Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

East Africa – Kenya, Tanzania & Uganda

  • Chapter
Public Health Aspects of HIV/AIDS in Low and Middle Income Countries

  • 1504 Accesses

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adjuik, M., T. Smith, S., Clark, J., Todd, A., Garrib, Y., Kinfu, K., Kahn, M., Mola, A., Ashraf, H., Masanja, K., Adazu, J., Sacarlal, N., Alam, A., Marra, A., Gbangou, Mwageni, E., & Binka, F. (2006). Cause-specific mortality rates in sub-Saharan Africa and Bangladesh. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 84, 181–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed, H.J., Mbwana, J., Gunnarsson, E., Ahlman, K., Guerino, C., Svensson, L.A., Mhalu, F., & Lagergard, T. (2003). Etiology of genital ulcer disease and association with human immunodeficiency virus infection in two Tanzanian cities. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 30, 114–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • AMREF (2001). Inventory of Agencies with HIV/AIDS Activities and HIV/AIDS Interventions in Uganda 2001. Kampala: Uganda and Uganda AIDS Commission Secretariat.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ao, T.T., Sam, N.E., Masenga, E.J., Seage, G.R., & Kapiga, S.H. (2006). Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 among bar and hotel workers in northern Tanzania: the role of alcohol, sexual behavior, and herpes simplex virus type 2. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 33, 163–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arroyo, M.A., Sateren, W.B., Serwadda, D., Gray, R.H., Wawer, M.J., Sewankambo, N.K., Kiwanuka, N., Kigozi, G., Wabwire-Mangen, F., Eller, M., Eller, L.A., Birx, D.L., Robb, M.L., & McCutchan, F.E. (2006). Higher HIV-1 incidence and genetic complexity along main roads in Rakai District, Uganda. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, 43, 440–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Asiimwe-Okiror, G., Opio, A.A., Musinguzi, J., Madraa, E., Tembo, G., & Carael, M. (1997). Change in sexual behaviour and decline in HIV infection among young pregnant women in urban Uganda. AIDS, 11, 1757–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Auvert, B., Taljaard, D., Lagarde, E., Sobngwi-Tambekou, J., Sitta, R., & Puren, A. (2005). Randomized, controlled intervention trial of male circumcision for reduction of HIV infection risk: the ANRS 1265 Trial. Public Library of Science Medicine, 2, e298.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bagasra, O., Kajdacsy-Balla, A., Lischner, H.W., & Pomerantz, R.J. (1993). Alcohol intake increases human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Journal of Infectious Disease, 167, 789–97.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, R.C., Moses, S., Parker, C.B., Agot, K., Maclean, I., Krieger, J.N., Williams, C.F., Campbell, R.T., & Ndinya-Achola, J.O. (2007). Male circumcision for HIV prevention in young men in Kisumu, Kenya: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 369, 643–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bakari, M., Lyamuya, E., Mugusi, F., Aris, E., Chale, S., Magao, P., Jossiah, R., Janabi, M., Swai, N., Pallangyo, N., Sandstrom, E., Mhalu, F., Biberfeld, G., & Pallangyo, K. (2000). The prevalence and incidence of HIV-1 infection and syphilis in a cohort of police officers in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: a potential population for HIV vaccine trials. AIDS, 14, 313–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baryarama, F., Bunnell, R., McFarland, W., Hudes, E.S., Neilands, T.B., Ransom, R.L., Mubangizi, J., Hitimana-Lukanika, C., & Mermin, J.H. (2007). Estimating HIV incidence in voluntary counseling and testing clients in Uganda (1992–2003). Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, 44, 99–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blacker, J. (2004). The impact of AIDS on adult mortality: evidence from national and regional statistics. AIDS, 18 (Suppl 2), S19–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bunnell, R., Ekwaru, J.P., Solberg, P., Wamai, N., Bikaako-Kajura, W., Were, W., Coutinho, A., Liechty, C., Madraa, E., Rutherford, G., & Mermin, J. (2006). Changes in sexual behavior and risk of HIV transmission after antiretroviral therapy and prevention interventions in rural Uganda. AIDS, 20, 85–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buve, A., Carael, M., Hayes, R.J., Auvert, B., Ferry, B., Robinson, N.J., Anagonou, S., Kanhonou, L., Laourou, M., Abega, S., Akam, E., Zekeng, L., Chege, J., Kahindo, M., Rutenberg, N., Kaona, F., Musonda, R., Sukwa, T., Morison, L., Weiss, H.A., & Laga, M. (2001a). Multicentre study on factors determining differences in rate of spread of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa: methods and prevalence of HIV infection. AIDS, 15 (Suppl 4), S5–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buve, A., Carael, M., Hayes, R.J., Auvert, B., Ferry, B., Robinson, N.J., Anagonou, S., Kanhonou, L., Laourou, M., Abega, S., Akam, E., Zekeng, L., Chege, J., Kahindo, M., Rutenberg, N., Kaona, F., Musonda, R., Sukwa, T., Morison, L., Weiss, H.A., & Laga, M. (2001b). The multicentre study on factors determining the differential spread of HIV in four African cities: summary and conclusions. AIDS, 15 (Suppl 4), S127–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cameron, D.W., Simonsen, J.N., D'Costa, L.J., Ronald, A.R., Maitha, G.M., Gakinya, M. Cheang, M.N., Ndinya-Achola, J.O., Piot, P., Brunham, R.C. & Plummer, F.A. (1989). Female to male transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: risk factors for seroconversion in men. Lancet, 334, 403–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carswell, J.W., Lloyd, G., & Howells, J. (1989). Prevalence of HIV-1 in east African lorry drivers. AIDS, 3, 759–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Central Bureau of Statistics, Kenya Ministry of Health, & ORC Macro (2004). Kenya Demographic & Health Survey 2003. Calverton, Maryland, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheluget, B., Baltazar, G., Orege, P., Ibrahim, M., Marum, L.H., & Stover, J. (2006). Evidence for population level declines in adult HIV prevalence in Kenya. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 82 (Suppl 1), i21–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, H., Zha, J., Gowans, R.E., Camargo, P., Nishitani, J., McQuirter, J.L., Cole, S.W., Zack, J.A., & Liu, X. (2004). Alcohol enhances HIV type 1 infection in normal human oral keratinocytes by up-regulating cell-surface CXCR4 coreceptor. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 20, 513–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cleland, J., Ali, M.M., & Shah, I. (2006). Trends in protective behaviour among single vs. married young women in sub-Saharan Africa: the big picture. Reproductive Health Matters, 14, 17–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, S. (2004). Beyond slogans: lessons from Uganda's experience with ABC and HIV/AIDS. Reproductive Health Matters, 12, 132–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cook, R.L., & Clark, D.B. (2005). Is there an association between alcohol consumption and sexually transmitted diseases? A systematic review. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 32, 156–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Council, N.A.C. (2005). Kenya HIV/AIDS Data Booklet.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coutinho, A. (2003). A situation analysis of HIV/AIDS in Uganda and the role of VCT. 1st Annual General Meeting of the AIDS Information Center, Uganda.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crafts, N., & Haacker, M. (2004). Chapter 6. Welfare implications of HIV/AIDS. Haacker The Macroeconomics of HIV/AIDS: International Monetary Fund.

    Google Scholar 

  • Das, P. (2005). Is abstinence-only threatening Uganda's HIV success story? Lancet Infectious Diseases, 5, 263–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • del Mar Pujades Rodriguez, M., Obasi, A., Mosha, F., Todd, J., Brown, D., Changalucha, J., Mabey, D., Ross, D., Grosskurth, H., & Hayes, R. (2002). Herpes simplex virus type 2 infection increases HIV incidence: a prospective study in rural Tanzania. AIDS, 16, 451–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, H. (2007). The invisible cure: Africa, the West and the fight against AIDS. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferry, B., Carael, M., Buve, A., Auvert, B., Laourou, M., Kanhonou, L., de Loenzien, M., Akam, E., Chege, J., & Kaona, F. (2001). Comparison of key parameters of sexual behaviour in four African urban populations with different levels of HIV infection. AIDS, 15, (Suppl 4) S41–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fleming, D.T., & Wasserheit, J.N. (1999). From epidemiological synergy to public health policy and practice: the contribution of other sexually transmitted diseases to sexual transmission of HIV infection. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 75, 3–17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO). (2001). HIV/AIDS and Food Security Program, HIV/AIDS and Agriculture. FAO: Rome, June 2001. http://www.fao.org, accessed November 14, 2007.

  • Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO). (2002). The impact of HIV/AIDS on agricultural production and mainstreaming HIV/AIDS messages into agricultural extension in Uganda. Uganda Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fothal, D., Mhalu, F.S., & Dahoma, A. (1986). AIDS in Tanzania. Second International Conference on AIDS. Paris, France.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, E.E., Weiss, H.A., Glynn, J.R., Cross, P.L., Whitworth, J.A., & Hayes, R.J. (2006). Herpes simplex virus 2 infection increases HIV acquisition in men and women: systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. AIDS, 20, 73–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garbus, L. (2004). HIV/AIDS in Tanzania. Country AIDS policy analysis project. San Francisco, AIDS Policy Research Center, UCSF.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garbus, L., & Marseille, E. (2003). HIV/AIDS in Uganda. Country AIDS policy analysis project. San Francisco, AIDS Policy Research Center, UCSF.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilson, L., Mkanje, R., Grosskurth, H., Mosha, F., Picard, J., Gavyole, A., Todd, J., Mayaud, P., Swai, R., Fransen, L., Mabey, D., Mills, A., & Hayes, R. (1997). Cost-effectiveness of improved treatment services for sexually transmitted diseases in preventing HIV-1 infection in Mwanza Region, Tanzania. Lancet, 350, 1805–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Global HIV Prevention Working Group. (2003). Access to HIV prevention: closing the gap. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and Kaiser Family Foundation, Seattle.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glynn, J.R., Carael, M., Buve, A., Musonda, R.M., & Kahindo, M. (2003). HIV risk in relation to marriage in areas with high prevalence of HIV infection. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, 33, 526–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Government of Kenya, & UNICEF Kenya Country Office. (2000). The Impact of HIV/AIDS on education in Kenya and the potential for using education in the widest sense for the prevention and control of HIV/AIDS.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray, R.H., Kigozi, G., Serwadda, D., Makumbi, F., Watya, S., Nalugoda, F., Kiwanuka, N., Moulton, L.H., Chaudhary, M.A., Chen, M.Z., Sewankambo, N.K., Wabwire-Mangen, F., Bacon, M.C., Williams, C.F., Opendi, P., Reynolds, S.J., Laeyendecker, O., Quinn, T.C., & Wawer, M.J. (2007). Male circumcision for HIV prevention in men in Rakai, Uganda: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 369, 657–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gray, R.H., Kiwanuka, N., Quinn, T.C., Sewankambo, N.K., Serwadda, D., Mangen, F.W., Lutalo, T., Nalugoda, F., Kelly, R., Meehan, M., Chen, M.Z., Li, C., & Wawer, M.J. (2000). Male circumcision and HIV acquisition and transmission: cohort studies in Rakai, Uganda. Rakai Project Team. AIDS, 14, 2371–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Green, E.C., Halperin, D.T., Nantulya, V., & Hogle, J.A. (2006). Uganda's HIV prevention success: the role of sexual behavior change and the national response. AIDS and Behavior, 10, 335–46; 347–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grosskurth, H., Mosha, F., Todd, J., Mwijarubi, E., Klokke, A., Senkoro, K., Mayaud, P., Changalucha, J., Nicoll, A., ka-Gina, G., Newell, J., Mugeye, K., Mabey, D., & Hayes, R. (1995). Impact of improved treatment of sexually transmitted diseases on HIV infection in rural Tanzania: randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 346, 530–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guay, L.A., Musoke, P., Fleming, T., Bagenda, D., Allen, M., Nakabiito, C., Sherman, J., Bakaki, P., Ducar, C., Deseyve, M., Emel, L., Mirochnick, M., Fowler, M.G., Mofenson, L., Miotti, P., Dransfield, K., Bray, D., Mmiro, F., & Jackson, J.B. (1999). Intrapartum and neonatal single-dose nevirapine compared with zidovudine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Kampala, Uganda: HIVNET 012 randomised trial Lancet, 354, 795–802.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hargreaves, J.R. (2002). Socioeconomic status and risk of HIV infection in an urban population in Kenya. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 7, 793–802.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hyde, K.A.L., Ekatan, A., Kiage, P., & Barasa, C. (2001). HIV/AIDS and education in Uganda: window of opportunity. International Institute for Educational Planning.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, J.B., Musoke, P., Fleming, T., Guay, L.A., Bagenda, D., Allen, M., Nakabiito, C., Sherman, J., Bakaki, P., Owor, M., Ducar, C., Deseyve, M., Mwatha, A., Emel, L., Duefield, C., Mirochnick, M., Fowler, M.G., Mofenson, L., Miotti, P., Gigliotti, M., Bray, D., & Mmiro, F. (2003). Intrapartum and neonatal single-dose nevirapine compared with zidovudine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Kampala, Uganda: 18-month follow-up of the HIVNET 012 randomised trial. Lancet, 362, 859–68.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joesoef, M.R., Cheluget, B., Marum, L.H., Wandera, C., Ryan, C.A., DeCock, K.M., & Chebet, K. (2003). Differential of HIV prevalence in women and men who attended sexually transmitted disease clinics at HIV sentinel surveillance sites in Kenya, 1990–2001. International Journal of STD and AIDS, 14, 193–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, B.A., & Khanna, S.K. (2004). Community health workers and home-based care programs for HIV clients. Journal of the National Medical Association, 96, 496–502.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jordan-Harder, B., Maboko, L., Mmbando, D., Riedner, G., Nagele, E., Harder, J., Kuchen, V., Kilian, A., Korte, R., & Sonnenburg, F.V. (2004). Thirteen years HIV-1 sentinel surveillance and indicators for behavioural change suggest impact of programme activities in south-west Tanzania. AIDS, 18, 287–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kalichman, S.C., & Simbayi, L.C. (2004). Sexual assault history and risks for sexually transmitted infections among women in an African township in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Care, 16, 681–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kamali, A., Nunn, A.J., Mulder, D.W., Van Dyck, E., Dobbins, J.G., & Whitworth, J.A. (1999). Seroprevalence and incidence of genital ulcer infections in a rural Ugandan population. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 75, 98–102.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kamali, A., Quigley, M., Nakiyingi, J., Kinsman, J., Kengeya-Kayondo, J., Gopal, R., Ojwiya, A., Hughes, P., Carpenter, L.M., & Whitworth, J. (2003). Syndromic management of sexually-transmitted infections and behaviour change interventions on transmission of HIV-1 in rural Uganda: a community randomised trial. Lancet, 361, 645–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kapiga, S.H., & Lugalla, J.L. (2002). Sexual behaviour patterns and condom use in Tanzania: results from the 1996 Demographic and Health Survey. AIDS Care, 14, 455–69.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kapiga, S.H., Lyamuya, E.F., Lwihula, G.K., & Hunter, D.J. (1998). The incidence of HIV infection among women using family planning methods in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. AIDS, 12, 75–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kapiga, S.H., Sam, N.E., Mlay, J., Aboud, S., Ballard, R.C., Shao, J.F., & Larsen, U. (2006). The epidemiology of HIV-1 infection in northern Tanzania: results from a community-based study. AIDS Care, 18, 379–87.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kapiga, S.H., Sam, N.E., Bang, H., Ni, Q., Ao, T.T., Kiwelu, I., Chiduo, S., Ndibe, U., Seage, G., Coplan 3rd, P., Shao, J., Rosenberg, Z.F., & Essex, M. (2007). The role of Herpes simplex virus type 2 and other genital infections in the acquisition of HIV-1 among high-risk women in Northern Tanzania. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 195, 1260–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karamagi, C.A., Tumwine, J.K., Tylleskar, T., & Heggenhougen, K. (2006). Intimate partner violence against women in eastern Uganda: implications for HIV prevention. BMC Public Health, 6, 284.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaul, R., Kimani, J., Nagelkerke, N.J., Fonck, K., Ngugi, E.N., Keli, F., MacDonald, K.S., Maclean, I.W., Bwayo, J.J., Temmerman, M., Ronald, A.R., & Moses, S. (2004). Monthly antibiotic chemoprophylaxis and incidence of sexually transmitted infections and HIV-1 infection in Kenyan sex workers: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 291, 2555–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, R.J., Gray, R.H., Sewankambo, N.K., Serwadda, D., Wabwire-Mangen, F., Lutalo, T., & Wawer, M.J. (2003). Age differences in sexual partners and risk of HIV-1 infection in rural Uganda. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, 32, 446–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kenya Ministry of Health. (2005). Kenya National HIV/AIDS Strategic Plan (KNASP) 2005–2010.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kilian, A.H., Gregson, S., Ndyanabangi, B., Walusaga, K., Kipp, W., Sahlmuller, G., Garnett, G.P., Asiimwe-Okiror, G., Kabagambe, G., Weis, P., & von Sonnenburg, F. (1999). Reductions in risk behaviour provide the most consistent explanation for declining HIV-1 prevalence in Uganda. AIDS, 13, 391–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Killewo, J., Nyamuryekunge, K., Sandstrom, A., Bredberg-Raden, U., Wall, S., Mhalu, F., & Biberfeld, G. (1990). Prevalence of HIV-1 infection in the Kagera region of Tanzania: a population-based study. AIDS, 4, 1081–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Killewo, J.Z., Sandstrom, A., Bredberg-Raden, U., Mhalu, F.S., Biberfeld, G., & Wall, S. (1993). Incidence of HIV-1 infection among adults in the Kagera region of Tanzania. International Journal of Epidemiology, 22, 528–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kissling, E., Allison, E.H., Seeley, J.A., Russell, S., Bachmann, M., Musgrave, S.D., & Heck, S. (2005). Fisherfolk are among groups most at risk of HIV: cross-country analysis of prevalence and numbers infected. AIDS, 19, 1939–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kwesigabo, G., Killewo, J., Urassa, W., Lugalla, J., Emmelin, M., Mutembei, A., Mhalu, F., Biberfeld, G., Wall, S., & Sandstrom, A. (2005). HIV-1 infection prevalence and incidence trends in areas of contrasting levels of infection in the Kagera region, Tanzania, 1987–2000. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, 40, 585–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leigh, B.C., Temple, M.T., & Trocki, K.F. (1994). The relationship of alcohol use to sexual activity in a U.S. national sample. Social Science and Medicine, 39, 1527–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loewenson, R., & Whiteside, A. (2001). HIV/AIDS: Implications for poverty reduction: Background paper prepared for the UNGASS on HIV/AIDS, 25–27th June 2001. United Nations Development Programme.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lugalla, J., Emmelin, M., Mutembei, A., Sima, M., Kwesigabo, G., Killewo, J., & Dahlgren, L. (2004). Social, cultural and sexual behavioral determinants of observed decline in HIV infection trends: lessons from the Kagera Region, Tanzania. Social Science and Medicine, 59, 185–98.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacLaren, D. (1996). The Church Responds to HIV/AIDS. http://www.cafod.org.uk/hivaids/aidschurch.shtml. Caritas Internationalis, Rome.

  • Martin, Jr., H.L., Nyange, P.M., Richardson, B.A., Lavreys, L., Mandaliya, K., Jackson, D.J., Ndinya-Achola, J.O., & Kreiss, J. (1998). Hormonal contraception, sexually transmitted diseases, and risk of heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 178, 1053–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marum, E., Taegtmeyer, M., & Chebet, K. (2006). Scale-up of voluntary HIV counseling and testing in Kenya. Journal of the American Medical Association, 296, 859–862.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matshalaga, N.R., & Powell, G. (2002). Mass orphanhood in the era of HIV/AIDS. British Medical Journal, 324, 185–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mbulaiteye, S.M., Ruberantwari, A., Nakiyingi, J.S., Carpenter, L.M., Kamali, A., & Whitworth, J.A. (2000). Alcohol and HIV: a study among sexually active adults in rural southwest Uganda. International Journal of Epidemiology, 29, 911–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mbulaiteye, S.M., Mahe, C., Whitworth, J.A., Ruberantwari, A., Nakiyingi, J.S., Ojwiya, A., & Kamali, A. (2002). Declining HIV-1 incidence and associated prevalence over 10 years in a rural population in south-west Uganda: a cohort study. Lancet, 360, 41–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mhalu, F., Bredberg-Raden, U., Mbena, E., Pallangyo, K., Kiango, J., Mbise, R., Nyamuryekunge, K., & Biberfeld, G. (1987). Prevalence of HIV infection in healthy subjects and groups of patients in Tanzania. AIDS, 1, 217–21.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Health, Uganda. (2006). Uganda HIV/AIDS Sero-behavioural Survey 2004–2005. Calverton, Maryland, USA, Ministry of Health Uganda, and ORC Macro.

    Google Scholar 

  • Monasch, R., & Boerma, J.T. (2004). Orphanhood and childcare patterns in sub-Saharan Africa: an analysis of national surveys from 40 countries. AIDS, 18 (Suppl 2), S55–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, A., Herrera, G., Nyamongo, J., Lackritz, E., Granade, T., Nahlen, B., Oloo, A., Opondo, G., Muga, R., & Janssen, R. (2001). Estimated risk of HIV transmission by blood transfusion in Kenya. Lancet, 358, 657–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mshana, G.H., Wamoyi, J., Busza, J., Zaba, B., Changalucha, J., Kaluvya, S., & Urassa, M. (2006). Barriers to accessing antiretroviral therapy in Kisesa, Tanzania: a qualitative study of early rural referrals to the national program. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 20, 649–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Msuya, S.E., Mbizvo, E., Hussain, A., Uriyo, J., Sam, N.E., & Stray-Pedersen, B. (2006). HIV among pregnant women in Moshi Tanzania: the role of sexual behavior, male partner characteristics and sexually transmitted infections. AIDS Research and Therapy, 3, 27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mwaluko, G., Urassa, M., Isingo, R., Zaba, B., & Boerma, J.T. (2003). Trends in HIV and sexual behaviour in a longitudinal study in a rural population in Tanzania, 1994–2000. AIDS, 17, 2645–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nagot, N., Ouedraogo, A., Foulongne, V., Konate, I., Weiss, H.A., Vergne, L., Defer, M.C., Djagbare, D., Sanon, A., Andonaba, J.B., Becquart, P., Segondy, M., Vallo, R., Sawadogo, A., Van de Perre, P., & Mayaud, P. (2007). Reduction of HIV-1 RNA levels with therapy to suppress herpes simplex virus. New England Journal of Medicine, 356, 790–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • National AIDS and STI Control Programme (NASCOP)- Ministry of Health (2005). AIDS in Kenya. 7th ed. Nairobi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ngom, P., Binka, F.N., Phillips, J.F., Pence, B., & Macleod, B. (2001). Demographic surveillance and health equity in sub-Saharan Africa. Health Policy and Planning, 16, 337–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nnko, S., Washija, R., Urassa, M., & Boerma, J.T. (2001). Dynamics of male circumcision practices in northwest Tanzania. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 28, 214–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O'Hare, B.A., Venables, J., Nalubeg, J.F., Nakakeeto, M., Kibirige, M., & Southall, D.P. (2005). Home-based care for orphaned children infected with HIV/AIDS in Uganda. AIDS Care, 17, 443–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Obasi, A., Mosha, F., Quigley, M., Sekirassa, Z., Gibbs, T., Munguti, K., Todd, J., Grosskurth, H., Mayaud, P., Changalucha, J., Brown, D., Mabey, D., & Hayes, R. (1999). Antibody to herpes simplex virus type 2 as a marker of sexual risk behavior in rural Tanzania. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 179, 16–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Obbo, C. (1993). HIV transmission through social and geographic networks in Uganda. Social Science and Medicine, 36, 949–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Okero, F.A., Aceng, E., Madraa, E., Namagala, E., & Serutoke, J. (2003). Scaling up antiretroviral therapy: experience in Uganda: case study. Geneva: World Health Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • Over, M. (2004). Chapter 10. Impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic on the health sectors in developing countries. Haacker The Macroeconomics of HIV/AIDS: International Monetary Fund.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parkhurst, J.O. (2002). The Ugandan success story? Evidence and claims of HIV-1 prevention. Lancet, 360, 78–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Piot, P., Plummer, F.A., Rey, M.A., Ngugi, E.N., Rouzioux, C., Ndinya-Achola, J.O., Veracauteren, G., D'Costa, L.J., Laga, M., Nsanze, H., Fransen, L., Haase, D., van der Groen, G., Brunham, R.C., Ronald, A.R., & Brun-Vezinet, F. (1987). Retrospective seroepidemiology of AIDS virus infection in Nairobi populations. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 155, 1108–12.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Programme, S.A.C. (2003). STD/HIV/AIDS surveillance report, June 2003. Kampala, Uganda: Ministry of Health.

    Google Scholar 

  • Project, T.S. (2003). Tanzania: HIV/AIDS sector assessment and strategy recommendations. Washington, DC, US Agency for International Development, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prospects, W.P. (2003). World population prospects: the 2002 revision. Highlights. World population prospects. Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of United Nations Secretariat, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riedner, G., Hoffmann, O., Rusizoka, M., Mmbando, D., Maboko, L., Grosskurth, H., Todd, J., Hayes, R., & Hoelscher, M. (2006). Decline in sexually transmitted infection prevalence and HIV incidence in female barworkers attending prevention and care services in Mbeya Region, Tanzania. AIDS, 20, 609–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rugalema, G. (1999). HIV/AIDS and the commercial agricultural sector of Kenya: impact, vulnerability, susceptibility and coping strategies. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoofs, M. (2007). Challenge for AIDS fighters: circumcising Africans safely. The Wall Street Journal. New York City.

    Google Scholar 

  • Serwadda, D., Mugerwa, R.D., Sewankambo, N.K., Lwegaba, A., Carswell, J.W., Kirya, G.B., Bayley, A.C., Downing, R.G., Tedder, R.S., Clayden, S.A., & Dalgleish, A.G. (1985). Slim disease: a new disease in Uganda and its association with HTLV-III infection. Lancet, 326, 849–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Serwadda, D., Gray, R.H., Sewankambo, N.K., Wabwire-Mangen, F., Chen, M.Z., Quinn, T.C., Lutalo, T., Kiwanuka, N., Kigozi, G., Nalugoda, F., Meehan, M.P., Ashley Morrow, R., & Wawer, M.J. (2003). Human immunodeficiency virus acquisition associated with genital ulcer disease and herpes simplex virus type 2 infection: a nested case-control study in Rakai, Uganda. Journal of Infect Diseases, 188, 1492–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sewankambo, N.K., Gray, R.H., Ahmad, S., Serwadda, D., Wabwire-Mangen, F., Nalugoda, F., Kiwanuka, N., Lutalo, T., Kigozi, G., Li, C., Meehan, M.P., Brahmbatt, H., & Wawer, M.J. (2000). Mortality associated with HIV infection in rural Rakai District, Uganda. AIDS, 14, 2391–400.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shafer, L.A., Biraro, S., Kamali, A., Grosskurth, H., Kirungi, W., Madraa, E., & Opio, A. (2006). HIV prevalence and incidence are no longer falling in Uganda – a case for renewed prevention efforts: Evidence from a rural population cohort 1989–2005, and from ANC surveillance. Abstract THLB0108. XVI International AIDS Conference, Toronto, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simbayi, L.C., Kalichman, S.C., Jooste, S., Mathiti, V., Cain, D., & Cherry, C. (2004). Alcohol use and sexual risks for HIV infection among men and women receiving sexually transmitted infection clinic services in Cape Town, South Africa. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 65, 434–42.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stoneburner, R.L., & Low-Beer, D. (2004). Population-level HIV declines and behavioral risk avoidance in Uganda. Science, 304, 714–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swai, R.O., Somi, G.G., Matee, M.I., Killewo, J., Lyamuya, E.F., Kwesigabo, G., Tulli, T., Kabalimu, T.K., Ng'ang'a, L., Isingo, R., & Ndayongeje, J. (2006). Surveillance of HIV and syphilis infections among antenatal clinic attendees in Tanzania-2003/2004. BMC Public Health, 6, 91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • TACAIDS (2002). National Multi-sectoral strategic framework on HIV/AIDS. Dar es Salaam.

    Google Scholar 

  • TACAIDS (2005). Tanzania HIV/AIDS Indicator Survey 2003–04. Calverton, Maryland, USA, TACAIDS, NBS, and ORC Macro.

    Google Scholar 

  • Temmerman, M., Ali, F.M., Ndinya-Achola, J., Moses, S., Plummer, F.A., & Piot, P. (1992). Rapid increase of both HIV-1 infection and syphilis among pregnant women in Nairobi, Kenya. AIDS, 6, 1181–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • The Voluntary HIV-1 Counseling and Testing Efficacy Study Group. (2000). Efficacy of voluntary HIV-1 counselling and testing in individuals and couples in Kenya, Tanzania, and Trinidad: a randomised trial. Lancet, 356 (9224), 103–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uganda AIDS Commission. (2005). National HIV/AIDS Atlas. Kampala. www.aidsuganda.org/texbits/ATLAS%20Format%20-%20081205.pdf

  • Uganda AIDS Commission, & UNAIDS. (2000). The national strategic framework for HIV/AIDS activities in Uganda: 2000/01 to 2005/06. Kampala: Government of Uganda.

    Google Scholar 

  • UNAIDS (2006). Report on the global AIDS epidemic 2006. Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

  • Urassa, W., Kaaya, S., Mwakagile, D., O'Brien, M., Antelman, G., Hunter, D., Fawzi, W., & Msamanga, G. (2006). Evidence of a substantial decline in prevalence of HIV-1 infection among pregnant women: data from 1995 to 2003 in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 34, 272–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vallely, A., Kasindi, S., Hambleton, I.R., Knight, L., Chirwa, T., Balira, R., Changalucha, J., Watson-Jones, D., Everett, D., Gavyole, A., Moyes, J., Pujades-Rodriguez, M., Ross, D.A., & Hayes, R.J. (2007). Microbicides development program, Tanzania-baseline characteristics of an occupational cohort and reattendance at 3 months. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 34, 638–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, H.U., Van Dyck, E., Roggen, E., Nunn, A.J., Kamali, A., Schmid, D.S., Dobbins, J.G., & Mulder, D.W. (1994). Seroprevalence and incidence of sexually transmitted diseases in a rural Ugandan population. International Journal of STD and AIDS, 5, 332–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, M. (2003). An assessment of home based care programs in Uganda: their strengths and weaknesses. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson-Jones, D., Changalucha, J., Weiss, H., Baisley, K., C. Cook, D. Everett, D.A. Ross, R.J. Hayes, & M. Rusizoka (2006). Baseline screening and risk factors for HIV and HSV-2 in an HSV-2 suppressive treatment trial in Tanzania. XVI International AIDS Conference, Toronto, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wawer, M.J., Eng, S.M., Serwadda, D., Sewankambo, N.K., Kiwanuka, N., Li, C., & Gray, R.H. (2001). Prevalence of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus compared with selected sexually transmitted diseases in adolescents and young adults in rural Rakai District, Uganda. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 28, 77–81.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wawer, M.J., Serwadda, D., Gray, R.H., Sewankambo, N.K., Li, C., Nalugoda, F., Lutalo, T., & Konde-Lule, J.K. (1997). Trends in HIV-1 prevalence may not reflect trends in incidence in mature epidemics: data from the Rakai population-based cohort, Uganda. AIDS, 11, 1023–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wawer, M.J., Sewankambo, N.K., Serwadda, D., Quinn, T.C., Paxton, L.A., Kiwanuka, N., Wabwire-Mangen, F., Li, C., Lutalo, T., Nalugoda, F., Gaydos, C.A., Moulton, L.H., Meehan, M.O., Ahmed, S., & Gray, R.H. (1999). Control of sexually transmitted diseases for AIDS prevention in Uganda: a randomised community trial. Rakai Project Study Group. Lancet, 353, 525–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weidle, P.J., Wamai, N., Solberg, P., Liechty, C., Sendagala, S., Were, W., Mermin, J., Buchacz, K., Behumbiize, P., Ransom, R.L., & Bunnell, R. (2006). Adherence to antiretroviral therapy in a home-based AIDS care programme in rural Uganda. Lancet, 368, 1587–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weir, S.S., Pailman, C., Mahlalela, X., Coetzee, N., Meidany, F., & Boerma, J.T. (2003). From people to places: focusing AIDS prevention efforts where it matters most. AIDS, 17, 895–903.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Were, W., Mermin, J., Bunnell, R., Ekwaru, J.P., & Kaharuza, F. (2003). Home-based model for HIV voluntary counselling and testing. Lancet, 361, 1569.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • White, R.G., Orroth, K.K., Korenromp, E.L., Bakker, R., Wambura, M., Sewankambo, N.K., Gray, R.H., Kamali, A., Whitworth, J.A., Grosskurth, H., Habbema, J.D., & Hayes, R.J. (2004). Can population differences explain the contrasting results of the Mwanza, Rakai, and Masaka HIV/sexually transmitted disease intervention trials?: A modeling study. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiencey Syndrome, 37, 1500–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whitworth, J.A., Mahe, C., Mbulaiteye, S.M., Nakiyingi J., Ruberantwari, A., Ojwiya, A., & Kamali, A. (2002). HIV-1 epidemic trends in rural south-west Uganda over a 10-year period. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 7, 1047–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • WHO (2002). Coverage of selected health services for HIV/AIDS prevention and care in less developed countries in 2001. Geneva: World Health Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • WHO. (2005a). "Summary country profile for HIV/AIDS treatment scale-up: Kenya." Retrieved September 10, 2007, from www.who.int/3by5/support/june2005_ken.pdf.

  • WHO. (2005b). "Summary country profile for HIV/AIDS treatment scale-up: Tanzania." Retrieved September 10, 2007, from www.who.int/3by5/support/june2005_tza.pdf.

  • WHO. (2005c). "Summary country profile for HIV/AIDS treatment scale-up: Uganda." Retrieved September 10, 2007, from www.who.int/3by5/support/june2005_uga.pdf.

  • WHO. (2006). The World Health Report. Geneva, World Health Organisation.

    Google Scholar 

  • WHO/UNAIDS. (2007). New data on male circumcision and HIV prevention: Policy and programme implications: conclusions and recommendations. Geneva, UNAIDS.

    Google Scholar 

  • WHO/UNAIDS/UNICEF (2007). Towards universal access: scaling up priority HIV/AIDS interventions in the health sector: Progress report April 2007. Geneva: World Health Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williamson, N.E., Liku, J., McLoughlin, K., Nyamongo, I.K., & Nakayima, F. (2006). A qualitative study of condom use among married couples in Kampala, Uganda. Reproductive Health Matters, 14, 89–98.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolff, B., Busza, J., Bufumbo, L., & Whitworth, J. (2006). Women who fall by the roadside: gender, sexual risk and alcohol in rural Uganda. Addiction, 101, 1277–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zaba, B., Pisani, E., Slaymaker, E., & Boerma, J.T. (2004). Age at first sex: understanding recent trends in African demographic surveys. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 80 (Suppl 2), ii28–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zablotska, I.B., Gray, R.H., Serwadda, D., Nalugoda, F., Kigozi, G., Sewankambo, N., Lutalo, T., Mangen, F.W., & Wawer, M. (2006). Alcohol use before sex and HIV acquisition: a longitudinal study in Rakai, Uganda. AIDS, 20, 1191–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK

    Helen A. Weiss PhD & Corinne Merle MD, MSc

  2. Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda

    David Serwadda MD, MMED, MPH

  3. Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA

    Saidi H. Kapiga MD, ScD

Authors
  1. Helen A. Weiss PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Corinne Merle MD, MSc
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. David Serwadda MD, MMED, MPH
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Saidi H. Kapiga MD, ScD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA

    David D. Celentano  & Chris Beyrer  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Weiss, H.A., Merle, C., Serwadda, D., Kapiga, S.H. (2008). East Africa – Kenya, Tanzania & Uganda. In: Celentano, D.D., Beyrer, C. (eds) Public Health Aspects of HIV/AIDS in Low and Middle Income Countries. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-72711-0_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-72711-0_13

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-387-72710-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-387-72711-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation