Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Southern Africa (South Africa, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Swaziland, Zambia, Zimbabwe)

  • Chapter
Book cover Public Health Aspects of HIV/AIDS in Low and Middle Income Countries

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abdullah, F. (2005). The complexities of implementing antiretroviral treatment in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. M. Heywood (Editor), Development update: From disaster to development: HIV and AIDS in Southern Africa. (Vol. 5, Chap. 3, pp. 245–264). Johannesburg: Interfund.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adetunji, J. (2000). Trends in under-5 mortality rates and the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 78 (10), 1200–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous. (2002) Castro Hlongwane, Caravans, Cats, Geese, Foot and Mouth and Statistics. HIV/AIDS and the Struggle for the Humanisation of the African. Available at http://www.virusmyth.net/aids/data/ancdoc.htm [20 July 2007].

  • Auvert, B., Buve, A., Ferry, B., Carael, M., Morison, L., Lagarde, E., Robinson, N. J., Kahindo, M., Chege, J., Rutenberg, N., Musonda, R., Laourou, M., & Akam, E. (2001). Ecological and individual level analysis of risk factors for HIV infection in four urban populations in sub-Saharan Africa with different levels of HIV infection. AIDS, 15 Suppl 4, S15–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Auvert, B., Taljaard, D., Lagarde, E., Sobngwi-Tambekou, J., Sitta, R., & Puren, A. (2005). Randomized, controlled intervention trial of male circumcision for reduction of HIV infection risk: the ANRS 1265 Trial. PLoS Medicine, 2, e298.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, R. C., Moses, S., Parker, C. B., Agot, K., Maclean, I., Krieger, J. N., Williams, C. F., Campbell, R. T., & Ndinya-Achola, J. O. (2007). Male circumcision for HIV prevention in young men in Kisumu, Kenya: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 369, 643–56.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Batra, M., Tien, P. C., Shafer, R. W., Contag, C. H., & Katzenstein, D. A. (2000). HIV type 1 envelope subtype C sequences from recent seroconverters in Zimbabwe. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 16(10), 973–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Becker, M. L., De Jager, G., & Becker, W. B. (1995). Analysis of partial gag and env gene sequences of HIV type 1 strains from southern Africa. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 11, 1265–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bessong, P. O., Larry Obi, C., Cilliers, T., Choge, I., Phoswa, M., Pillay, C., Papathanasopoulos, M., & Morris, L. (2005). Characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from a previously unexplored region of South Africa with a high HIV prevalence. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 21(1), 103–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Botha, M. C., Neethling, F. A., Shai, I., Lekabe, J. M., & van der Merwe, C. F. (1988). Two black South Africans with AIDS. South African Medical Journal 73 (2), 132–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boulle, A., & Coetzee, D. (2006). Anticipating future challenges to ART provision. H. C. J. Van Rensburg, & H. Schneider (Editors), Perspectives on public sector antiretroviral access. Acta Academica Supplementum (Vol. 1, pp. 241–255). Bloemfontein, South Africa: University of the Free State Library.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bredell, H., Williamson, C., Sonnenberg, P., Martin, D. J., & Morris, L. (1998). Genetic characterization of HIV type 1 from migrant workers in three South African gold mines. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 14(8), 677–84.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bredell, H., Hunt, G., Morgan, B., Tiemessen, C. T., Martin, D. J., & Morris, L. (2000). Identification of HIV type 1 intersubtype recombinants in South Africa using env and gag heteroduplex mobility assays. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 16(5), 493–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bredell, H., Hunt, G., Casteling, A., Cilliers, T., Rademeyer, C., Coetzer, M., Miller, S., Johnson, D., Tiemessen, C. T., Martin, D. J., Williamson, C., & Morris, L. (2002). HIV-1 Subtype A, D, G, AG and unclassified sequences identified in South Africa. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 18(9), 681–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, L., Thurman, T., Bloem, J., & Kendall, C. (2006). Sexual violence in Lesotho. Studies in Family Planning, 37, 269–280.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brunet, J. B., & Ancelle, R. A. (1985). The international occurrence of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Annals of Internal Medicine, 103(5), 670–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buseh, AG. (2004). Patterns of sexual behaviour among secondary school students in Swaziland, southern Africa. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 6(4), 355–367.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carter, M. W., Kraft, J. M., Koppenhaver, T., Galavotti, C., Roels, T. H., Kilmarx, P. H., & Fidzani, B. (2007). "A Bull Cannot be Contained in a Single Kraal": Concurrent Sexual Partnerships in Botswana. AIDS Behaviour, Electronic publication ahead of print.

    Google Scholar 

  • Central Statistical Office, Zambia, Ministry of Health, Zambia, MEASURE Evaluation. (2003) Zambia Sexual Behaviour Survey 2003. Lusaka, Zambia, Ministry of Health

    Google Scholar 

  • Central Statistical Office (CSO). [Zimbabwe], & Macro International Inc. (2007). Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey 2005–2006. Calverton, Maryland USA : CSO and Macro International Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Central Statistical Office Zimbabwe, & Macro International Inc. (2007). Zimbabwe: DHS, 2005/06 – Final Report (English). Calverton, Maryland USA: Central Statistical Office Harare, Zimbabwe and Macro International Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chersich, M. F., & Gray, G. E. (2005). Progress and Emerging Challenges in Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission. Current infectious disease reports, 7(5), 393–400.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chopra, M., Doherty, T., Jackson, D., & Ashworth, A. (2005). Preventing HIV transmission to children: quality of counselling of mothers in South Africa. Acta Paediatrica, 94(3), 357–63.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cleary, S. M., McIntyre, D., & Boulle, A. M. (2006). The cost-effectiveness of Antiretroviral Treatment in Khayelitsha, South Africa – a primary data analysis. Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation, 4, 20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cockcroft, A., Andersson, N., Milne, D., Mokoena, T., & Masisi, M. (2007). Community views about routine HIV testing and antiretroviral treatment in Botswana: signs of progress from a cross sectional study. BMC International Health and Human Rights, 7, 5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coetzee, D., Hildebrand, K., Boulle, A., Maartens, G., Louis, F., Labatala, V., Reuter, H., Ntwana, N., & Goemaere, E. (2004). Outcomes after two years of providing antiretroviral treatment in Khayelitsha, South Africa. AIDS, 18(6), 887–95.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coetzee, D., Hilderbrand, K., Boulle, A., Draper, B., Abdullah, F., & Goemaere, E. (2005). Effectiveness of the first district-wide programme for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in South Africa. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 83(7), 489–94.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohn, R. J., MacPhail, A. P., Hartman, E., Schwyzer, R., & Sher, R. (1990). Transfusion-related human immunodeficiency virus in patients with haemophilia in Johannesburg. South African Medical Journal, 78(11), 653–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Collinge, J. (2005). Confronting HIV and AIDS through Mass Media and Community Action. P. Ijumba, & P. Barron (Editors). Durban, South Africa: Health Systems Trust.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corbett, E. L., Dauya, E., Matambo, R., Cheung, Y. B., Makamure, B., Bassett, M. T., Chandiwana, S., Munyati, S., Mason, P. R., Butterworth, A. E., Godfrey-Faussett, P., & Hayes, R. J. (2006). Uptake of workplace HIV counselling and testing: a cluster-randomised trial in Zimbabwe. PLoS Medicine, 3(7), e238.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Creek, T. L., Alwano, M. G., Molosiwa, R. R., Roels, T. H., Kenyon, T. A., Mwasalla, V., Lloyd, E. S., Mokomane, M., Hastings, P. A., Taylor, A. W., & Kilmarx, P. H. (2006). Botswana's Tebelopele voluntary HIV counseling and testing network: use and client risk factors for HIV infection, 2000–2004. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 43(2), 210–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Creek, T. L., Ntumy, R., Seipone, K., Smith, M., Mogodi, M., Smit, M., Legwaila, K., Molokwane, I., Tebele, G., Mazhani, L., Shaffer, N., & Kilmarx, P. H. (2007). Successful introduction of routine opt-out HIV testing in antenatal care in Botswana. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 45(1), 102–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cullinan, K. (2002). Court orders South Africa to treat pregnant HIV-positive women with nevirapine. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 80(4), 335.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Korte, D. , Mazonde, P., & Darkoh, E. (2004). Introducing ARV therapy in the public sector in Botswana: case study (Perspectives and practice in antiretroviral treatment). Geneva: World Health Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • Department of Health South Africa. (2000). HIV/AIDS/STD Strategic Plan For South Africa 2000–2005. Pretoria: Department of Health.

    Google Scholar 

  • Department of Health, Government of South Africa. (2003). Operational plan for comprehensive HIV and AIDS Care, Management and Treatment for South Africa. Pretoria: Department of Health, South Africa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Department of Health, South Africa. (2006). National HIV and syphilis antenatal seroprevalence survey in South Africa 2005. Pretoria: Department of Health.

    Google Scholar 

  • Department of Health South Africa. (2007). Summary Report : National HIV and Syphilis Prevalence Survey, South Africa 2006. Pretoria: National Department of Health, South Africa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doherty, T. M., McCoy, D., & Donohue, S. (2005). Health system constraints to optimal coverage of the prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission programme in South Africa: lessons from the implementation of the national pilot programme. African Health Sciences, 5(3), 213–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Donnelly, J. Prevention urged in AIDS Fight; Natsios Says Fund Should Spend Less on HIV Treatment, (2001 June 7). Boston Globe, p. A8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dorrington, R. E. D., Johnson, L. F., Bradshaw, D., & Daniel, D. (2006). The Demographic Impact of HIV/AIDS in South Africa: National and Provincial Indicators for 2006. Cape Town, Centre for Actuarial Research, the Burden of Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council and Actuarial Society of South Africa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunkle, K. L., Jewkes, R. K., Brown, H. C., Gray, G. E., McIntryre, J. A., & Harlow, S. D. (2004). Gender-based violence, relationship power, and risk of HIV infection in women attending antenatal clinics in South Africa. Lancet, 363 (9419), 1415–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dunkle, K. L., Jewkes, R. K., Nduna, M., Levin, J., Jama, N., Khuzwayo, N., Koss, M. P., & Duvvury, N. (2006). Perpetration of partner violence and HIV risk behaviour among young men in the rural Eastern Cape, South Africa. AIDS, 20(16), 2107–2114.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dusheiko, G. M., Brink, B. A., Conradie, J. D., Marimuthu, T., & Sher, R. (1989). Regional prevalence of hepatitis B, delta, and human immunodeficiency virus infection in southern Africa: a large population survey. American Journal of Epidemiology, 129(1), 138–45.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Egger, M., Boulle, A., Schechter, M., & Miotti, P. (2005). Antiretroviral therapy in resource-poor settings: scaling up inequalities? International Journal of Epidemiology, 34(3), 509–12.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Engelbrecht, S., Laten, J. D., Smith, T. L., & van Rensburg, E. J. (1995). Identification of env subtypes in fourteen HIV type 1 isolates from South Africa. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 11(10), 1269–71.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Engelbrecht, S., Smith, T. L., Kasper, P., Faatz, E., Zeier, M., Moodley, D., Clay, C. G., & van Rensburg, E. J. (1999). HIV type 1 V3 domain serotyping and genotyping in Gauteng, Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal, and Western Cape Provinces of South Africa. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 15(4), 325–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Engelbrecht, S., de Villiers, T., Sampson, C. C., zur Megede, J., Barnett, S. W., & van Rensburg, E. J. (2001). Genetic analysis of the complete gag and env genes of HIV type 1 subtype C primary isolates from South Africa. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 17(16), 1533–47.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farley, M. (2001 June 27). At AIDS Disaster's Epicenter, Botswana Is a Model of Action; During U.N. conference, leader speaks of national 'extinction,' but country plans continent's most ambitious programs. Los Angeles Times.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fredriksson-Bass, J., Kanabus, A., & Noble, R. (2007) HIV and AIDS in Botswana [Web Page]. URL http://www.avert.org/aidsbotswana.htm [2007, July 17].

  • Fylkesnes, K., Musonda, R. M., Sichone, M., Ndhlovu, Z., Tembo, F., & Monze, M. (2001). Declining HIV prevalence and risk behaviours in Zambia: evidence from surveillance and population-based surveys. AIDS, 15(7), 907–16.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garnett, G. P., Gregson, S., & Stanecki, K. A. (2006). Criteria for detecting and understanding changes in the risk of HIV infection at a national level in generalised epidemics. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 82 Suppl 1, i48–51.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gimbel, S., Mola, O., Marsh, K., Assan, A., Manjate, R., & Sherre, K. (2007). Share and Share-Alike: Ensuring Equitable Expansion of Access to ARTs in Mozambique. Abstract 1161.The 2007 HIV/AIDS Implementers’ Meeting of the President's Emergency Fund for AIDS Relief, June 16–19, 2007, Kigali, Rwanda.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray, G., Violari, A., McIntyre, J., Jivkov, B., Schnittman, S., Reynolds, L., & Ledeine, J. M. (2006). Antiviral activity of nucleoside analogues during short-course monotherapy or dual therapy: its role in preventing HIV infection in infants. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 42(2), 169–76.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gray, R. H., Kigozi, G., Serwadda, D., Makumbi, F., Watya, S., Nalugoda, F., Kiwanuka,N., Moulton, L. H., Chaudhary, M. A., Chen, M. Z., Sewankambo, N. K., Wabwire-Mangen, F., Bacon, M. C., Williams, C. F., Opendi, P., Reynolds, S. J., Laeyendecker, O., Quinn, T. C., & Wawer, M. J. (2007). Male circumcision for HIV prevention in men in Rakai, Uganda: a randomised trial. Lancet, 369(9562), 657–66.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gregson, S., Nyamukapa, C.A., Garnett, G.P., Mason, P.R., Zhuwau, T., Carael, M., Chandiwana, S.K., Anderson, R.M. (2002). Sexual mixing patterns and sex-differentials in teenage exposure to HIV infection in rural Zimbabwe. Lancet, 360, 1896–903.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gregson, S., Garnett, G. P., Nyamukapa, C. A., Hallett, T. B., Lewis, J. J., Mason, P. R., Chandiwana, S. K., & Anderson, R. M. (2006). HIV decline associated with behavior change in eastern Zimbabwe. Science, 311 (5761), 664–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haacker, M. (2001). Providing Health Care to HIV Patients in Southern Africa IMF Policy Discussion Paper. Washington DC: International Monetary Fund.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hallett, T. B., Gregson, S., Lewis, J. J., Lopman, B. A., & Garnett, G. P. (2007). Behaviour change in generalised HIV epidemics: The impact of reducing cross-generational sex and delaying age at sexual debut. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 83 Suppl 1, i50–54

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harling, G., & Wood, R. (2007). The Evolving Cost of HIV in South Africa: Changes in Health Care Cost With Duration on Antiretroviral Therapy for Public Sector Patients. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 45(3), 348–54

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harries, A. D., Libamba, E., Schouten, E. J., Mwansambo, A., Salaniponi, F. M., & Mpazanje, R. (2004). Expanding antiretroviral therapy in Malawi: drawing on the country's experience with tuberculosis. British Medical Journal, 329(7475), 1163–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harries, A. D., Schouten, E. J., Makombe, S. D., Libamba, E., Neufville, H. N., Some, E., Kadewere, G., & Lungu, D. (2007). Ensuring uninterrupted supplies of antiretroviral drugs in resource-poor settings: an example from Malawi. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 85(2), 152–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, M. (2000) How can a virus cause a syndrome? asks Mbeki [Web Page]. URL http://www.aegis.com/news/woza/2000/IC000906.html [2007, July 20].

  • Hendriksen, E. S., Pettifor, A., Lee, S. J., Coates, T. J., & Rees, H. V. (2007). Predictors of condom use among young adults in South Africa: the Reproductive Health and HIV Research Unit National Youth Survey. American Journal of Public Health, 97(7), 1241–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heywood, M. (2005). The Price of Denial. In M. Heywood (Editor), Development update: From disaster to development: HIV and AIDS in Southern Africa (Vol. 5, Chap. 3). Johannesburg: Interfund.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heywood, M., & Cornell, M. (1998). Human rights and AIDS in South Africa: from right margin to left margin. Health and Human Rights, 2(4), 60–82.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • HIV-AIDS. (2007) 'Malawi to provide individual household HIV and Aids testing'. http://www.iolhivaids.co.za/index.php?fSectionId=&fArticleId=4065844. 5 October 2007

  • Hosegood, V., Vanneste, A. M., & Timaeus, I. M. (2004). Levels and causes of adult mortality in rural South Africa: the impact of AIDS. AIDS, 18(4), 663–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, R., Mwango, A., Mwinga, A., & Luchsinger, L. (2006). The Status of ART Scale-Up in Zambia: Challenges and Successes. Abstract 210 The 2006 HIV/AIDS Implementers Meeting of the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, Durban, South Africa. Building on Success: Ensuring Long-Term Solutions June 12–15, 2006 • Durban, South Africa.

    Google Scholar 

  • International Treatment Preparedness Coalition (ITPC). (2007). Missing the target #4:Time is Running out to end AIDS. Treatment and Prevention for all. Cape Town: International Treatment Preparedness Coalition (ITPC).

    Google Scholar 

  • IRIN plus news. (2006) SWAZILAND: Has Swaziland turned the corner in the fight against AIDS? [Web Page]. URL http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=62713 [2007, July 11].

  • Jewkes, R., Dunkle, K., Koss, M. P., Levin, J. B., Nduna, M., Jama, N., & Sikweyiya, Y. (2006a). Rape perpetration by young, rural South African men: Prevalence, patterns and risk factors. Social Science and Medicine, 63, 2949–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jewkes, R., Dunkle, K., Nduna, M., Levin, J., Jama, N., Khuzwayo, N., Koss, M., Puren, A., & Duvvury, N. (2006). Factors associated with HIV sero-positivity in young, rural South African men. International Journal of Epidemiology, 35(6), 1455–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalichman, S. C. (2007). Recent Multiple Sexual Partners and HIV Transmission Risks among People Living with HIV/AIDS in Botswana. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 83(5), 371–5

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kalichman, S. C., & Simbayi, L. C. (2004). Sexual assault history and risks for sexually transmitted infections among women in an African township in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Care, 16(6), 681–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keapoletswe, K., Anderson, M. G., Steen, T. W., Seipone, K., Kaisara, T., de la Hoz Gomez, F., Mmelesi, M., Tlale, J., Moalosi, J., & Mpoyo, F. (2007). PMTCT programme in Botswana: estimated number of HIV infections averted between 2002–2006. Abstract TUPEC027. 4th IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention. 22–25 July 2007, Sydney, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kebaabetswe, P. M. (2007). Barriers to participation in the prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission program in Gaborone, Botswana a qualitative approach. AIDS Care, 19(3), 355–60.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, J. C., Martin, L. J., & Denny, L. (2003). Rape and HIV post-exposure prophylaxis: addressing the dual epidemics in South Africa. Reproductive Health Matters, 11(22), 101–12.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lane, T., Pettifor, A., Pascoe, S., Fiamma, A., & Rees, H. (2006). Heterosexual anal intercourse increases risk of HIV infection among young South African men. AIDS, 20(1), 123–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lane, T., McIntyre, J., & Morin, S. (2006a). High-risk sex among black MSM in South Africa: results from the Gauteng MSM survey. Abstract WEPE0717. XVI International AIDS conferenc, 13–18 August 2006, Toronto, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lane, T., McIntyre, J., & Morin, S. (2006b). HIV testing and stigma amnog black South African men, Abstract WEPE072. XVI International AIDS Conference, 13–18 August 2006, Toronto, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langen, T. T. (2005). Gender power imbalance on women's capacity to negotiate self-protection against HIV/AIDS in Botswana and South Africa. African Health Sciences, 5(3), 188–97.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loxton, A. G., Treurnicht, F., Laten, A., van Rensburg, E. J., & Engelbrecht, S. (2005). Sequence analysis of near full-length HIV type 1 subtype D primary strains isolated in Cape Town, South Africa, from 1984 to 1986. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 21(5), 410–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lurie, M. N., Williams, B. G., Zuma, K., Mkaya-Mwamburi, D., Garnett, G., Sturm, A. W., Sweat, M. D., Gittelsohn, J., & Abdool Karim, S. S. (2003). The impact of migration on HIV-1 transmission in South Africa: a study of migrant and non-migrant men and their partners. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 30(2), 149–56.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maartens, G., Wood, R., O'Keefe, E., & Byrne, C. (1997). Independent epidemics of heterosexual and homosexual HIV infection in South Africa--survival differences. QJM : monthly journal of the Association of Physicians, 90(7), 449–54.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacPhail, C., Pettifor, A., Pascoe, S., & Rees, H. (2007). Predictors of dual method use for pregnancy and HIV prevention among adolescent South African women. Contraception, 75(5), 383–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mahomva, A., Greby, S., Dube, S., Mugurungi, O., Hargrove, J., Rosen, D., Dehne, K. L., Gregson, S., St Louis, M., & Hader, S. (2006). HIV prevalence and trends from data in Zimbabwe, 1997–2004. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 82 Suppl 1, i42–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Malawi Paediatric Antiretroviral Treatment Group. (2007). Antiretroviral therapy for children in the routine setting in Malawi. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 101(5), 511–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin-Herz, S. P., Shetty, A. K., Bassett, M. T., Ley, C., Mhazo, M., Moyo, S., Herz, A. M., & Katzenstein, D. (2006). Perceived risks and benefits of HIV testing, and predictors of acceptance of HIV counselling and testing among pregnant women in Zimbabwe. International Journal of Sexually Transmitted Disease and AIDS, 17(12), 835–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martinson, N., Bakos, D., Mohapi, L., & Holmes, C. (2006). Outpatient Provider Costs of Treating Adults With ARVs in Soweto. Abstract 502. The President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief Annual Meeting The 2006 HIV/AIDS Implementers' Meeting Building on Success: Ensuring Long-Term Solutions June 1215, 2006 • Durban, South Africa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martinson, N. A., Willie, M., McIntyre, J. A., Gray, G. E., Moshabela, M., & Pronyk, P. (2007). Reductions in admissions to hospital in people treated with HAART in South Africa. 4th IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention. 22–25 July 2007, Sydney, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCormack, G. P., Glynn, J. R., Crampin, A. C., Sibande, F., Mulawa, D., Bliss, L., Broadbent, P., Abarca, K., Ponnighaus, J. M., Fine, P. E., & Clewley, J. P. (2002). Early evolution of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype C epidemic in rural Malawi. Journal of Virology, 76(24), 12890–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCoy, D. (2006). Expanding Access to antiretroviral treatment. In H. C. J. Van Rensburg, & H. Schneider (Editors) Perspectives on public sector antiretroviral access. Acta Academica Supplementum (Vol. 1, pp. 1–16). Bloemfontein, South Africa: University of the Free State Library.

    Google Scholar 

  • McIntyre, J. (1996). HIV/AIDS in South Africa – a relentless progression? South African Medical Journal, 86(1), 27–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McIntyre, J. (2003). Mothers infected with HIV. British Medical Bulletin, 67, 127–35.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MEASURE DHS. (2007) New National Survey Finds 19 Percent of the Swazi Population Age 2 and Older Has HIV; Other Health Indicators Show Improvements [Web Page]. URL http://www.measuredhs.com/aboutdhs/pressroom/Release_archives/070628.cfm [2007, July 11].

  • Médecins Sans Frontières. (2007). Help wanted. Confronting the health care worker crisis to expand access to HIV/AIDS treatment: MSF experience in southern Africa. Johannesburg: Médecins Sans Frontières.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyers, T., Moultrie, H., Sherman, G., Cotton, M., & Eley, B. (2006). Management of HIV Infected Children. P. Ijumba, & A. Padarath (Editors), South African Health Review 2006. Durban, South Africa: Health Systems Trust.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mills, E. J., & Chong, S. (2006). Lesotho embarks on universal HIV testing. HIV AIDS Policy and Law Review, 11(1), 27–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Health and Social Welfare Lesotho, Bureau of Statistics Lesotho, & ORC Macro. (2005). Lesotho Demographic and Health Survey 2004. Calverton, Maryland: MOH, BOS, and ORC Macro.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miotti, P. G., Taha, T. E., Kumwenda, N. I., Broadhead, R., Mtimavalye, L. A., Van der Hoeven, L., Chiphangwi, J. D., Liomba, G., & Biggar, R. J. (1999). HIV transmission through breastfeeding: a study in Malawi. JAMA: the journal of the American Medical Association, 282 (8), 744–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mishra, V. (2006). Patterns of HIV Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors: Evidence from the Demographic and Health Surveys and AIDS Indicator Surveys. Abstract 48. The 2006 HIV/AIDS Implementers Meeting of the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, Durban, South Africa. Building on Success: Ensuring Long-Term Solutions June 1215, 2006 • Durban, South Africa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Montoya, P., Cumbane, J., Baptista, J., & Karagianis, M. (2006). Integrated Programming for HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis in Central Mozambique: Addressing Lost Opportunities. Abstract 167. The 2006 HIV/AIDS Implementers Meeting of the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, Durban, South Africa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moodley, D., Moodley, J., Coovadia, H., Gray, G., McIntyre, J., Hofmyer, J., Nikodem, C., Hall, D., Gigliotti, M., Robinson, P., Boshoff, L., & Sullivan, J. L. (2003). A multicenter randomized controlled trial of nevirapine versus a combination of zidovudine and lamivudine to reduce intrapartum and early postpartum mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 187(5), 725–35.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morris,K., Parry, C. (2006) South African methamphetamine boom could fuel further HIV. Lancet Infectious Diseases, 6(8), 471.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, V. (2003) Mbeki stirs up Aids controversy [Web Page]. URL http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3143850.stm [2007, July 18].

  • Myer, L., Mathews, C., Little, F., & Karim, S. S. (2001). The fate of free male condoms distributed to the public in South Africa. AIDS, 15(6), 789–93.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • National AIDS Coordinating Agency Botswana. (2005). Botswana AIDS impact survey II: popular report. Gaberone, Republic of Botswana: National AIDS Coordinating Agency Botswana.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Statistical Office (Malawi), & ORC Macro. Malawi Demographic and Health Survey 2004. Calverton, Maryland: National Statistical Office (NSO) [Malawi] and ORC Macro.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Statistics Institute, Mozambique, & ORC Macro. (2003). Demographic and Health Survey, Mozambique, 2003. Calverton, Maryland: National Statistics Institute, Mozambique, and ORC Macro.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nattrass, N. (2004). The moral economy of AIDS in South Africa. Cambridge Africa Collection. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nattrass, N. (2006). South Africa's ``rollout" of highly active antiretroviral therapy: a critical assessment. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 43(5), 618–23.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ncayiyana, D. J. (2001). Antiretroviral therapy cannot be South Africa's first priority. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 164(13), 1857–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ndung'u, T., Renjifo, B., Novitsky, V. A., McLane, M. F., Gaolekwe, S., & Essex, M. (2000). Molecular cloning and biological characterization of full-length HIV-1 subtype C from Botswana. Virology, 278(2), 390–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Novitsky, V. A., Montano, M. A., McLane, M. F., Renjifo, B., Vannberg, F., Foley, B. T., Ndung'u, T. P., Rahman, M., Makhema, M. J., Marlink, R., & Essex, M. (1999). Molecular cloning and phylogenetic analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype C: a set of 23 full-length clones from Botswana. Journal of Virology, 73(5), 4427–32.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oppenheimer, G., & Bayer, R. (2007). Shattered Dreams: an oral history of the South African AIDS epidemic. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orne-Gliemann, J., Mukotekwa, T., Perez, F., Miller, A., Sakarovitch, C., Glenshaw, M., Engelsmann, B., & Dabis, F. (2006). Improved knowledge and practices among end-users of mother-to-child transmission of HIV prevention services in rural Zimbabwe. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 11(3), 341–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Padian, N. S., van der Straten, A., Ramjee, G., Chipato, T., de Bruyn, G., Blanchard, K., Shiboski, S., Montgomery, E. T., Fancher, H., Cheng, H., Rosenblum, M., van der Laan, M., Jewell, N., & McIntyre, J. (2007). Diaphragm and lubricant gel for prevention of HIV acquisition in southern African women: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 370(9583), 251–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Palombi, L. , Germano, P., Liotta, G., Perno, C., Narciso, P., da Cruz Gomes, A., Valls Blazquez, M., Loureiro S., Ceffa, S., Magnano San Lio, M., Bartolo, M., Guidotti, G., & Marazzi, M. (2005). HAART in Pregnancy: Safety, Effectiveness, and Protection from Viral Resistance: Results from the DREAM Cohort. 12th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Boston, 22–25 February 2005. Abstract 67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parry, C.D.H., Carney, T., Petersen, P., Dewing, S. (May 2007). Technical report: Drug use and sexual HIV risk patterns among non-injecting and injecting drug users in Cape Town, Pretoria and Durban, South Africa. Cape Town, South Africa, Medical Research Council.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pembrey, G. (2007) HIV and AIDS in Zimbabwe [Web Page]. URL http://www.avert.org/aids-zimbabwe.htm [2007, June 1].

  • Perez, F., Zvandaziva, C., Engelsmann, B., & Dabis, F. (2006). Acceptability of routine HIV testing ("opt-out") in antenatal services in two rural districts of Zimbabwe. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 41(4), 514–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pettifor, A. E., Kleinschmidt, I., Levin, J., Rees, H. V., MacPhail, C., Madikizela-Hlongwa, L., Vermaak, K., Napier, G., Stevens, W., & Padian, N. S. (2005a). A community-based study to examine the effect of a youth HIV prevention intervention on young people aged 15–24 in South Africa: results of the baseline survey. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 10, 971–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pettifor, A. E., Rees, H. V., Kleinschmidt, I., Steffenson, A. E., MacPhail, C., Hlongwa-Madikizela, L., Vermaak, K., & Padian, N. S. (2005b). Young people's sexual health in South Africa: HIV prevalence and sexual behaviors from a nationally representative household survey. AIDS, 19(14), 1525–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pettifor, A. E., Hudgens, M. G., Levandowski, B. A., Rees, H. V., & Cohen, M. S. (2007). Highly efficient HIV transmission to young women in South Africa. AIDS, 21(7), 861–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Physicians for Human Rights. (2007). Epidemic of Inequality. Women’s Rights and HIV/AIDS in Botswana & Swaziland. An Evidence-Based Report on the Effects of Gender Inequity, Stigma and Discrimination. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Physicians for Human Rights.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ping, L. H., Nelson, J. A., Hoffman, I. F., Schock, J., Lamers, S. L., Goodman, M., Vernazza, P., Kazembe, P., Maida, M., Zimba, D., Goodenow, M. M., Eron, J. J. Jr., Fiscus, S. A., Cohen, M. S., & Swanstrom, R. (1999). Characterization of V3 sequence heterogeneity in subtype C human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates from Malawi: underrepresentation of X4 variants. Journal of Virology, 73(8), 6271–81.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pisani, E., Lazzari, S., Walker, N., & Schwartlander, B. (2003). HIV surveillance: a global perspective. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 32 Suppl 1, S3–11.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Puvimanasinghe, J., Bose, K., Lekone, E., Daman, O., Snyman, C., Marlink, R., Ndwapi, N., & Seipone, K. (2007). Three-Year Survival of a Cohort of Adult Patients on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in Botswana. Abstract 928. The 2007 HIV/AIDS Implementers’ Meeting of the President's Emergency Fund for AIDS Relief, June 16–19, 2007, Kigali, Rwanda.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raine, A. E., Ilgren, E. B., Kurtz, J. B., Ledingham, J. G., & Waddell, J. A. (1984). HTLV-III Infection and AIDS in a Zambian nurse resident in Britain. Lancet, 2 (8409), 985.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ramirez, L. (2007). Training in HIV Care for Non Physicians in Mozambique. Abstract 1518. The 2007 HIV/AIDS Implementers’ Meeting of the President's Emergency Fund for AIDS Relief, June 16–19, 2007, Kigali, Rwanda.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ras, G. J., Simson, I. W., Anderson, R., Prozesky, O. W., & Hamersma, T. (1983). Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. A report of 2 South African cases. South African Medical Journal, 64(4), 140–2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rehle, T., Shisana, O., Pillay, V., Zuma, K., Puren, A., & Parker, W. (2007). National HIV incidence measures – new insights into the South African epidemic. South African Medical Journal, 97(3), 194–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, S. J., Risbud, A. R., Shepherd, M. E., Zenilman, J. M., Brookmeyer, R. S., Paranjape, R. S., Divekar, A. D., Gangakhedkar, R. R., Ghate, M. V., Bollinger, R. C., & Mehendale, S. M. (2003). Recent herpes simplex virus type 2 infection and the risk of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 acquisition in India. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 187(10), 1513–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sandoy, I. F., Michelo, C., Siziya, S., & Fylkesnes, K. (2007). Associations between sexual behaviour change in young people and decline in HIV prevalence in Zambia. BMC Public Health, 7, 60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider H. (2006). Reflections on ART policy and its implementation. In H. C. J. Van Rensburg, & H. Schneider (Editors) Perspectives on public sector antiretroviral access. Acta Academica Supplementum (Vol. 1, pp. 17–44). Bloemfontein, South Africa: University of the Free State Library.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schouten, E., Chuka, S., Libamba, E., & Makombe, S. (2007). Private Sector Involvement in National Scale-Up of Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) in Malawi. Abstract 68. The 2006 HIV/AIDS Implementers Meeting of the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, Durban, South Africa. Building on Success: Ensuring Long-Term Solutions June 1215, 2006 • Durban, South Africa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seipone, K. (2006). Trends of HIV Prevalence in Botswana. Gaberone: Department of HIV/AIDS Prevention and Care, Botswana Ministry of Health.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaikh, N., Abdullah, F., Lombard, C. J., Smit, L., Bradshaw, D., & Makubalo, L. (2006). Masking through averages – intraprovincial heterogeneity in HIV prevalence within the Western Cape. South African Medical Journal, 96(6), 538–43.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sher, R. (1986). Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the RSA. South African Medical Journal, Suppl, 23–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sher, R. (1989). HIV infection in South Africa, 1982–1988 – a review. South African Medical Journal, 76(7), 314–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sher, R., de Miranda, D.S., Metz, J., Sifris, D., Lyons, S.F., Schoub,B.D. (1986) Lack of evidence of HIV infection in drug abusers at present. South African Medical Journal, 70(12), 776–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shisana, O. & Simbayi, L. (2002). Nelson Mandela HSRC Study of HIV/AIDS: Full Report. South African national HIV prevalence, behavioural risks and mass media. Household survey 2002. Cape Town: Human Sciences Research Council.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shisana, O., Rehle, T., Simbayi, L., Parker, W., Zuma, K., Bhana, A., Connolly, C., Jooste, S., & Pillay, V. (2005). South African National HIV Prevalence, HIV Incidence, Behaviour and Communication Survey, 2005. Cape Town, South Africa: Human Science Research Council.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siame, D.C., McLanachan, C., Shelley, K. (2002) Expanding access to and demand for quality VCT services in Zambia using an integrated community centred approach. Abstract ThPeF8055. International Conference on AIDS, Barcelona, Spain. July 7–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sidley, P. (2000). Mbeki dismisses "Durban declaration". British Medical Journal, 321(7253), 67.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simbayi, L.C., Kalichman,S.C., Cain, D., Cherry, C., Jooste, S., Mathiti, V. (2006) Alcohol and risks for HIV/AIDS among sexually transmitted infection clinic patients in Cape Town, South Africa. Substance Abuse, 4:37–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smart, T. (2005). "End denialism now!" 2nd South African AIDS Conference, June 7–10, 2005, Durban. IAPAC Monitor, 11(7), 191–2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snipelisky, M., Bolton, K. D., Henney, C., Koll, P., & England, M. (1989). Human Immunodeficiency Virus survey in an obstetrical population. Proceedings of the Eighth Conference on Priorities in Perinatal Care in South Africa Pretoria: Priorities in Perinatal Care Association of South Africa.

    Google Scholar 

  • South Africa Department of Health. (2007). HIV and AIDS and STI Strategic Plan for South Africa, 2007–2011. Pretoria: Department of Health.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spracklen, F. H., Whittaker, R. G., Becker, W. B., Becker, M. L., Holmes, C. M., & Potter, P. C. (1985). The acquired immune deficiency syndrome and related complex. A report of 2 confirmed cases in Cape Town with comments on human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III infections. South African Medical Journal, 68 (3), 139–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Statistics South Africa. (2006). Mortality and causes of death in South Africa, 1997–2003. Findings from death notification. Statistical release P0309.3. Pretoria: Statistics South Africa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stegling, C. (2005). Botswana's HIV/AIDS programme. A Model for SADC? In M. Heywood (Editor), Development update: From disaster to development: HIV and AIDS in Southern Africa. (Vol. 5, Chap. 3, pp. 225–244). Johannesburg: Interfund.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, R. , Padarath, A., & Bamford, L. (2004). Providing Antiretroviral Treatment in Southern Africa. A Literature Review. Durban, South Africa: Health Systems Trust.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoneburner, R., Montagu, D., Pervilhac, C., Fidzani, B. , Gill, W., Kennedy, G., Spindler, H., & Rutherford, G. (2006). Declines in adult HIV mortality in Botswana, 2003–2005: evidence for an impact of antiretroviral therapy programmes. Abstract THLB0507. Sixteenth International AIDS Conference, 13–18 August 2006, Toronto, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stringer, E. M., Sinkala, M., Stringer, J. S., Mzyece, E., Makuka, I., Goldenberg, R. L., Kwape, P., Chilufya, M., & Vermund, S. H. (2003). Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Africa: successes and challenges in scaling-up a nevirapine-based program in Lusaka, Zambia. AIDS, 17(9), 1377–82.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stringer, J. S., Sinkala, M., Maclean, C. C., Levy, J., Kankasa, C., Degroot, A., Stringer, E. M., Acosta, E. P., Goldenberg, R. L., & Vermund, S. H. (2005). Effectiveness of a city-wide program to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission in Lusaka, Zambia. AIDS, 19 (12), 1309–1315.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stringer, J., Zulu, I., Stringer, E., & Sinkala, M. (2006). Rapid Scale-Up of Antiretroviral Therapy at Primary Care Sites in Zambia with Support from the U.S. President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief. Abstract 234. The 2006 HIV/AIDS Implementers Meeting of the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, Durban, South Africa. Building on Success: Ensuring Long-Term Solutions June 12–15, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swaziland National Emergency Response Council on HIV/AIDS (NERCHA). (2005). 2003–2005 UNGASS Indicators Country Report. Swaziland: Swaziland National Emergency Response Council.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swaziland National Emergency Response Council on HIV and AIDS. (2005). National Multisectoral HIV and AIDS Monitoring and Evaluation System Operational Plan. Mbabane, Swaziland: National Emergency Response Council on HIV and AIDS.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taha, T. E., Biggar, R. J., Broadhead, R. L., Mtimavalye, L. A., Justesen, A. B., Liomba, G. N., Chiphangwi, J. D., & Miotti, P. G. (1997). Effect of cleansing the birth canal with antiseptic solution on maternal and newborn morbidity and mortality in Malawi: clinical trial. British Medical Journal, 315(7102), 216–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taha, T. E., Kumwenda, N. I., Hoover, D. R., Fiscus, S. A., Kafulafula, G., Nkhoma, C., Nour, S., Chen, S., Liomba, G., Miotti, P. G., & Broadhead, R. L. (2004). Nevirapine and zidovudine at birth to reduce perinatal transmission of HIV in an African setting: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA – the Journal of the American Medical Association, 292(2), 202–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taha, T. E., Brown, E. R., Hoffman, I. F., Fawzi, W., Read, J. S., Sinkala, M., Martinson, F. E., Kafulafula, G., Msamanga, G., Emel, L., Adeniyi-Jones, S., & Goldenberg, R. (2006). A phase III clinical trial of antibiotics to reduce chorioamnionitis-related perinatal HIV-1 transmission. AIDS, 20(9), 1313–21.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • The Petra Study Team. (2002). Efficacy of three short-course regimens of zidovudine and lamivudine in preventing early and late transmission of HIV-1 from mother to child in Tanzania, South Africa, and Uganda (Petra study): a randomised, double- blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet, 359(9313), 1178–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trask, S. A., Derdeyn, C. A., Fideli, U., Chen, Y., Meleth, S., Kasolo, F., Musonda, R., Hunter, E., Gao, F., Allen, S., & Hahn, B. H. (2002). Molecular epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission in a heterosexual cohort of discordant couples in Zambia. Journal of Virology, 76(1), 397–405.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • UNAIDS. (2005). Evidence for HIV decline in Zimbabwe: A comprehensive review of the epidemiological data. UNAIDS/05.26E. Geneva: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS.

    Google Scholar 

  • UNAIDS. (2006a). 2006 Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic. Geneva: UNAIDS.

    Google Scholar 

  • UNAIDS. (2006b). AIDS epidemic update: special report on HIV/AIDS: December 2006. Geneva: UNAIDS.

    Google Scholar 

  • UNAIDS, UNICEF, & World Health Organization. (2007). Children and AIDS: A stocktaking report Actions and progress during the first year of Unite for Children, Unite against AIDS. New York: UNICEF.

    Google Scholar 

  • UNAIDS Reference Group on Estimates. (2005). Statement on the use of the BED-assay for the estimation of HIV-1 incidence for surveillance or epidemic monitoring. Geneva: UNAIDS.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations Secretariat. (2003). The Impact of AIDS. New York, NY: United Nations Secretariat, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van der Merwe, K., Chersich, M. F., Technau, K., Umurungi, Y., Conradie, F., & Coovadia, A. (2006). Integration of Antiretroviral Treatment Within Antenatal Care in Gauteng Province, South Africa. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 43(5), 577–81.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Harmelen, J., van der Ryst, E., Wood, R., Lyons, S. F., & Williamson, C. (1999). Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis for rapid gag subtype determination of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in South Africa. Journal of Virology Methods, 78(1–2)

    Google Scholar 

  • van Harmelen, J., Wood, R., Lambrick, M., Rybicki, E. P., Williamson, A. L., & Williamson, C. (1997). An association between HIV-1 subtypes and mode of transmission in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS, 11(1), 81–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Harmelen, J., Williamson, C., Kim, B., Morris, L., Carr, J., Karim, S. S., & McCutchan, F. (2001). Characterization of full-length HIV type 1 subtype C sequences from South Africa. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 17(16), 1527–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vaz, P., Lain, M. G., Macassa, E., Quive, C. F., Rungo, M. L., Thome, B., Abrans, E. J., & Hoos, D. (2007). Scaling Up Pediatric Hiv Care: A Multimodel Care Approach In Mozambique. Abstract 766. The 2007 HIV/AIDS Implementers’ Meeting of the President's Emergency Fund for AIDS Relief, June 16–19, 2007, Kigali, Rwanda.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wald, A., & Link, K. (2002). Risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection in herpes simplex virus type 2-seropositive persons: a meta-analysis. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 185(1), 45–52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weiser, S. D., Heisler, M., Leiter, K., Percy-de Korte, F., Tlou, S., DeMonner, S., Phaladze, N., Bangsberg, D. R., & Iacopino, V. (2006a). Routine HIV testing in Botswana: a population-based study on attitudes, practices, and human rights concerns. PLoS Medicine, 3 (7), e261.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiser, S. D., Leiter, K., Heisler, M., McFarland, W., Percy-de Korte, F., DeMonner, S. M., Tlou, S., Phaladze, N., Iacopino, V., & Bangsberg, D. R. (2006b). A population-based study on alcohol and high-risk sexual behaviors in Botswana. PLoS Medicine, 3(10), e392.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, P.G., Ansell, S.M., Milne, F.J (1997). Illicit intravenous drug use in Johannesburg--medical complications and prevalence of HIV infection. South African Medical Journal, 87(7), 889–91.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, B.G., Taljaard, D., Campbell ,C.M., Gouws, E., Ndhlovu, L., Van Dam, J., Carael, M., Auvert, B.(2003) Changing patterns of knowledge, reported behaviour and sexually transmitted infections in a South African gold mining community. AIDS, 17(14), 2099–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williamson, C., Engelbrecht, S., Lambrick, M., van Rensburg, E. J., Wood, R., Bredell, W., & Williamson, A. L. (1995). HIV-1 subtypes in different risk groups in South Africa. Lancet, 346 (8977), 782.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, W. R., Weiser, S. D., Bangsberg, D. R., Thior, I., Makhema, J. M., Dickinson, D. B., Mompati, K. F., & Marlink, R. G. (2006). Effects of HIV-related stigma among an early sample of patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in Botswana. AIDS Care, 18(8), 931–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. (2006a). Antiretroviral drugs for treating pregnant women and preventing HIV infection in infants in resource-limited settings: towards universal access. Recommendations for a public health approach. Geneva: World Health Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. (2006b). Towards universal access by 2010 : How WHO is working with countries to scale-up HIV prevention, treatment, care and support. Geneva: World Health Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. (2006c). Treat, train, retain : the AIDS and health workforce plan : report on the Consultation on AIDS and Human Resources for Health, WHO, Geneva, 11–12 May, 2006. Geneva: World Health Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. (2006d). The world health report 2006: working together for health. Geneva: World Health Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. (2007). Towards universal access: scaling up priority HIV/AIDS interventions in the health sector: progress report, April 2007. Geneva: World Health Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yersin, I., Langa, J., Langa, M., Tsiouris, F., Adriano, H., Arakaki, D., & Trottier, F. (2007). Moving from Single Dose Nevirapine (sdNVP) to More Complex Regimens in PMTCT Programs. Abstract 597. The 2007 HIV/AIDS Implementers’ Meeting, June 16–19, 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zachariah, R., Teck, R., Buhendwa, L., Fitzerland, M., Labana, S., Chinji, C., Humblet, P., & Harries, A. D. (2007). Community support is associated with better antiretroviral treatment outcomes in a resource-limited rural district in Malawi. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 101(1), 79–84.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

    James Alasdair McIntyre MD, Guy de Bruyn MBBCh, MPH & Glenda Elisabeth Gray

Authors
  1. James Alasdair McIntyre MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Guy de Bruyn MBBCh, MPH
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Glenda Elisabeth Gray
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA

    David D. Celentano  & Chris Beyrer  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

McIntyre, J.A., de Bruyn, G., Gray, G.E. (2008). Southern Africa (South Africa, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Swaziland, Zambia, Zimbabwe). In: Celentano, D.D., Beyrer, C. (eds) Public Health Aspects of HIV/AIDS in Low and Middle Income Countries. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-72711-0_14

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-72711-0_14

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-387-72710-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-387-72711-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation