Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Future of HIV/AIDS Care in Low- and Middle- Income Countries

  • Chapter
Public Health Aspects of HIV/AIDS in Low and Middle Income Countries

  • 1486 Accesses

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Alimonti, J.B., Ball, T.B. & Fowke, K.R. (2003). Mechanisms of CD4+ T lymphocyte cell death in human immunodeficiency virus infection and AIDS. The Journal of General Virology, 84, 1649–1661.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arendt, V., Ndimubanza, P., Vyankandondera, J., Ndayisaba, G., Muganda, J., Courteille, O., Rutanga, C., Havuga, E., Dhont, E., Mujawamassiga, A., Omes, C. & Peltier, A. (2007). AMATA study: effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy in breastfeeding mothers to prevent post-natal vertical transmission in Rwanda. Presented at the 4th IAS Conference, July 2007, Sydney, Australia (Abstract TUAX102).

    Google Scholar 

  • Arici, C., Ripamonti, D., Maggiolo, F., Rizzi, M., Finazzi, M.G., Pezzotti, P. & Suter, F. (2002). Factors associated with the failure of HIV-positive persons to return for scheduled medical visits. HIV Clinical Trials, 3, 52–57.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ayele, W., Schuurman, R., Messele, T., Dorigo-Zetsma, W., Mengistu, Y., Goudsmit, J., Paxton, W.A., de Baar, M.P. & Pollakis, G. (2007). Use of dried spots of whole blood, plasma, and mother's milk collected on filter paper for measurement of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 burden. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 45, 891–896.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Badri, M., Cleary, S., Maartens, G., Pitt, J., Bekker, L.G., Orrell, C. & Wood, R. (2006a). When to initiate highly active antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan Africa? A South African cost-effectiveness study. Antiviral Therapy, 11, 63–72.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Badri, M., Lawn, S.D. & Wood, R. (2006b). Short-term risk of AIDS or death in people infected with HIV-1 before antiretroviral therapy in South Africa: a longitudinal study. Lancet, 368, 1254–1259.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basenero, A., Castelnuovo, B., Birabwa, E., John L., MacAdam, K., Schlech, W. & Kambugu, A. (2007). Inadequacy of clinical and immunological criteria in identifying virologic failure of 1st line ART: the Ugandan experience. Presented at the 4th IAS Conference, July 2007, Sydney, Australia (Abstract WEAB102).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bangsberg, D.R. (2006). Less than 95% adherence to nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor therapy can lead to viral suppression. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 43, 939–941.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bangsberg, D.R., Acosta, E.P., Gupta, R., Guzman, D., Riley, E.D., Harrigan, P.R., Parkin, N. & Deeks, S.G. (2006). Adherence-resistance relationships for protease and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors explained by virological fitness. AIDS, 20, 223–231.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bartlett, J.G. & Gallant, J.E. (2007). Medical management of HIV infection. Johns Hopkins Medicine Health Publishing Business Group, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Behforouz, H.L., Farmer, P.E. & Mukherjee, J.S. (2004). From directly observed therapy to accompagnateurs: enhancing AIDS treatment outcomes in Haiti and in Boston. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 38 Suppl 5, S429–S436.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, D.J., Kapitao, Y., Sikwese, R., van Oosterhout, J.J. & Lalloo, D.G. (2007). Adherence to antiretroviral therapy in patients receiving free treatment from a Government hospital in Blantyre, Malawi. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 45, 560–563.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boehme, C., Molokova, E., Minja, F., Geis, S., Loscher, T., Maboko, L., Koulchin, V. & Hoelscher, M. (2005). Detection of mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan with an antigen-capture ELISA in unprocessed urine of Tanzanian patients with suspected tuberculosis. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 99, 893–900.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bolhaar, M.G. & Karstaedt, A.S. (2007). A high incidence of lactic acidosis and symptomatic hyperlactatemia in women receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy in Soweto, South Africa. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 45, 254–260.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Braitstein, P., Brinkhof, M.W., Dabis, F., Schechter, M., Boulle, A., Miotti, P., Wood, R., Laurent, C., Sprinz, E., Seyler, C., Bangsberg, D.R., Balestr, E., Sterne, J.A., May, M. & Egger, M. (2006). Mortality of HIV-1-infected patients in the first year of antiretroviral therapy: comparison between low-income and high-income countries. Lancet, 367, 817–824.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bucher, H.C., Griffith, L.E., Guyatt, G.H., Sudre, P., Naef, M., Sendi, P. & Battegay, M. (1999). Isoniazid prophylaxis for tuberculosis in HIV infection: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. AIDS, 13, 501–507.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Calmy, A., Pinoges, L., Szumilin, E., Zachariah, R., Ford, N. & Ferradini, L. (2006). Generic fixed-dose combination antiretroviral treatment in resource-poor settings: multicentric observational cohort. AIDS, 20, 1163–1169.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Campo, R.E., Lalanne, R., Tanner, T.J., Jayaweera, D.T., Rodriguez, A.E., Fontaine, L. & Kolber, M.A. (2005). Lopinavir/ritonavir maintenance monotherapy after successful viral suppression with standard highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1-infected patients. AIDS, 19, 447–449.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Castro, A. (2005). Adherence to antiretroviral therapy: merging the clinical and social course of AIDS. PLoS Medicine, 2, e338.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chang, L.W., Kagaayi, J., Nakigozi, G., Packer, A., Serwadda, D., Quinn, T.C., Gray R.H., Reynolds, S.J., Bollinger, R. (2007) Evaluation of a pilot cluster-randomized mobile phone intervention used by peer health workers in a rural antiretroviral care program in Rakai, Uganda. Presented at the 4th IAS Conference, July 2007, Sydney, Australia (Abstract WEPEB104).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chesney, M. (2003). Adherence to HAART regimens. AIDS Patient Care and STDS, 17, 169–177.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, S.M., Mulcahy, F.M., Tjia, J., Reynolds, H.E., Gibbons, S.E., Barry, M.G. & Back, D.J. (2001). The pharmacokinetics of methadone in HIV-positive patients receiving the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor efavirenz. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 51, 213–217.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coghlan, M.E., Sommadossi, J.P., Jhala, N.C., Many, W.J., Saag, M.S. & Johnson, V.A. (2001). Symptomatic lactic acidosis in hospitalized antiretroviral-treated patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection: a report of 12 cases. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 33, 1914–1921.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Connor, E.M., Sperling, R.S., Gelber, R., Kiselev, P., Scott, G., O'Sullivan, M.J., VanDyke, R., Bey, M., Shearer, W., Jacobson, R.L., Jimenez, E., O'Neill, E., Bazin, B., Delfraissy, J.-F., Culnane, M., Coombs, R., Elkins, M., Moye, J., Stratton, P. & Balsley, J. (1994). Reduction of maternal-infant transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with zidovudine treatment. Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 076 Study Group. New England Journal of Medicine, 331, 1173–1180.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coovadia, H. (2004). Antiretroviral agents – how best to protect infants from HIV and save their mothers from AIDS. New England Journal of Medicine, 351, 289–292.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coovadia, H.M., Rollins, N.C., Bland, R.M., Little, K., Coutsoudis, A., Bennish, M.L. & Newell, M.L. (2007). Mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 infection during exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months of life: an intervention cohort study. Lancet, 369, 1107–1116.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corbett, E.L., Bandason, T., Cheung, Y.B., Munyati, S., Godfrey-Faussett, P., Hayes, R., Churchyard, G., Butterworth, A. & Mason, P. (2007). Epidemiology of tuberculosis in a high HIV prevalence population provided with enhanced diagnosis of symptomatic disease. PLoS Medicine 4, e22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corbett, E.L., Marston, B., Churchyard, G.J. & De Cock, K.M. (2006). Tuberculosis in sub-Saharan Africa: opportunities, challenges, and change in the era of antiretroviral treatment. Lancet, 367, 926–937.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corbett, E.L., Steketee, R.W., ter Kuile, F.O., Latif, A.S., Kamali, A. & Hayes, R.J. (2002). HIV-1/AIDS and the control of other infectious diseases in Africa. Lancet, 359, 2177–2187.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Creek, T.L., Ntumy, R., Seipone, K., Smith, M., Mogodi, M., Smit, M., Legwaila, K., Molokwane, I., Tebele, G., Mazhani, L., Shaffer, N. & Kilmarx, P.H. (2007). Successful introduction of routine opt-out HIV testing in antenatal care in Botswana. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 45, 102–107.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • d'Arminio, M.A., Sabin, C.A., Phillips, A., Sterne, J., May, M., Justice, A., Dabis, F., Grabar, S., Ledergerber, B., Gill, J., Reiss, P. & Egger, M. (2005). The changing incidence of AIDS events in patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Archives of Internal Medicine, 165, 416–423.

    Google Scholar 

  • Danel, C., Moh, R., Anzian, A., Abo, Y., Chenal, H., Guehi, C., Gabillard, D., Sorho, S., Rouet, F., Eholie, S. & Anglaret, X. (2006a). Tolerance and acceptability of an efavirenz-based regimen in 740 adults in West Africa. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 42, 29–35.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Danel, C., Moh, R., Minga, A., Anzian, A., Ba-Gomis, O., Kanga, C., Nzunetu, G., Gabillard, D., Rouet, F., Sorho, S., Chaix, M.L., Eholie, S., Menan, H., Sauvageot, D., Bissagnene, E., Salamon, R. & Anglaret, X. (2006b). CD4-guided structured antiretroviral treatment interruption strategy in HIV-infected adults in West Africa (Trivacan ANRS 1269 trial): a randomised trial. Lancet, 367, 1981–1989.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DART Virology Group and Trial Team. (2006). Virological response to a triple nucleoside/nucleotide analogue regimen over 48 weeks in HIV-1-infected adults in Africa. AIDS, 20, 1391–1399.

    Google Scholar 

  • Day, J.H., Miyamura, K., Grant, A.D., Leeuw, A., Munsamy, J., Baggaley, R. & Churchyard, G.J. (2003). Attitudes to HIV voluntary counselling and testing among mineworkers in South Africa: will availability of antiretroviral therapy encourage testing? AIDS Care, 15, 665–672.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Derache, A., Traore, O., Koita, V., Sylla, A., Tubiana, R., Simon, A., Canestri, A., Carcelain, G., Katlama, C., Calvez, V., Cisse, M. & Marcelin, A.G. (2007). Genetic diversity and drug resistance mutations in HIV type 1 from untreated patients in Bamako, Mali. Antiviral Therapy, 12, 123–129.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Detsika, M.G., Chandler, B., Khoo, S.H., Winstanley, C., Cane, P., Back, D.J. & Owen, A. (2007). Detection and quantification of minority HIV isolates harbouring the D30N mutation by real-time PCR amplification. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 60, 881–884.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dieye, T.N., Vereecken, C., Diallo, A.A., Ondoa, P., Diaw, P.A., Camara, M., Karam, F., Mboup, S. & Kestens, L. (2005). Absolute CD4 T-cell counting in resource-poor settings: direct volumetric measurements versus bead-based clinical flow cytometry instruments. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 39, 32–37.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DHHS Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. (2006). Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents. www.aidsinfo.nih.gov (Accessed October 10, 2006).

  • Eholie, S.P., Tanon, A., Polneau, S., Ouiminga, M., Djadji, A., Kangah-Koffi, C., Diakite, N., Anglaret, X., Kakou, A. & Bissagnene, E. (2007). Field adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected adults in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 45, 355–358.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Espert, L., Denizot, M., Grimaldi, M., Robert-Hebmann, V., Gay, B., Varbanov, M., Codogno, P. & Biard-Piechaczyk, M. (2006). Autophagy is involved in T cell death after binding of HIV-1 envelope proteins to CXCR4. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 116, 2161–2172.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fabiani, M., Cawthorne, A., Nattabi, B., Ayella, E.O., Ogwang, M. & Declich, S. (2007). Investigating factors associated with uptake of HIV voluntary counselling and testing among pregnant women living in North Uganda. AIDS Care, 19, 733–739.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farmer, P., Leandre, F., Mukherjee, J., Gupta, R., Tarter, L. & Kim, J.Y. (2001). Community-based treatment of advanced HIV disease: introducing DOT-HAART (directly observed therapy with highly active antiretroviral therapy). Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 79, 1145–1151.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fauci, A.S., Pantaleo, G., Stanley, S. & Weissman, D. (1996). Immunopathogenic mechanisms of HIV infection. Annals of Internal Medicine, 124, 654–663.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ferradini, L., Jeannin. A., Pinoges, L., Izopet, J., Odhiambo, D., Mankhambo, L., Karungi, G., Szumilin, E., Balandine, S., Fedida, G., Carrieri, M.P., Spire, B., Ford, N., Tassie, J.M., Guerin, P.J. & Brasher, C. (2006). Scaling up of highly active antiretroviral therapy in a rural district of Malawi: an effectiveness assessment. Lancet, 367, 1335–1342.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Finzi, D., Hermankova, M., Pierson, T., Carruth, L.M., Buck, C., Chaisson, R.E., Quinn, T.C., Chadwick, K., Margolick, J., Brookmeyer, R., Gallant, J., Markowitz, M., Ho, D.D., Richman, D.D. & Siliciano, R.F. (1997). Identification of a reservoir for HIV-1 in patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy. Science, 278, 1295–1300.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gallant, J.E. (2007). Drug resistance after failure of initial antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited countries. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 44, 453–455.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gallant, J.E., DeJesus, E., Arribas, J.R., Pozniak, A.L., Gazzard, B., Campo, R.E., Lu, B., McColl, D., Chuck, S., Enejosa, J., Toole, J.J. & Cheng, A.K. (2006). Tenofovir DF, emtricitabine, and efavirenz vs. zidovudine, lamivudine, and efavirenz for HIV. New England Journal of Medicine, 354, 251–260.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gandhi, N.R., Moll, A., Sturm, A.W., Pawinski, R., Govender, T., Lalloo, U., Zeller, K., Andrews, J., Friedland, G. (2006). Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis as a cause of death in patients co-infected with tuberculosis and HIV in a rural area of South Africa. Lancet 368, 1575–1580.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geddes, R., Knight, S., Moosa, M.Y., Reddi, A., Uebel, K. & Sunpath, H. (2006). A high incidence of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)-induced lactic acidosis in HIV-infected patients in a South African context. South African Medical Journal, 96, 722–724.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Getahun, H., Harrington, M., O'Brien, R. & Nunn, P. (2007). Diagnosis of smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis in people with HIV infection or AIDS in resource-constrained settings. Lancet, 369, 2042–2049.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Golub, J.E., Saraceni, V., Cavalcante, S.C., Pacheco, A.G., Moulton, L.H., King, B.S., Efron, A., Moore, R.D., Chaisson, R.E. & Durovni, B. (2007). The impact of antiretroviral therapy and isoniazid preventive therapy on tuberculosis incidence in HIV-infected patients in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. AIDS, 21, 1441–1448.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haggerty, C.M., Pitt, E. & Siliciano, R.F. (2006). The latent reservoir for HIV-1 in resting CD4+ T cells and other viral reservoirs during chronic infection. Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS, 1, 62–68.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hammer, S.M., Saag, M.S., Schechter, M., Montaner, J.S., Schooley, R.T., Jacobsen, D.M., Thompson, M.A., Carpenter, C.C., Fischl, M.A., Gazzard, B.G., Gatell, J.M., Hirsch, M.S., Katzenstein, D.A., Richman, D.D., Vella, S., Yeni, P.G. & Volberding, P.A. (2006). Treatment for adult HIV infection: 2006 recommendations of the International AIDS Society-USA panel. Journal of the American Medical Association, 296, 827–843.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hanna, G.J. & Hirsch, M.S. (2005). Antiretroviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus infection. In: Principles and practice of infectious diseases (eds. Mandell, G.L., Bennet, J.E. & Dolin, R.). Elsevier, Philadelphia, pp. 1655–1679.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirsch, H.H., Kaufmann, G., Sendi, P. & Battegay, M. (2004). Immune reconstitution in HIV infected patients. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 38, 1159–1166.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmann, C.J., Charalambous, S., Puso, T., Fielding, K.L., Martin, D., Innes, C., Churchyard, G.J., Chaisson, R.E. & Grant, A.D. (2006). The impact of timing of regimen change on outcomes during ART failure in Africa. Presented at the XVI International AIDS Conference, August 2006, Toronto, Canada (Abstract THPE0124).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmann, C.J., Charalambous, S., Thio, C.L., Martin, D.J., Pemba, L., Fielding, K.L., Churchyard, G.J., Chaisson, R.E. & Grant, A.D. (2007). Hepatotoxicity in an African antiretroviral therapy cohort: the effect of tuberculosis and hepatitis B. AIDS, 21, 1301–1308.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmann, C.J. & Thio, C.L. (2007). Clinical implications of HIV and hepatitis B co-infection in Asia and Africa. Lancet Infectious Diseases, 7, 402–409.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holkova, B., Takeshita, K., Cheng, D.M., Volm, M., Wasserheit, C., Demopoulos, R. & Chanan-Khan, A. (2001). Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on survival in patients with AIDS-associated pulmonary Kaposi's sarcoma treated with chemotherapy. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 19, 3848–3851.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hosseinipour, M., van Oosterhout, J., Weigel, R., Mzigangira, D., Saukila, N., Mhango, B., Phiri, R., Phiri, S., & Kumwenda, J. (2007). Validating clinical and immunological definitions of antiretroviral treatment failure in Malawi. Presented at the 4th IAS Conference, July 2007, Sydney, Australia (Abstract WEAB101).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, A.R., Mosteller, M., Bansal, A.T., Davies, K., Haneline, S.A., Lai, E.H., Nangle, K., Scott, T., Spreen, W.R., Warren, L.L. & Roses, A.D. (2004). Association of genetic variations in HLA-B region with hypersensitivity to abacavir in some, but not all, populations. Pharmacogenomics, 5, 203–211.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karcher, H., Omondi, A., Odera, J., Kunz, A. & Harms, G. (2007). Risk factors for treatment denial and loss to follow-up in an antiretroviral treatment cohort in Kenya. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 12, 687–694.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kebaabetswe, P.M. (2007). Barriers to participation in the prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission program in Gaborone, Botswana a qualitative approach. AIDS Care, 19, 355–360.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kisenge, P.R., Hawkins, A.T., Maro, V.P., McHele, J.P., Swai, N.S., Mueller, A. & Houpt, E.R. (2007). Low CD4 count plus coma predicts cryptococcal meningitis in Tanzania. BMC Infectious Diseases, 7, 39.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koenig, S.P., Leandre, F., Farmer, P.E. (2004). Scaling-up HIV treatment programmes in resource-limited settings: the rural Haiti experience. AIDS. Suppl 3, S21–S25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laeyendecker, O., Li, X., Arroyo, M., McCutchan, F., Gray, R., Wawer, M., Serwadda, D., Nalugoda, F., Kigozi, G. & Quinn, T. (2006). The effect of HIV subtype on rapid disease progression in Rakai, Uganda. Presented at the 13th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, February 2006, Denver, Colorado (Abstract 44LB).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lanoy, E., Mary-Krause, M., Tattevin, P., Dray-Spira, R., Duvivier, C., Fischer, P., Obadia, Y., Lert, F. & Costagliola, D. (2006). Predictors identified for losses to follow-up among HIV-seropositive patients. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 59, 829–835.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawn, S.D., Myer, L., Bekker, L.G. & Wood, R. (2006). Burden of tuberculosis in an antiretroviral treatment programme in sub-Saharan Africa: impact on treatment outcomes and implications for tuberculosis control. AIDS, 20, 1605–1612.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawn, S.D., Myer, L., Bekker, L.G. & Wood, R. (2007). Tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution disease: incidence, risk factors and impact in an antiretroviral treatment service in South Africa. AIDS, 21, 335–341.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewden, C., Chene, G., Morlat, P., Raffi, F., Dupon, M., Dellamonica, P., Pellegrin, J.L., Katlama, C., Dabis, F. & Leport, C. (2007). HIV-infected adults with a CD4 cell count greater than 500 cells/mm3 on long-term combination antiretroviral therapy reach same mortality rates as the general population. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 46, 72–77

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lockman, S., Shapiro, R.L., Smeaton, L.M., Wester, C., Thior, I., Stevens, L., Chand, F., Makhema, J., Moffat, C., Asmelash, A., Ndase, P., Arimi, P., van Widenfelt, E., Mazhani, L., Novitsky, V., Lagakos, S. & Essex, M. (2007). Response to antiretroviral therapy after a single, peripartum dose of nevirapine. New England Journal of Medicine, 356, 135–147.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lohse, N., Hansen, A.B., Pedersen, G., Kronborg, G., Gerstoft, J., Sorensen, H.T., Vaeth, M. & Obel, N. (2007). Survival of persons with and without HIV infection in Denmark, 1995–2005. Annals of Internal Medicine, 146, 87-95.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lucas, G.M., Mullen, B.A., Weidle, P.J., Hader, S., McCaul, M.E. & Moore, R.D. (2006). Directly administered antiretroviral therapy in methadone clinics is associated with improved HIV treatment outcomes, compared with outcomes among concurrent comparison groups. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 42, 1628–1635.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Male circumcision for HIV prevention: research implications for policy and programming. WHO/UNAIDS technical consultation, 6–8 March 2007. Conclusions and recommendations. (2007). Reproductive Health Matters, 15, 11–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manosuthi, W., Sungkanuparph, S., Thakkinstian, A., Rattanasiri, S., Chaovavanich, A., Prasithsirikul, W., Likanonsakul, S. & Ruxrungtham, K. (2006). Plasma nevirapine levels and 24-week efficacy in HIV-infected patients receiving nevirapine-based highly active antiretroviral therapy with or without rifampicin. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 43, 253–255.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Manzi, M., Zachariah, R., Teck, R., Buhendwa, L., Kazima, J., Bakali, E., Firmenich, P. & Humblet, P. (2005). High acceptability of voluntary counselling and HIV-testing but unacceptable loss to follow up in a prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission programme in rural Malawi: scaling-up requires a different way of acting. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 10, 1242–1250.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marconi, V.C., Sunpath, H., Lu Z., Gordon, M., Koranteng, K., Hampton, J., Ross, D., Losina, E., Walker, B. & Kuritzkes, D. (2007). Prevalence of HIV-1 drug resistance after virologic failure of first HAART regimen in South Africa: initial results of the South Africa resistance cohort study. Presented at the 14th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, February 2007, Los Angeles, USA (Abstract 94).

    Google Scholar 

  • Marks, G., Crepaz, N. & Janssen, R.S. (2006). Estimating sexual transmission of HIV from persons aware and unaware that they are infected with the virus in the USA. AIDS, 20, 1447–1450.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, A.M., Nolan, D., Gaudieri, S., Almeida, C.A., Nolan, R., James, I., Carvalho, F., Phillips, E., Christiansen, F.T., Purcell, A.W., McCluskey, J. & Mallal, S. (2004). Predisposition to abacavir hypersensitivity conferred by HLA-B*5701 and a haplotypic Hsp70-Hom variant. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U S A, 101, 4180–4185.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matovu, J.K., Gray, R.H., Makumbi, F., Wawer, M.J., Serwadda, D., Kigozi, G., Sewankambo, N.K. & Nalugoda, F. (2005). Voluntary HIV counseling and testing acceptance, sexual risk behavior and HIV incidence in Rakai, Uganda. AIDS, 19, 503–511.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mbanya, D., Assah, F., Ndembi, N. & Kaptue, L. (2007). Monitoring antiretroviral therapy in HIV/AIDS patients in resource-limited settings: CD4 counts or total lymphocyte counts? International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 11, 157–160.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mellors, J.W., Rinaldo, C.R., Jr., Gupta, P., White, R.M., Todd, J.A. & Kingsley, L.A. (1996). Prognosis in HIV-1 infection predicted by the quantity of virus in plasma. Science, 272, 1167–1170.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mermin, J., Bunnell, R., Lule, J., Opio, A., Gibbons, A., Dybul, M. & Kaplan, J. (2005). Developing an evidence-based, preventive care package for persons with HIV in Africa. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 10, 961–970.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mermin, J., Ekwaru, J.P., Liechty,. C.A., Were, W., Downing, R., Ransom, R., Weidle, P., Lule, J., Coutinho, A. & Solberg, P. (2006). Effect of co-trimoxazole prophylaxis, antiretroviral therapy, and insecticide-treated bednets on the frequency of malaria in HIV-1-infected adults in Uganda: a prospective cohort study. Lancet, 367, 1256–1261.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mfinanga, G.S., Mutayoba, B., Mbogo, G., Kahwa, A., Kimaro, G., Mhame, P.P., Mwangi, C., Malecela, M.N. & Kitua, A.Y. (2007). Quality of HIV laboratory testing in Tanzania: a situation analysis. Tanzania Health Research Bulletin, 9, 44–47.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Micol, R., Lortholary, O., Sar, B., Laureillard, D., Ngeth, C., Dousset, J.P., Chanroeun, H., Ferradini, L., Guerin, P.J., Dromer, F. & Fontanet, A. (2007). Prevalence, determinants of positivity, and clinical utility of cryptococcal antigenemia in Cambodian HIV-Infected patients. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 45, 555–559

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mills, E.J., Nachega, J.B., Buchan, I., Orbinski, J., Attaran, A., Singh, S., Rachlis, B., Wu, P., Cooper, C., Thabane, L., Wilson, K., Guyatt, G.H. & Bangsberg, D.R. (2006). Adherence to antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan Africa and North America: a meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association, 296, 679–690.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mills, L.A., Kagaayi, J., Galiwango, R.M., Nalugoda, F., Bwanika, J.B., Ouma, J., Gray, R.L., Wawer, M.J., Quinn, T.C., Serwadda, D., Reynolds, S.J. (2007). Fever in rural Ugandan outpatients: a microbiologic survey of causative agents. Presented at the Infectious Diseases Society of America Annual Meeting, October 2007, San Diego California (Abstract 583).

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, D.M., Mermin, J., Awor, A., Yip, B., Hogg, R.S. & Montaner, J.S. (2006). Performance of immunologic responses in predicting viral load suppression: implications for monitoring patients in resource-limited settings. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 43, 436–439.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morris, J.D., Golub, E.T., Mehta, S.H., Jacobson, L.P. & Gange, S.J. (2007). Injection drug use and patterns of highly active antiretroviral therapy use: an analysis of ALIVE, WIHS, and MACS cohorts. AIDS Research and Therapy, 4, 12.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morse, C.G. & Kovacs, J.A. (2006). Metabolic and skeletal complications of HIV infection: the price of success. Journal of the American Medical Association, 296, 844–854.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nachega, J.B., Stein, D.M., Lehman, D.A., Hlatshwayo, D., Mothopeng, R., Chaisson, R.E. & Karstaedt, A.S. (2004). Adherence to antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected adults in Soweto, South Africa. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 20, 1053–1056.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nacher, M., El Guedj, M., Vaz, T., Nasser, V., Randrianjohany, A., Alvarez, F., Sobesky, M., Magnien, C. & Couppie, P. (2006). Risk factors for follow-up interruption of HIV patients in French Guiana. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 74, 915–917.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nakanjako, D., Kamya, M., Daniel, K., Mayanja-Kizza, H., Freers, J., Whalen, C., Katabira, E. (2006). Acceptance of routine testing for HIV among adult patients at the medical emergency unit at a national referral hospital in Kampala, Uganda. AIDS Behavior, 11, 753–758.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nettles, R.E., Kieffer, T.L., Simmons, R.P., Cofrancesco, J., Jr., Moore, R.D., Gallant, J.E., Persaud, D. & Siliciano, R.F. (2004). Genotypic resistance in HIV-1-infected patients with persistently detectable low-level viremia while receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 39, 1030–1037.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nunez, M. & Soriano, V. (2005). Hepatotoxicity of antiretrovirals. Drug Safety, 28, 53–66.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Obel, N., Thomsen, H.F., Kronborg, G., Larsen, C.S., Hildebrandt, P.R., Sorensen, H.T. & Gerstoft, J. (2007). Ischemic heart disease in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected individuals: a population-based cohort study. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 44, 1625–1631.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Park, W.G., Bishai, W.R., Chaisson, R.E. & Dorman, S.E. (2002). Performance of the microscopic observation drug susceptibility assay in drug susceptibility testing for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 40, 4750–4752.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parkin, D.M. (2006). The global health burden of infection-associated cancers in the year 2002. International Journal of Cancer, 118, 3030–3044.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perez, F., Mukotekwa, T., Miller, A., Orne-Gliemann, J., Glenshaw, M., Chitsike, I. & Dabis, F. (2004). Implementing a rural programme of prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Zimbabwe: first 18 months of experience. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 9, 774–783.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pilcher, C.D., Tien, H.C., Eron, J.J., Jr., Vernazza, P.L., Leu, S.Y., Stewart, P.W., Goh, L.E. & Cohen, M.S. (2004). Brief but efficient: acute HIV infection and the sexual transmission of HIV. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 189, 1785–1792.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Quinn, T.C., Wawer, M.J., Sewankambo, N., Serwadda, D., Li, C., Wabwire-Mangen, F., Meehan, M.O., Lutalo, T. & Gray, R.H. (2000). Viral load and heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Rakai Project Study Group. New England Journal of Medicine, 342, 921–929.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, S. J. unpublished data on Structured-Treatment Interruption Trial in Uganda.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez, B., Sethi, A.K., Cheruvu, V.K., Mackay, W., Bosch, R.J., Kitahata, M., Boswell, S.L., Mathews, W.C., Bangsberg, D.R., Martin, J., Whalen, C.C., Sieg, S., Yadavalli, S., Deeks, S.G. & Lederman, M.M. (2006). Predictive value of plasma HIV RNA level on rate of CD4 T-cell decline in untreated HIV infection. Journal of the American Medical Association, 296, 1498–1506.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ross, L., Lim, M.L., Liao, Q., Wine, B., Rodriguez, A.E., Weinberg, W. & Shaefer, M. (2007). Prevalence of antiretroviral drug resistance and resistance-associated mutations in antiretroviral therapy-naive HIV-infected individuals from 40 United States cities. HIV Clinical Trials, 8, 1–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sanne, I., Mommeja-Marin, H., Hinkle, J., Bartlett, J.A., Lederman, M.M., Maartens, G., Wakeford, C., Shaw, A., Quinn, J., Gish, R.G. & Rousseau, F. (2005). Severe hepatotoxicity associated with nevirapine use in HIV-infected subjects. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 191, 825–829.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schutz, C., Stead, D., Meintjies, G., Rebe, K., Boulle, A. & Osler, M. (2007). Trends in the presentation and mortality of severe hyperlactatemia at a public sector referral hospital in Cape Town. Presented at the 3rd South African AIDS Conference, June 2007, Durban, South Africa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherr, L., Lopman, B., Kakowa, M., Dube, S., Chawira, G., Nyamukapa, C., Oberzaucher, N., Cremin, I. & Gregson, S. (2007). Voluntary HIV testing in rural Zimbabwe. Presented at the 3rd South African AIDS Conference, June 2007, Durban, South Africa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shisana, O., Rehle, T., Simbayi, L.C., Parker, W., Zuma, K., Bhana, A., Connolly, C., Jooste, S., Pillay, V. & et al. (2005). South African national HIV prevalence, HIV incidence, behaviour and communication survey. HSRC Press, Cape Town.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sirisanthana, T. (2001). Penicillium marneffei infection in patients with AIDS. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 7, 561.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • SMART Study Group, El-Sadr, W.M., Lundgren, J.D., Neaton, J. D., Gordin, F., Abrams, D., Artuino, R.C., Babiker, A., Burman, W., Clumeck, N., Cohen, C.J., Cohn, D., Cooper, D., Darbyshire, J., Emery S., Fatkenheuer, G., Gazzard, B., Grund, B., Hoy, J., Klingman, K., Losso, M., Markowitz, N., Neuhaus, J., Phillips A. & Rappoport, C. (2006). CD4+ guided interruption of antiretroviral treatment. New England Journal of Medicine, 355, 2283–2296.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spacek, L.A., Gray, R.H., Wawer, M.J., Sewankambo, N.K., Serwadda, D., Wabwire-Mangen, F., Kiwanuka, N., Kigozi, G., Nalugoda, F. & Quinn, T.C. (2006a). Clinical illness as a marker for initiation of HIV antiretroviral therapy in a rural setting, Rakai, Uganda. International Journal of STD & AIDS, 17, 116–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spacek, L.A., Shihab, H.M., Kamya, M.R., Mwesigire, D., Ronald, A., Mayanja, H., Moore, R.D., Bates, M. & Quinn, T.C. (2006b). Response to antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients attending a public, urban clinic in Kampala, Uganda. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 42, 252–259.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein K., Astemborski J., Mehta S., Vlahov D., Galai N. & Kirk G. (2007). Trends and risk factors for community-acquired penumonia among HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected intravenous drug users. Presented at the XVI International AIDS Conference, August 2006, Toronto, Canada (Abstract MOAB0303).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sterling, T.R., Vlahov, D., Astemborski, J., Hoover, D.R., Margolick, J.B. & Quinn, T.C. (2001). Initial plasma HIV-1 RNA levels and progression to AIDS in women and men. New England Journal of Medicine, 344, 720–725.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stringer, J.S., Zulu, I., Levy, J., Stringer, E.M., Mwango, A., Chi, B.H., Mtonga, V., Reid, S., Cantrell, R.A., Bulterys, M., Saag, M.S., Marlink, R.G., Mwinga, A., Ellerbrock, T.V. & Sinkala, M. (2006). Rapid scale-up of antiretroviral therapy at primary care sites in Zambia: feasibility and early outcomes. Journal of the American Medical Association, 296, 782–793.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sturmer, M., Dauer, B., Moesch, M., Haberl, A., Mueller, A., Locher, L., Knecht, G., Hanke, N., Doerr, H.W. & Staszewski, S. (2007). Evolution of resistance mutations during low-level viral replication in HIV-1-infected patients treated with zidovudine/lamivudine/abacavir as a first-line regimen. Antiviral Therapy, 12, 25–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sungkanuparph, S., Manosuthi, W., Kiertiburanakul, S., Piyavong, B., Chumpathat, N. & Chantratita, W. (2007). Options for a second-line antiretroviral regimen for HIV type 1-infected patients whose initial regimen of a fixed-dose combination of stavudine, lamivudine, and nevirapine fails. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 44, 447–452.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Temmerman, M., Quaghebeur, A., Mwanyumba, F. & Mandaliya, K. (2003). Mother-to-child HIV transmission in resource poor settings: how to improve coverage? AIDS, 17, 1239–1242.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Cutsem, V., Cohen, K., Bedelu, M., Sarunchuk, P., Hilderbrand, K., Coetzee, D. & Boulle, A. (2007). TB/HIV co-infected patients on rifampicin containing treatment have equivalent ART treatment outcomes, and concurrent use of nevirapine is not associated with increased hepatotoxicity. Presented at the 3rd IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment, July 2005, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil (Abstract WePp0303).

    Google Scholar 

  • van Oosterhout, J.J., Bodasing, N., Kumwenda, J.J., Nyirenda, C., Mallewa, J., Cleary, P.R., de Baar, M.P., Schuurman, R., Burger, D.M. & Zijlstra, E.E. (2005). Evaluation of antiretroviral therapy results in a resource-poor setting in Blantyre, Malawi. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 10, 464–470.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Oosterhout, J.J., Laufer, M.K., Perez, M.A., Graham, S.M., Chimbiya, N., Thesing, P.C., varez-Martinez, M.J., Wilson, P.E., Chagomerana, M., Zijlstra, E.E., Taylor, T.E., Plowe, C.V. & Meshnick, S.R. (2007). Pneumocystis pneumonia in HIV-positive adults, Malawi. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13, 325–328.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Venter, F. (2007). Make HIV tests compulsory for South Africans. Sunday Times, Johannesburg, June 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walensky, R.P., Paltiel, A.D., Losina, E., Mercincavage, L.M., Schackman, B.R., Sax, P.E., Weinstein, M.C. & Freedberg, K.A. (2006). The survival benefits of AIDS treatment in the United States. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 194, 11–19.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wawer ,M.J., Gray, R.H., Sewankambo, N.K., Serwadda, D., Li, X., Laeyendecker, O., Kiwanuka, N., Kigozi, G., Kiddugavu, M., Lutalo, T., Nalugoda, F., Wabwire-Mangen, F., Meehan, M.P. & Quinn, T.C. (2005). Rates of HIV-1 transmission per coital act, by stage of HIV-1 infection, in Rakai, Uganda. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 191, 1403–1409.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Whalen, C.C., Johnson, J.L., Okwera, A., Hom, D.L., Huebner, R., Mugyenyi, P., Mugerwa, R.D. & Ellner, J.J. (1997). A trial of three regimens to prevent tuberculosis in Ugandan adults infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Uganda-Case Western Reserve University Research Collaboration. New England Journal of Medicine, 337, 801–808.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wit, F., Kesselring, A., Gras, L., Richter, C., van der Ende, M., Brinkman, K., Lange, J., de Wolf, F. & Reiss, P. (2007). Incidence of nevirapine-associated hypersensitivity reactions is different in patients with prior treatment experience compared to treatment-naïve patients: the ATHENA cohort study. Presented at the 4th IAS Conference, July 2007, Sydney, Australia (Abstract MOPEB008).

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization (2006a). Global Health Report: Working Together for Health. (Accessed November 15, 2007); www.who.int/whr/2006/en/index.html/

  • World Health Organization (2006b). Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in adults and adolescents in resource-limited settings: towards universal access. www.who.int/hiv/pub/guidelines (8/7/2006). World Health Organization, Geneva.

  • World Health Organization (2007). HIV testing and counselling. (Accessed November 15, 2007); www.who.int/hiv/topics/vct/en/index.html.

  • Wood, R., Middelkoop, K., Myer, L., Grant, A.D., Whitelaw, A., Lawn, S.D., Kaplan, G., Huebner, R., McIntyre, J. & Bekker, L.G. (2007). Undiagnosed tuberculosis in a community with high HIV prevalence: implications for tuberculosis control. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 175, 87–93.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Christopher J. Hoffmann MD, MPH, Lisa A. Mills MD & Joel E. Gallant MD, MPH

Authors
  1. Christopher J. Hoffmann MD, MPH
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Lisa A. Mills MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Joel E. Gallant MD, MPH
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA

    David D. Celentano  & Chris Beyrer  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hoffmann, C.J., Mills, L.A., Gallant, J.E. (2008). Future of HIV/AIDS Care in Low- and Middle- Income Countries. In: Celentano, D.D., Beyrer, C. (eds) Public Health Aspects of HIV/AIDS in Low and Middle Income Countries. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-72711-0_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-72711-0_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-387-72710-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-387-72711-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation