison of four rate-responsive pacing modes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991;17:696–706.
NASPE 24th Annual Scientific Sessions. Late-Breaking Clinical Trials, Advanced Elements of Pacing Trial (ADEPT) May 17 2003, Washington DC. 2007.
den Dulk K, Dijkman B, Pieterse M, Wellens H. Initial experience with mode switching in a dual sensor, dual chamber pacemaker in patients with paroxysmal atrial tachyarrhythmias. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1994;17:1900–1907.
Kamalvand K, Tan K, Kotsakis A, Bucknall C, Sulke N. Is mode switching beneficial? A randomized study in patients with paroxysmal atrial tachyarrhythmias. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;30:496–504.
Lau CP, Tai YT, Fong PC, Li JP, Chung FL. Atrial arrhythmia management with sensor controlled atrial refractory period and automatic mode switching in patients with minute ventilation sensing dual chamber rate adaptive pacemakers. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1992;15:1504–1514.
Sweeney MO, Hellkamp AS, Ellenbogen KA, Glotzer TV, Silverman R, Yee R, Lee KL, Lamas GA. Prospective randomized study of mode switching in a clinical trial of pacemaker therapy for sinus node dysfunction. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2004;15:153–160.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Stevenson, I.H., Sparks, P.B., Kalman, J.M. (2008). Sinus Node Dysfunction. In: Kusumoto, F.M., Goldschlager, N.F. (eds) Cardiac Pacing for the Clinician. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-72763-9_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-72763-9_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-72762-2
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-72763-9
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)